Respiration is the process of oxidizing glucose and other respiratory substrates to release energy in the form of ATP. There are two types of respiration: aerobic respiration, which occurs in the presence of oxygen and breaks substrates down completely to CO2 and H2O; and anaerobic respiration, which occurs without oxygen and incompletely breaks substrates down to produce substances like lactic acid. The human respiratory system consists of the respiratory tract and respiratory organs. The respiratory tract includes the nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, and trachea, while the respiratory organs are the pair of lungs, which are divided into bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli where gas exchange occurs.

3.  RESPIRATION IS THE PROCESS OF OXIDATION OF
RESPIRATORY SUBSTRATE MAINLY GLUCOSE IN THE CELLS
RESULTING IN THE RELEASE OF CO2 AND ENERGY.

4.  THE OXIDATIVE BREAKDOWN OF RESPIRATORY SUBSTRATES
WITH THE HELP OF ATMOSPHERIC O2 IS KNOW AS AEROBIC
RESPIRATION. DURING THIS PROCESS,THE RESPIRATORY
SUBSTRATE ARE COMPLETELY BROKEN DOWN INTO CO2 AND
H2O BY THE PROCESS OF OXIDATION.IN MOST OF THE
EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS SOME PART OF THE AEROBIC
RESPIRATION OCCURS IN THE CYTOPLASM AND THE MAJOR
PART OCCURS IN THE MITOCONDRIA.

5.  THE OXIDATION OF RESPIRATORY SUBSTRATE IN ABSENCE OF
OXYGEN IS TERMED AS ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION. IT
INVOLVES INCOMPLETE BREAKDOWN OF RESPIRATORY
SUBSTRATES IN WHICH THE END PRODUCTS,SUCH AS LACTIC
ACID AND ETHANOL IS FORMED AND CO2 IS RELEASED.

6. In human beings air is taken into the body through the nostrils. The air
passing through the nostrils is filtered by fine hairs that line the passage. The
passage is also lined with mucus which helps in this process. From here, the
air passes through the throat and into the lungs. Rings of cartilage are
present in the throat. These ensure that the air-passage does not collapse.
Within the lungs, the passage divides into
smaller and smaller tubes which finally
Terminate in balloon-like structures which are
called alveoli. The alveoli provide a surface
where the exchange of gases can take place.
The walls of the alveoli contain an extensive
network of blood-vessels.

7. when we breathe in, we lift our ribs and flatten our
diaphragm, and the chest cavity becomes larger as a result.
Because of this, air is sucked into the lungs and fills the
expanded alveoli. The blood brings carbon dioxide from the
rest of the body for release into the alveoli, and the oxygen
in the alveolar air is taken up by Blood in the alveolar blood
vessels to be transported to all the cells in the body.
when air is taken in and let out, the lungs always contain a
residual volume of air so that there is sufficient time for
oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be
released.

8. The plants exchange gases through stomata, and
the large inter-cellular spaces ensure that all cells
are in contact with air. Carbon dioxide and oxygen
are exchanged by diffusion here. They can go in
cells, or away from them and out into the air. The
direction of diffusion depends upon the
environmental conditions and the requirements of
the plant. At night, when there is no
photosynthesis occurring, CO2 elimination is the
major exchange activity going on. During the day,
CO2 generated during respiration is used up for
photosynthesis, hence there is no CO2 release.
Instead, oxygen release is the major event at this
time.

9.  RESPIRATION IS A BIOCHEMICAL PROCESS IN WHICH THE FOOD IS OXIDISED TO
RELEASE ENERGY IN THE FORM OF ATP.
 RESPIRATION IN PRESENCE OF OXYGEN IS CALLED AEROBIC RESPIRATION.THE
RESPIRATORY SUBSTRATES ARE COMPLETELY BROKEN DOWN TO RELEASE CO2 AND
H2O.
 RESPIRATION IN ABSENCE OF OXYGEN IS CALLED ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION. THE
RESPIRATORY SUBSTRATES ARE INCOMPLETELY BROKEN DOWN TO RELEASE LACTIC
ACID.
 HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CONSIST OF TWO MAJOR COMPONENTS-
RESPIRATORY TRACT AND RESPIRATORY ORGANS.
 THE RESPIRATORY TRACT INCLUDES EXTERNAL NOSTRILS, NASAL CAVITY, PHARYNX
AND TACHEA. THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS ARE THE PAIR OF LUNGS.
 EACH LUNG IS ENCLOSED IN TWO MEMBRANES, THE PLEURA. WITHIN THE LUNGS
BRONCHI ARE DIVIDED INTO BRONCHIOLES, EACH BRONCHIOLE DIVIDE INTO
ALVEOLAR DUCT WHICH ENTERS THE ALVEOLI.
 BREATHING INVOLVES INHALATION AND EXHALATION.
 THE EXCHANGE OF GASES TAKE PLACE THROUGH DIFFUSION THROUGH STOMATA.

10. SUBMITTED TO:-
MS. AARTI
VOHRA
SUBMITTED BY:-
SANMOL SINGH
X-C
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