The bodys natural defences
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The document summarizes the body's three lines of defense against harmful microbes: 1) physical barriers like skin and mucus membranes, 2) non-specific white blood cells that attack any foreign substances, and 3) specific white blood cells and antibodies that develop a targeted response after initial exposure by marking microbes for destruction and creating immunological memory.
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The thymus trains immature T cells from the bone marrow to become mature cells that only attack foreign cells. In the thymus cortex, T cells encounter epithelial cells presenting various antigens. T cells that respond to foreign antigens are selected to survive and migrate to the medulla, while others undergo apoptosis. This is called positive selection.
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This document summarizes the immune system and its lines of defense against pathogens. It discusses:
- The immune system consists of biological components that defend the body from diseases.
- There are three lines of defense: first line includes skin and mucous membranes, second includes white blood cells and antimicrobial proteins, third includes B and T lymphocytes.
- The adaptive immune system, consisting of the third line of defense, has both humoral immunity mediated by antibodies and B cells, and cell-mediated immunity involving T cells. Antibodies are produced in response to antigens to fight pathogens.
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The document summarizes how the immune system responds to pathogens. It explains that white blood cells identify and eliminate pathogens through antibodies and an immune response. The immune system includes organs like the thymus, bone marrow, tonsils, spleen and lymph nodes that produce white blood cells. Pathogens are recognized through antigens that trigger an antibody response. Multiple types of white blood cells like macrophages and lymphocytes then work together through several steps to identify, attack and remember the pathogen to build immunity.
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The third line of defence protects the body against foreign infection. It is called into action when non-specific defences are not enough. The third line consists of specific immune responses mediated by antibodies, B cells, and T cells. When a pathogen invades, B cells and T cells work together to recognize and eliminate the pathogen. B cells produce antibodies targeted to specific antigens, while T cells destroy infected cells and regulate the immune response. Memory B and T cells provide long-term immunity against reinfection.
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The document discusses the body's immune response and defenses against pathogens. The first line of defense includes physical and chemical barriers that try to prevent pathogens from entering the body. If pathogens get through, the second line of defense is inflammation. The third and last line of defense is the immune response, where the lymphatic system and immune cells work together to identify and destroy pathogens. Memory cells are left behind to provide lasting immunity against future exposures to the same pathogen.
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The document discusses the specific immune response and its components. There are two specific immune responses: the humoral response which uses antibodies produced by B cells, and the cellular response which uses T cells. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins that recognize antigens on foreign invaders. Five classes of immunoglobulins are involved in different immune functions. The humoral response involves B lymphocytes that carry antibody receptors and multiply upon encountering the correct antigen. The cellular response uses sensitized T cells to destroy infected cells. The complement system consists of proteins that are activated and help defend the body by stimulating inflammation and attracting phagocytes.
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The thymus trains immature T cells from the bone marrow to become mature cells that only attack foreign cells. In the thymus cortex, T cells encounter epithelial cells presenting various antigens. T cells that respond to foreign antigens are selected to survive and migrate to the medulla, while others undergo apoptosis. This is called positive selection.
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This document summarizes the immune system and its lines of defense against pathogens. It discusses:
- The immune system consists of biological components that defend the body from diseases.
- There are three lines of defense: first line includes skin and mucous membranes, second includes white blood cells and antimicrobial proteins, third includes B and T lymphocytes.
- The adaptive immune system, consisting of the third line of defense, has both humoral immunity mediated by antibodies and B cells, and cell-mediated immunity involving T cells. Antibodies are produced in response to antigens to fight pathogens.
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The document summarizes how the immune system responds to pathogens. It explains that white blood cells identify and eliminate pathogens through antibodies and an immune response. The immune system includes organs like the thymus, bone marrow, tonsils, spleen and lymph nodes that produce white blood cells. Pathogens are recognized through antigens that trigger an antibody response. Multiple types of white blood cells like macrophages and lymphocytes then work together through several steps to identify, attack and remember the pathogen to build immunity.
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The third line of defence protects the body against foreign infection. It is called into action when non-specific defences are not enough. The third line consists of specific immune responses mediated by antibodies, B cells, and T cells. When a pathogen invades, B cells and T cells work together to recognize and eliminate the pathogen. B cells produce antibodies targeted to specific antigens, while T cells destroy infected cells and regulate the immune response. Memory B and T cells provide long-term immunity against reinfection.
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The document discusses the body's immune response and defenses against pathogens. The first line of defense includes physical and chemical barriers that try to prevent pathogens from entering the body. If pathogens get through, the second line of defense is inflammation. The third and last line of defense is the immune response, where the lymphatic system and immune cells work together to identify and destroy pathogens. Memory cells are left behind to provide lasting immunity against future exposures to the same pathogen.
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The document discusses the human immune system. It has three lines of defense - physical, chemical, and cellular barriers that protect the body. The skin, mucus, stomach acid, and white blood cells comprise these barriers. There are two divisions of the immune system: cell-mediated and antibody-mediated. The cell-mediated system uses phagocytes and T-cells to attack invaders, while the antibody-mediated system uses B-cells to produce antibodies to target specific foreign substances. Immunity can be active, gained from vaccines producing long-term antibodies, or passive, from injecting pre-made antibodies for immediate but short-term protection.
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The human immune system has three lines of defense against pathogens. The first line includes physical barriers like skin and mucus membranes, and chemicals in saliva and stomach acid. The second line consists of white blood cells that attack pathogens inside the body. This includes phagocytes that engulf bacteria and T-cells that destroy virus-infected cells. The third line of defense involves antibodies that target specific pathogens. Antibodies are produced when the body is exposed to an antigen through infection or vaccination. Together, these layered defenses protect the body from disease.
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The human immune system has three lines of defense against pathogens. The first line includes physical barriers like skin and mucus membranes, and chemicals in saliva and stomach acid. The second line consists of white blood cells that attack pathogens inside the body. This includes phagocytes that engulf bacteria and T-cells that destroy virus-infected cells. The third line of defense involves antibodies that target specific pathogens for destruction. The immune system also develops long-term immunity against pathogens it has encountered before through active immunity from infection or vaccination, or through passive immunity transferred from mother to child.
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The human immune system has three lines of defense against pathogens. The first line includes physical barriers like skin and mucus membranes, and chemicals in saliva and stomach acid. The second line consists of white blood cells that attack pathogens inside the body. This includes phagocytes that engulf bacteria and T-cells that destroy virus-infected cells. The third line of defense involves antibodies that target specific pathogens. Antibodies provide long-lasting active immunity against diseases, while vaccines produce immunity by exposing the immune system to weakened or dead pathogens. The immune system also has memory, allowing it to respond faster upon re-exposure to a pathogen.
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The human immune system has three lines of defense against pathogens. The first line includes physical barriers like skin and mucus membranes, and chemicals in saliva and stomach acid. The second line consists of white blood cells that attack pathogens inside the body. This includes phagocytes that engulf bacteria and T-cells that destroy virus-infected cells. The third line of defense involves antibodies that target specific pathogens. Antibodies are produced when the body is exposed to an antigen through infection or vaccination. Together, these layered defenses protect the body from disease.
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The human immune system has three lines of defense against pathogens. The first line includes physical barriers like skin and mucus membranes, and chemicals in saliva and stomach acid. The second line consists of white blood cells that attack pathogens inside the body. This includes phagocytes that engulf bacteria and T-cells that destroy virus-infected cells. The third line of defense involves antibodies that target specific pathogens for destruction. The immune system also develops long-term immunity against pathogens it has encountered before through active immunity from infection or vaccination, or through passive immunity transferred from mother to child.
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1. The immune system protects the body from infection and disease through two branches - the innate and adaptive immune systems.
2. The innate immune system provides immediate defenses like white blood cells and barriers of the skin. The adaptive immune system mounts specialized defenses like antibodies and memory cells.
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This document appears to be a quiz sheet for a Christmas quiz with multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank style questions across 10 categories: news, famous faces, sport, panto, Christmas, reindeer, and subjects including English, physics, geography, PE, history, ICT, and geography. The sheet includes spaces to write answers and includes a note to complete the quiz by the end of the event.
Christmas quiz 2013
This document contains the materials for a Christmas quiz, including questions and answer sheets. It includes 10 questions each on films, news events, famous faces, sports, pantomimes, Christmas, reindeer, subjects, and a final maths question asking "How many in a...". The questions cover a variety of topics from 2013.
Coaching forum
The document provides information about an upcoming coaching forum for teachers. It summarizes feedback from an October questionnaire and discusses meeting in February and April to provide coaching in specific areas like homework, attitude, progress, teaching, and subject knowledge. Teachers will be paired up to coach each other without judgment using questions to help reflect on practice and further improve teaching skills.
Yellowstone np eb
Yellowstone National Park poses a potential global risk due to its supervolcano.
1) Yellowstone sits atop one of the largest supervolcanoes on Earth, which last erupted 640,000 years ago.
2) An eruption could have devastating consequences, ejecting huge amounts of volcanic material into the atmosphere and potentially cooling the climate globally for years.
3) Millions of people living throughout North America would be at risk from the far-reaching effects of ash and gas from an eruption of the Yellowstone supervolcano.
Ice storm homework
Human activities have negatively impacted the environment in various ways. Some of the environmental impacts of human actions include pollution, climate change, and loss of habitats. It is important to consider how individual and societal choices affect the planet as a whole and to make decisions that minimize environmental harm.
Atomic structure
1. The document discusses atomic structure and radioactive decay. It aims to teach students about protons, neutrons and electrons that make up an atom, and how to build atoms digitally.
2. Students will learn about the particles that make up the nucleus, how this relates to elements in the periodic table, and the different types of radioactive decay. They will watch videos, draw diagrams, and build atoms on a website.
3. The final task is for students to research and take notes on the three main types of radioactive decay - alpha, beta, and gamma - presenting their findings through diagrams, text, and effort for homework.
Staff meeting 17th june
The staff meeting agenda included reviewing the marking policy, updating performance management, and conducting a standards audit. Key items were benchmarking books before the marking policy review, circulating appraisal guides to set objectives and plan training, and revisiting the standards audit to highlight development areas and show progress.
Arran trip
The Geography Department fieldtrip to Arran in June 2014 has three main aims: to conduct fieldwork to enhance understanding of physical and human geography; to gather and partially write up data for GCSE controlled assessments; and to foster interest in geography and the outdoors. The week-long itinerary includes days studying coastal and river landforms and processes, as well as coastal data collection and the location of industry. Students will stay at the Lochranza Field Studies Centre and participate in evening learning sessions. The trip is led by two qualified teachers and expedition leaders and will prioritize health and safety. The total cost is £300 which covers transportation, accommodation, meals, materials, and insurance. Payment plans are available and scholarships may
12. causes of hurricanes
This document provides information about re-sit help sessions for the Sustainable Decision Making paper. It states that re-sit help will begin on November 22nd at 3:10pm with Mr. Clark, focusing on the topic of rivers. All sessions will be held after school, and students will be updated on November 22nd about additional sessions.
15. cyclone management
This document discusses how two countries, the USA and Myanmar, managed tropical storms and how they could better prepare for future storms in a more sustainable way. It provides learning objectives on understanding how these countries dealt with tropical storms in the past, such as Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and Cyclone Nargis in 2008, and how they could improve preparations. The document then lists activities for students, such as completing a table comparing how the two countries managed storms well and badly, drawing a diagram of sustainable storm management strategies, and annotating a map of New Orleans to show updated protections against disasters like Hurricane Katrina.
14. cyclone nargis
Cyclone Nargis caused severe damage in Myanmar in 2008. It formed over warm waters in the Bay of Bengal and traveled west, making landfall in Myanmar. The storm caused catastrophic damage due to strong winds and heavy rainfall. Over 138,000 people were killed or left missing. The damage was exacerbated by the lack of early warning systems and destruction of coastal mangrove forests that normally help protect against storm surges.
10. effects of drought ledc medc
- Droughts can have severe consequences for people and the environment in both LEDCs and MEDCs.
- In LEDCs, droughts often result in widespread food shortages and malnutrition as crops fail, leading to deaths of over a million people in Ethiopia's 1984 drought.
- Drought-prone countries in the Sahel region of Africa, located just south of the Sahara Desert, are particularly vulnerable to prolonged dry spells.
8. kashmir earthquake 2005
This document outlines a lesson plan about the 2005 Kashmir earthquake. The objectives are for students to understand the cause, effects, and responses to the earthquake, including how the level of development influenced its impacts. Activities include a "tectonics bingo" game, reviewing resources about the earthquake, and creating notes covering key details like location, effects, responses by the local and world communities, and social/economic/environmental impacts. Students then summarize their knowledge on a "case study card." Later activities discuss planning, preparing, and protecting against earthquakes, including safe building design and assembling emergency supply kits. The homework assigns students to research the 1994 Northridge earthquake.
6. california 1994
A powerful earthquake struck Southern California early this morning, causing widespread damage and loss of life. The 6.7 magnitude quake was centered in the community of Northridge, just outside of Los Angeles. It struck at 4:30 am local time, when many people were still asleep. The shaking caused buildings and highways to collapse. Over 20,000 residences were destroyed. Tragically, 57 people lost their lives in the disaster. Estimates put financial losses from the quake in the billions. Emergency responders are working around the clock to rescue trapped individuals and provide aid to those displaced. More aftershocks are expected in the
5. earthquakes keh
Earthquakes occur when tectonic plates move towards or slide past each other. Normally plates move slowly at around 9 cm per year, but energy builds as they occasionally get stuck. This stored energy is suddenly released in the form of an earthquake when the plates slip. The shaking displaces a large amount of energy into the Earth's crust. This can cause damage to infrastructure like roads, disrupt utilities, and leave people without access to clean water or a way to get to work. Predicting earthquakes allows officials to warn people and take protective measures to reduce hazards, while preparing through drills and design helps minimize earthquake impacts.
4. volcano management
Living near a volcano can be safe if we understand the risks and monitor the volcano for signs of impending eruption. Scientists use several methods like measuring gases, ground swelling, seismic activity and changes in hot springs to predict if and when a volcano may erupt. Close monitoring of these factors helps provide warning to evacuate communities near volcanoes when increased activity is detected.
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The bodys natural defences
- 1. The Body’s Natural Defences
- 2. The Body’s Natural Defences • Our body fights harmful microbes every day • Microbes must fight through three levels of our body’s defences before they can cause us harm • The first line of defence • The second line of defence • The third line of defence
- 3. The First Line of Defence
- 4. The First Line of Defence The Respiratory System Our Skin The Eyes Tears produce chemicals called enzymes which can kill some Mucas and tiny hairs in the nose Stops microbes entering the stop microbes entering of the eye microbes on the surface our lungs body unless it is cut or damaged We sometimes sneeze or cough these harmful microbes away from our body
- 5. The Second Line of Defence
- 6. The Second Line of Defence Non Specific White Blood Cells Red blood cells: The blood contains Carry iron and oxygen around the body White blood cells: Help fight infection Plasma: Liquid which carries the blood cells around the body
- 7. The Second Line of Defence Non Specific White Blood Cells The blood flows around the body in one direction only
- 8. The Second Line of Defence Non Specific White Blood Cells If the skin gets damaged, microbes can enter the blood stream and make us ill
- 9. The Second Line of Defence Non Specific White Blood Cells The White Blood Cells called ‘phagocytes’ notice anything foreign or strange that gets through the first line of defence and move towards that ‘foreign object’
- 10. The Second Line of Defence Non Specific White Blood Cells The phagocytes then surround and destroy the foreign object or, in this case, microbe www.csulb.edu/depts/biology/media/cell751.gif
- 11. The Third Line of Defence
- 12. The Third Line of Defence Specific White Blood Cells All invading cells have distinctive antigens on their surface When the specific white blood cell comes across a microbe, it will a) Make an antibody to match that microbes antigen b) Tell all the other specific white blood cells to make lots of that antibody
- 13. The Third Line of Defence Specific White Blood Cells The body’s antibodies find their matching antigen on the harmful microbes and lock on to them
- 14. The Third Line of Defence Specific White Blood Cells The antibodies will then a) Mark the harmful microbes for destruction b) Stay in the blood after the harmful microbes have been killed ready to fight them if they should ever return