This document summarizes Lesson 1 of a computer literacy guide. It introduces key concepts about computers and computer systems, including defining what a computer is, classifying different types of computers, identifying the basic components and functions of a computer system, and describing different types of storage devices and memory. The lesson objectives, vocabulary terms, and a high-level summary are also provided.
Compiler Construction | Lecture 1 | What is a compiler?Eelco Visser
This document provides an overview of the CS4200 Compiler Construction course at TU Delft. It discusses the organization of the course into two parts: CS4200-A which covers compiler concepts and techniques through lectures, papers, and homework assignments; and CS4200-B which involves building a compiler for a subset of Java as a semester-long project. Key topics covered include the components of a compiler like parsing, type checking, optimization, and code generation; intermediate representations; and different types of compilers.
This document discusses requirements analysis and design. It covers the types and characteristics of requirements, as well as the tasks involved in requirements engineering including inception, elicitation, elaboration, negotiation, specification, validation, and management. It also discusses problems that commonly occur in requirements practices and solutions through proper requirements engineering. Additionally, it outlines goals and elements of analysis modeling, including flow-oriented, scenario-based, class-based, and behavioral modeling. Finally, it discusses the purpose and tasks of design engineering in translating requirements models into design models.
Audio Version available in YouTube Link : https://www.youtube.com/AKSHARAM?sub_confirmation=1
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Computer Architecture and Organization
V semester
Anna University
By
Babu M, Assistant Professor
Department of ECE
RMK College of Engineering and Technology
Chennai
Computer Organization and Assembly Languagefasihuddin90
This document provides an introduction to the CS-401 course on computer architecture and assembly language programming. It outlines the basic components of a computer, including the processor, memory, and buses that connect them, and describes how data is stored and addressed in memory at the basic level of binary digits.
Algorithm Complexity presentation slides. Time Complexity and Space Complexity analysis using Big-O notation with examples that demonstrates how a function complexity effects to algorithm efficiency.
High Level Languages (Imperative, Object Orientated, Declarative)Project Student
Computer Science - High Level Languages
Different types of high level languages are explained within this presentation. For example, imperative, object orientated and declarative languages are explained. The two types of languages within declarative (logic and functional) are also mentioned and described as well as the characteristics of high level languages. There is also a hierarchy of high level languages and generations.
Expert systems are computer programs that use human expertise to solve complex problems. They have four main components: a knowledge base that stores facts and rules, a working memory that stores current problem data, an inference engine that applies rules to data to deduce solutions, and a user interface. Expert systems are useful because they can apply expertise consistently without tiring, forgetting details, or showing bias. They are best suited for problems involving expert heuristics or judgment. By combining human knowledge with computer processing, expert systems can help distribute expertise and make expert-level decisions more accessible.
Depth First Search, Breadth First Search and Best First SearchAdri Jovin
The document describes different search algorithms including depth-first search (DFS), breadth-first search (BFS), and best-first search (BestFS). It shows the steps of each algorithm on a sample problem, with the queue and visited paths updated at each step. DFS explores paths in a depthward manner, BFS explores all neighbors at each level before moving deeper, and BestFS uses heuristic estimates to prioritize exploring more promising paths first.
Compiler Construction | Lecture 1 | What is a compiler?Eelco Visser
This document provides an overview of the CS4200 Compiler Construction course at TU Delft. It discusses the organization of the course into two parts: CS4200-A which covers compiler concepts and techniques through lectures, papers, and homework assignments; and CS4200-B which involves building a compiler for a subset of Java as a semester-long project. Key topics covered include the components of a compiler like parsing, type checking, optimization, and code generation; intermediate representations; and different types of compilers.
This document discusses requirements analysis and design. It covers the types and characteristics of requirements, as well as the tasks involved in requirements engineering including inception, elicitation, elaboration, negotiation, specification, validation, and management. It also discusses problems that commonly occur in requirements practices and solutions through proper requirements engineering. Additionally, it outlines goals and elements of analysis modeling, including flow-oriented, scenario-based, class-based, and behavioral modeling. Finally, it discusses the purpose and tasks of design engineering in translating requirements models into design models.
Audio Version available in YouTube Link : https://www.youtube.com/AKSHARAM?sub_confirmation=1
subscribe the channel
Computer Architecture and Organization
V semester
Anna University
By
Babu M, Assistant Professor
Department of ECE
RMK College of Engineering and Technology
Chennai
Computer Organization and Assembly Languagefasihuddin90
This document provides an introduction to the CS-401 course on computer architecture and assembly language programming. It outlines the basic components of a computer, including the processor, memory, and buses that connect them, and describes how data is stored and addressed in memory at the basic level of binary digits.
Algorithm Complexity presentation slides. Time Complexity and Space Complexity analysis using Big-O notation with examples that demonstrates how a function complexity effects to algorithm efficiency.
High Level Languages (Imperative, Object Orientated, Declarative)Project Student
Computer Science - High Level Languages
Different types of high level languages are explained within this presentation. For example, imperative, object orientated and declarative languages are explained. The two types of languages within declarative (logic and functional) are also mentioned and described as well as the characteristics of high level languages. There is also a hierarchy of high level languages and generations.
Expert systems are computer programs that use human expertise to solve complex problems. They have four main components: a knowledge base that stores facts and rules, a working memory that stores current problem data, an inference engine that applies rules to data to deduce solutions, and a user interface. Expert systems are useful because they can apply expertise consistently without tiring, forgetting details, or showing bias. They are best suited for problems involving expert heuristics or judgment. By combining human knowledge with computer processing, expert systems can help distribute expertise and make expert-level decisions more accessible.
Depth First Search, Breadth First Search and Best First SearchAdri Jovin
The document describes different search algorithms including depth-first search (DFS), breadth-first search (BFS), and best-first search (BestFS). It shows the steps of each algorithm on a sample problem, with the queue and visited paths updated at each step. DFS explores paths in a depthward manner, BFS explores all neighbors at each level before moving deeper, and BestFS uses heuristic estimates to prioritize exploring more promising paths first.
Computer Science - Classification of Programming Languages
Programming Languages are broken down into High level and Low level languages. This slideshow shows how they are classified and explains low level and high level languages in depth.
The document discusses intelligent agents and environments. It defines intelligent agents as anything that can perceive its environment and act upon it. A rational agent is one that selects actions expected to maximize its performance based on its percepts and knowledge. The document also discusses analyzing tasks using a PEAS framework considering Performance measure, Environment, Actuators, and Sensors to design rational agents.
In which we see how an agent can find a sequence of actions that achieves its goals, when no single action will do.
The method of solving problem through AI involves the process of defining the search space, deciding start and goal states and then finding the path from start state to goal state through search space.
State space search is a process used in the field of computer science, including artificial intelligence(AI), in which successive configurations or states of an instance are considered, with the goal of finding a goal state with a desired property.
The document provides an introduction to computer programming. It discusses what a computer is and its basic parts including hardware and software. It describes the internal and external hardware components. It also explains different types of programming languages from low-level to high-level languages. The document then discusses programming paradigms like procedural, structured, and object-oriented programming. It introduces concepts like algorithms, flowcharts, and the system development life cycle which involves phases from feasibility study to implementation and maintenance.
This presentation was designed to assist educators with school level, data-based decision-making. The material presented here was packaged to help teachers understand various data sets, how to analyze information, and how to use the same information to inform instruction. This presentation is free for public use. If you have questions or would like additional information, please contact me via email (Floydd1@duvalschools.org).
Theory of computation deals with analyzing the capabilities and limitations of computers. It has three main branches: automata theory, computability theory, and computational complexity theory. A model of computation defines the basic operations and costs of a computing system. More powerful models of computation, like Turing machines with random access memory, can solve more complex problems than simpler models like finite automata. However, even Turing machines cannot solve all computational problems - some problems are unsolvable.
recognizer for a language, Deterministic finite automata, Non-deterministic finite automata, conversion of NFA to DFA, Regular Expression to NFA, Thomsons Construction
1. The document discusses how teachers can use student data to plan effective instruction. It defines data as factual information used to make decisions and outlines different levels and types of data.
2. The document recommends using data to reflect on teaching practices, meet individual student needs, and determine if previous decisions were effective. Teachers should observe students, analyze compiled data, and use it to determine student levels, next steps, and needed support.
3. When planning instruction, teachers should consider student data to determine groups focused on improving specific skills. The document provides tips for organizing data and using it to set goals and group students strategically.
Chapter #1 overview of programming and problem solvingAbdul Shah
Computer programming involves planning a sequence of instructions for a computer to follow to solve a problem. It is a multi-step process that includes analyzing the problem, developing algorithmic instructions, and communicating the program to the computer. Common problem solving techniques used in programming include asking questions, looking for similarities, divide-and-conquer, and merging solutions. Programs allow computers to quickly and consistently repeat solutions.
Formal Specification in Software Engineering SE9koolkampus
This document discusses formal specification techniques for software. It describes algebraic techniques for specifying interfaces as abstract data types and model-based techniques for specifying system behavior. Algebraic specifications define operations and their relationships, while model-based specifications represent the system state using mathematical constructs like sets and sequences. Formal specification finds errors earlier and reduces rework, though it requires more upfront effort. The document also provides an example of formally specifying an air traffic control system and insulin pump.
The document describes a compiler design lab manual. It contains 12 experiments related to compiler design topics like lexical analysis, parsing, syntax analysis, code generation etc. It also lists the program outcomes and program specific outcomes attained through each experiment. The objective of the lab is to provide students hands-on experience with basic compiler construction techniques and tools.
An instruction tells the CPU to perform an operation by storing bits of code in memory that are read into the instruction register. Instructions are executed in three phases: fetching the instruction from memory, decoding what operation it specifies, and then executing it, which may involve reading an effective address or performing an input/output operation. Memory reference, register reference, and input/output instructions allow the CPU to access different parts of the computer's architecture during the instruction cycle.
The document contains questions and answers related to compiler design topics such as parsing, grammars, syntax analysis, error handling, derivation, sentential forms, parse trees, ambiguity, left and right recursion elimination etc. Key points discussed are:
1. The role of parser is to verify the string of tokens generated by lexical analyzer according to the grammar rules and detect syntax errors. It outputs a parse tree.
2. Common parsing methods are top-down, bottom-up and universal. Top-down methods include LL, LR. Bottom-up methods include LR, LALR.
3. Errors can be lexical, syntactic, semantic and logical detected by different compiler phases. Error recovery strategies include panic mode
1) A Petri net is a graphical modeling tool used to represent systems with concurrent, asynchronous components. It consists of places, transitions, and arcs between them.
2) The document discusses using Petri nets to model resource sharing between two processors to avoid deadlocks. It defines deadlocks and describes the banker's algorithm for deadlock avoidance.
3) The banker's algorithm works by ensuring the system is always in a safe state where all processes can complete even if maximum resources are requested. It maintains data structures to track available, allocated, and needed resources.
This presentation discusses various computer input, output, and storage devices. It covers common input devices like keyboards, mice, microphones, and cameras. Output devices discussed include monitors, printers, and speakers. The central processing unit and memory are also summarized, including the CPU components like the ALU and control unit. Registers in the CPU and different types of computer memory are defined.
Visualise test scenarios using mind mapsAnkita Gupta
Mind maps are diagrams that visually organize information in a hierarchical structure centered around a key concept. Major ideas connect directly from the center, while other ideas branch out. Mind maps help manage many problems by providing a simplified understanding of a product or topic. They increase test coverage and allow testers to think through test steps in a graphical structure that is easier for the brain to understand than a tabular structure. Popular tools for creating mind maps include Xmind, WiseMapping, and MindMeister.
Requirement engineering (RE) involves defining system requirements during the development process. It deals specifically with the definition phase, where system services and constraints are established. RE is important because 40-60% of software project defects are related to shortcomings in requirements gathering and documentation. An inadequate requirements process can lead to unacceptable products that do not meet user needs, project overruns due to requirement changes, and missing key requirements.
This lesson covers the basics of computers and computer systems. It defines a computer as an electronic device that processes data and defines the components of a computer system as including hardware, software, data, and users. It classifies computers, identifies the main components of a computer system including the motherboard, CPU, memory and storage devices, and discusses caring for storage media and the future of computing.
This document discusses hardware components that affect computer performance. It describes the central processing unit (CPU) and how it processes instructions through fetching, decoding, executing, and storing operations in machine cycles. It explains that the CPU speed and bit size impact performance, and that multicore processors can improve performance through multiprocessing, multitasking, and multithreading. It also describes the types of computer memory, including volatile RAM and nonvolatile ROM, and how memory capacity affects performance.
This document discusses the components and functions of a basic computer system. It describes how a computer accepts input, processes data according to stored instructions, and produces output. The key components include hardware like the system unit, storage and input/output devices, as well as software programs. The system unit contains a motherboard with a processor, memory, and other electronic components to process data. The processor fetches and decodes instructions before performing arithmetic and logic operations with data stored temporarily in registers. Memory comes in volatile and non-volatile forms that store instructions and data in unique address locations.
Computer Science - Classification of Programming Languages
Programming Languages are broken down into High level and Low level languages. This slideshow shows how they are classified and explains low level and high level languages in depth.
The document discusses intelligent agents and environments. It defines intelligent agents as anything that can perceive its environment and act upon it. A rational agent is one that selects actions expected to maximize its performance based on its percepts and knowledge. The document also discusses analyzing tasks using a PEAS framework considering Performance measure, Environment, Actuators, and Sensors to design rational agents.
In which we see how an agent can find a sequence of actions that achieves its goals, when no single action will do.
The method of solving problem through AI involves the process of defining the search space, deciding start and goal states and then finding the path from start state to goal state through search space.
State space search is a process used in the field of computer science, including artificial intelligence(AI), in which successive configurations or states of an instance are considered, with the goal of finding a goal state with a desired property.
The document provides an introduction to computer programming. It discusses what a computer is and its basic parts including hardware and software. It describes the internal and external hardware components. It also explains different types of programming languages from low-level to high-level languages. The document then discusses programming paradigms like procedural, structured, and object-oriented programming. It introduces concepts like algorithms, flowcharts, and the system development life cycle which involves phases from feasibility study to implementation and maintenance.
This presentation was designed to assist educators with school level, data-based decision-making. The material presented here was packaged to help teachers understand various data sets, how to analyze information, and how to use the same information to inform instruction. This presentation is free for public use. If you have questions or would like additional information, please contact me via email (Floydd1@duvalschools.org).
Theory of computation deals with analyzing the capabilities and limitations of computers. It has three main branches: automata theory, computability theory, and computational complexity theory. A model of computation defines the basic operations and costs of a computing system. More powerful models of computation, like Turing machines with random access memory, can solve more complex problems than simpler models like finite automata. However, even Turing machines cannot solve all computational problems - some problems are unsolvable.
recognizer for a language, Deterministic finite automata, Non-deterministic finite automata, conversion of NFA to DFA, Regular Expression to NFA, Thomsons Construction
1. The document discusses how teachers can use student data to plan effective instruction. It defines data as factual information used to make decisions and outlines different levels and types of data.
2. The document recommends using data to reflect on teaching practices, meet individual student needs, and determine if previous decisions were effective. Teachers should observe students, analyze compiled data, and use it to determine student levels, next steps, and needed support.
3. When planning instruction, teachers should consider student data to determine groups focused on improving specific skills. The document provides tips for organizing data and using it to set goals and group students strategically.
Chapter #1 overview of programming and problem solvingAbdul Shah
Computer programming involves planning a sequence of instructions for a computer to follow to solve a problem. It is a multi-step process that includes analyzing the problem, developing algorithmic instructions, and communicating the program to the computer. Common problem solving techniques used in programming include asking questions, looking for similarities, divide-and-conquer, and merging solutions. Programs allow computers to quickly and consistently repeat solutions.
Formal Specification in Software Engineering SE9koolkampus
This document discusses formal specification techniques for software. It describes algebraic techniques for specifying interfaces as abstract data types and model-based techniques for specifying system behavior. Algebraic specifications define operations and their relationships, while model-based specifications represent the system state using mathematical constructs like sets and sequences. Formal specification finds errors earlier and reduces rework, though it requires more upfront effort. The document also provides an example of formally specifying an air traffic control system and insulin pump.
The document describes a compiler design lab manual. It contains 12 experiments related to compiler design topics like lexical analysis, parsing, syntax analysis, code generation etc. It also lists the program outcomes and program specific outcomes attained through each experiment. The objective of the lab is to provide students hands-on experience with basic compiler construction techniques and tools.
An instruction tells the CPU to perform an operation by storing bits of code in memory that are read into the instruction register. Instructions are executed in three phases: fetching the instruction from memory, decoding what operation it specifies, and then executing it, which may involve reading an effective address or performing an input/output operation. Memory reference, register reference, and input/output instructions allow the CPU to access different parts of the computer's architecture during the instruction cycle.
The document contains questions and answers related to compiler design topics such as parsing, grammars, syntax analysis, error handling, derivation, sentential forms, parse trees, ambiguity, left and right recursion elimination etc. Key points discussed are:
1. The role of parser is to verify the string of tokens generated by lexical analyzer according to the grammar rules and detect syntax errors. It outputs a parse tree.
2. Common parsing methods are top-down, bottom-up and universal. Top-down methods include LL, LR. Bottom-up methods include LR, LALR.
3. Errors can be lexical, syntactic, semantic and logical detected by different compiler phases. Error recovery strategies include panic mode
1) A Petri net is a graphical modeling tool used to represent systems with concurrent, asynchronous components. It consists of places, transitions, and arcs between them.
2) The document discusses using Petri nets to model resource sharing between two processors to avoid deadlocks. It defines deadlocks and describes the banker's algorithm for deadlock avoidance.
3) The banker's algorithm works by ensuring the system is always in a safe state where all processes can complete even if maximum resources are requested. It maintains data structures to track available, allocated, and needed resources.
This presentation discusses various computer input, output, and storage devices. It covers common input devices like keyboards, mice, microphones, and cameras. Output devices discussed include monitors, printers, and speakers. The central processing unit and memory are also summarized, including the CPU components like the ALU and control unit. Registers in the CPU and different types of computer memory are defined.
Visualise test scenarios using mind mapsAnkita Gupta
Mind maps are diagrams that visually organize information in a hierarchical structure centered around a key concept. Major ideas connect directly from the center, while other ideas branch out. Mind maps help manage many problems by providing a simplified understanding of a product or topic. They increase test coverage and allow testers to think through test steps in a graphical structure that is easier for the brain to understand than a tabular structure. Popular tools for creating mind maps include Xmind, WiseMapping, and MindMeister.
Requirement engineering (RE) involves defining system requirements during the development process. It deals specifically with the definition phase, where system services and constraints are established. RE is important because 40-60% of software project defects are related to shortcomings in requirements gathering and documentation. An inadequate requirements process can lead to unacceptable products that do not meet user needs, project overruns due to requirement changes, and missing key requirements.
This lesson covers the basics of computers and computer systems. It defines a computer as an electronic device that processes data and defines the components of a computer system as including hardware, software, data, and users. It classifies computers, identifies the main components of a computer system including the motherboard, CPU, memory and storage devices, and discusses caring for storage media and the future of computing.
This document discusses hardware components that affect computer performance. It describes the central processing unit (CPU) and how it processes instructions through fetching, decoding, executing, and storing operations in machine cycles. It explains that the CPU speed and bit size impact performance, and that multicore processors can improve performance through multiprocessing, multitasking, and multithreading. It also describes the types of computer memory, including volatile RAM and nonvolatile ROM, and how memory capacity affects performance.
This document discusses the components and functions of a basic computer system. It describes how a computer accepts input, processes data according to stored instructions, and produces output. The key components include hardware like the system unit, storage and input/output devices, as well as software programs. The system unit contains a motherboard with a processor, memory, and other electronic components to process data. The processor fetches and decodes instructions before performing arithmetic and logic operations with data stored temporarily in registers. Memory comes in volatile and non-volatile forms that store instructions and data in unique address locations.
Here are the categories of the computers in the image:
1. Desktop - Personal Computer
2. Notebook - Personal Computer
3. Smartphone - Mobile Computer/Mobile Device
4. Tablet PC - Mobile Computer/Mobile Device
5. PDA - Mobile Computer/Mobile Device
6. Sony's PS3 - Game Console
7. UiTM network - Server
8. Nuclear Energy research - Supercomputer
9. Online banking - Server
10. Handheld computer - Mobile Computer/Mobile Device
The document discusses computer maintenance and provides guidance on routine maintenance tasks that users can perform themselves as well as maintenance that requires an experienced professional. It recommends regularly cleaning computers and peripherals to remove dust, using utilities to defragment hard drives and free up disk space, and upgrading components like memory over time. Specialized maintenance like replacing power supplies or electrical parts should only be done by professionals.
The document provides an introduction to computer hardware and software components. It discusses the major components of a computer system including the central processing unit, memory, storage devices, input/output ports, buses, and communication devices. It provides examples of random access memory, read-only memory, and cache memory. It also distinguishes between system software and application software.
This document discusses the key components of a computer system, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage, and input/output devices. It provides details on the CPU, describing the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and registers. It also covers different types of memory like RAM, ROM, cache, and their characteristics. The document aims to explain the basic hardware of a computer so that users understand how computers work and are not taken advantage of when purchasing new systems.
This document provides an overview of the key components of a computer system. It discusses that a computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process it, produce output, and store results. The main components are the hardware (physical parts like the system unit, storage and input/output devices), and software programs. The system unit contains the central components like the motherboard, CPU, memory and power supply. Expansion slots allow adding capabilities. Buses connect the components and ports provide connections for external devices. The document also distinguishes system software from application software.
COMPUTER BASIC AND FUNDAMENTAL AND ITS ORGANISATION.pptxPannaBushratul
The bus system allows communication between computer components through address lines, data lines, and control lines. It transfers data and control signals using a shared transmission pathway. The operating system acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware by managing processes, memory, files, devices, networking, and security. Key functions include process scheduling, virtual memory, file systems, device drivers, user interfaces, and protection mechanisms.
The document provides an introduction to computers and their basic components. It defines a computer as an electronic device that can accept data as input, process it, produce output, and store information. The main components of a computer are the hardware (physical parts), software (programs and instructions), CPU (central processing unit), memory (primary and secondary storage), and input/output devices. It describes the functions of these core components and provides examples of common hardware and software.
The document discusses the various components that make up a computer's system unit. It describes the system unit as the box-like case that houses the main components used to process data, including the motherboard, CPU, RAM, storage drives, ports, and expansion cards. The motherboard serves as the central circuit board that connects all the other components together. Key internal components are then described in more detail such as the CPU, RAM, hard drive, optical drive, video card, sound card and network card. External ports and various cable types are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of the course "Computer Organisation and Architecture". It discusses the basic components of a computer including the CPU, memory, and input/output. The CPU contains a control unit and ALU. Memory is divided into primary/main memory and secondary memory. Generations of computers are also outlined from the first generation using vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation using artificial intelligence. Types of computers such as microcomputers, minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers are also defined.
The document provides an introduction to computers including definitions of key components and concepts. It describes what a computer is and its basic functions of input, storage, processing, and output. The main hardware components are explained as the central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM and ROM), and input/output devices. Software is distinguished as system software that controls the computer and application software for specific tasks. Various types of computers are classified by size, power, and use. The document also defines important concepts such as data, information, and knowledge and how they relate. Characteristics of computers like speed, accuracy, and storage capability are outlined. Common threats like computer viruses, email viruses, Trojan horses and worms are defined along with tips
The document provides an overview of computer hardware and software components. It discusses how data is stored in binary form in computers and defines the primary functions of hardware as input, processing, output, and storage. The two main input devices are listed as the keyboard and mouse, while the two main output devices are the monitor and printer. Electronic hardware requires a method for the CPU to communicate, software to control it, and electricity to power it. The document also reviews operating system functions and common OS types, as well as components of the computer boot process.
This document provides a summary of assembling a computer. It begins with acknowledgements to those who helped with the project, including a professor and technical assistant. The contents then cover various topics related to assembling a computer such as computer generations, hardware components and assembling them, cabling connections, installation of operating systems, and safety precautions. Hard disk drives are discussed as a type of secondary computer memory that stores data using magnetized platters and read/write heads.
This document discusses different types of computer memory organization. It describes main memory, which includes ROM, RAM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. ROM is used for storing permanent programs and data. RAM is used for storing user programs and data temporarily. PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM can be programmed but EPROM and EEPROM can also be erased. Secondary storage includes magnetic tapes, floppy disks, hard disks, optical disks, and RAM disks. Floppy disks and hard disks provide faster and direct access compared to tapes but hard disks provide much higher storage capacity than floppy disks. Optical disks have high storage capacity but data cannot be erased.
The document discusses the key components of a computer system unit, including the motherboard, processor, memory (RAM, ROM, cache), expansion slots, ports, buses, power supply, and storage devices. It describes the functions of the central processing unit, arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and how they work together. It also explains data representation in binary and different memory types like RAM, ROM, and cache.
Computer memory consists of three levels in a hierarchy: internal processor memory, primary or main memory, and secondary or auxiliary memory. Internal processor memory is very fast but small and stores temporary data. Main memory is larger but slower, storing both instructions and data directly accessible by the processor. Secondary memory is much larger but slower, used for long-term storage of files and programs that are transferred to main memory for access.
The document provides an overview of principles of information technology. It discusses what IT is and its role in economic and social development. It also covers the rapid evolution of IT and benefits in areas like education, healthcare, and government efficiency. The document then discusses basic computer concepts including hardware components, data organization, number systems, and storage capacities. It covers computer generations from first to fifth generation and concludes with an introduction to networking, discussing different network types, transmission media, and examples of internet, intranet, and extranet networks.
The document discusses various CSS and HTML techniques for adding graphics and visual effects to web pages. It covers topics like borders, padding, background images, the <img> tag, optimizing images, HTML5 figure and meter elements, CSS properties for rounded corners, box shadow, opacity, and multiple background images. The learning outcomes list additional concepts that will be covered like RGBA/HSLA color, image maps, sprites, sources of graphics, and accessibility guidelines.
This chapter introduces CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and how to configure color and text styles for web pages. It covers inline styles, embedded styles within HTML <style> tags, and external CSS stylesheets linked via <link> tags. The document discusses CSS syntax, common text properties, color models, and selector types like HTML elements, classes, IDs, and descendants. It provides examples of styling text, backgrounds, and centering content with CSS.
This chapter introduces CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and how to configure color and text styles for web pages. It covers inline styles, embedded styles within HTML <style> tags, and external CSS stylesheets linked via <link> tags. The document discusses CSS syntax, common text properties, color models, and selector types like HTML elements, classes, IDs, and descendant selectors. It provides examples of styling text, backgrounds, and centering page content using CSS. Validation of CSS using the W3C CSS validator is also mentioned.
This document provides instructions for using Adobe Photoshop CS6 to create web pages and animations. It explains how to organize photos, generate a web gallery, slice images, apply slice settings, create animation frames, tween and optimize animations, and save and preview the final web page. The overall goal of the project is to create a web site and gallery for Freeze Frame photos.
This document discusses working with vector graphics in Adobe Photoshop CS6. It describes how to create and modify shape layers and paths using tools like the pen tool. It also covers how to work with vector images like clip art, such as adding details, filling shapes with patterns, and using notes. The chapter aims to differentiate between vector and raster images and teach techniques for optimizing clip art.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 7 from an Adobe Photoshop CS6 manual. The chapter covers topics such as creating color channels and actions in Photoshop, including how to view and edit channels, create alpha channels, make selections using channels, warp text, record and play actions, convert color modes, resize images, and print color separations. The objectives and steps for a sample project on creating an animal adoption advertisement are also outlined.
This document is a chapter from an Adobe Photoshop manual describing how to apply filters and patterns. It provides step-by-step instructions on using tools like the Filter Gallery to apply effects like Plastic Wrap, Glowing Edges and Craquelure. It also demonstrates how to create clipping masks, set text properties, add layer styles and print a hard proof. The objectives are to learn various filter and pattern techniques as well as terms related to printing.
This document discusses techniques in Adobe Photoshop CS6 for enhancing and repairing photos, including using content-aware technology to repair defects, employing curve corrections, and using tools like the dodge, burn and sponge tools to adjust lighting and saturation. It provides step-by-step instructions for straightening photos, correcting lens distortions, and sharpening or smoothing areas with tools like the blur and smudge tools. The chapter aims to teach how to fix issues like damage, red-eye and discoloration using healing, patch and retouching tools in Photoshop.
This chapter of the Photoshop CS6 document covers drawing and painting with color in Photoshop. It discusses how to create documents and apply gradients, create smart objects, select colors, paint with brushes, load custom shapes, use the eyedropper tool, and create character styles. The objectives are to learn the various drawing and painting tools in Photoshop as well as their settings and usage.
This document provides instructions for importing various types of media into Windows Movie Maker, including video, pictures, and audio files. It describes how to capture video directly from a digital camera, import video clips from storage, and use collections to organize files. It also details the acceptable file formats and extensions for video, picture, and audio files that can be imported into Movie Maker.
This document provides an overview of Windows Movie Maker, including how to open it, explore the different parts of the interface, set default settings, preview videos, and access help. The key parts of the Movie Maker window include the title bar, menu bar, toolbar, tasks pane, collections pane, contents pane, storyboard, timeline, and preview monitor. Users can create movies by adding photos, video clips, sounds, effects and transitions.
This document provides an overview of computer safety and ethics. It discusses identifying security risks and protecting data by restricting access to devices through measures like passwords, firewalls, and antivirus software. Specific risks covered include data loss, hacking, and malware. The document emphasizes the importance of backing up files, using strong passwords that are changed regularly, and installing antivirus software to protect against viruses, worms, Trojan horses and other malicious programs.
This document discusses how computers are used in daily life, work, and school. It describes how computers facilitate collecting, organizing, evaluating, communicating, and collaborating on information. Examples of computer use include e-commerce, point-of-sale systems, global positioning systems, security systems, and embedded computers in appliances. The document also outlines how technology transforms traditional processes like banking, shopping, and weather reporting. Finally, it discusses how computers can increase productivity, facilitate learning, and promote creativity.
This document provides a lesson on searching for information on the web. It discusses using keywords to search search engines and directories, how to refine searches using Boolean operators and other techniques. It also covers evaluating the credibility of web pages, intellectual property laws, copying and citing internet resources. The objectives are to teach students how to effectively search for information online and properly use and cite digital content.
This document provides an overview of using the internet and the world wide web. It defines key terms like the internet, web browser, homepage and defines the differences between the internet and the web. It discusses how to connect to the internet via various methods, set up an internet connection, and manage data usage. It also covers how to navigate web pages using a browser, customize browser settings, and manage bookmarks and browsing history. Finally, it addresses some common web issues and how to ensure security while browsing.
This document discusses various methods of electronic communication. It describes time-shifted communication methods like blogging, which allows users to post messages that others can view at a later time, and real-time communication methods like text messaging and chatting that provide instant feedback. The document outlines guidelines for appropriate use of these communication tools and discusses both the advantages and disadvantages of electronic communication compared to in-person interactions.
This document provides an overview of communication services and email functionality. It describes the basic components of electronic communication, identifies popular internet communication services like email and instant messaging, and explains how to manage email accounts and messages using Microsoft Outlook. Specific topics covered include using usernames and passwords, organizing email folders, composing and sending messages, receiving and opening messages, and attaching files.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and their components. It defines public and private networks, and describes the differences between them. Key hardware components of networks like hubs, switches, routers and network interface cards are explained. Different types of networks such as local area networks, wide area networks, and the Internet are also outlined. The document aims to introduce readers to basic network fundamentals and terminology.
This document discusses managing and reporting database information in Microsoft Access. It describes how to create forms and queries, generate reports, print labels, and share database files. Key topics covered include using the Form Wizard to create customized data entry forms, sorting and searching records in a table, building queries to retrieve matching records, formatting reports for printing, and encrypting database files for secure sharing.
This document provides an overview of Microsoft Access and introduces some basic Access features. It describes how to identify the parts of the Access screen, customize settings, navigate database objects, create a new database and table, modify table designs and fields, add and edit records, and delete and copy records and fields. The objectives are to learn foundational Access concepts and tasks.
1. 1
Lesson 1
Computers and Computer Systems
Computer Literacy
BASICS: A
Comprehensive Guide
to IC3, 3rd Edition
Morrison / Wells
2. Lesson 1
About the Presentations
The presentations cover the objectives found in
the opening of each lesson.
All lesson objectives are listed in the beginning
of each presentation.
You may customize the presentations to fit your
class needs.
Some figures from the lessons are included. A
complete set of images from the book can be
found on the Instructor Resources disc.
Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
2
3. Lesson 1
Objectives
Understand the importance of computers.
Define computers and computer systems.
Classify different types of computer devices.
Use computer systems.
Identify system components.
3 Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
4. Lesson 1
Objectives (continued)
Describe the role of the central processing
unit.
Define computer memory.
Describe how data is represented.
Identify types of storage devices.
Care for storage media.
4 Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
5. Lesson 1
Vocabulary
arithmetic/logic unit
(ALU)
binary
bit
BIOS ROM
byte
central processing
unit (CPU)
circuit board
computer
control unit
data
dual-core processor
embedded
computers
5 Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
6. Lesson 1
Vocabulary (Test List)
Server
Circuit
Supercomputer
Tablet PC
Mainframe Computer
BIO ROM
ALU
Bit
Notebook computers
Random access
memory (RAM)
Read-only memory
(ROM)
CPU
Byte
Computer
Binary Code
Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
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7. Lesson 1
Vocabulary (continued)
file allocation table
(FAT)
hard disks
hardware
Information
memory
mobile devices
motherboard
multicore processor
network drive
notebook computers
random access
memory (RAM)
Read-only memory
(ROM)
7 Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
8. Lesson 1
Vocabulary (continued)
remote storage
server
software
supercomputer
tablet PC
tracks
USB flash drive
Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
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9. Lesson 1
Understanding the Importance of
Computers
The computer is one of the most important
inventions of the past century.
A Brief History of the Computer:
The first computers were developed in the
late 1940s and early 1950s for use by the
military and government.
The first Apple computer was built in 1976.
The IBM PC was introduced in 1981.
9 Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
10. Lesson 1
Defining Computers and Computer
Systems
A computer is an electronic device that follows a series of
steps referred to as an information processing cycle.
A computer system includes hardware, software, data,
and people.
Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
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11. Lesson 1
Classifying Computers
Special-purpose computers are used mostly to
control something else.
General-purpose computers are divided into
categories, based on their physical size, function,
cost, and performance:
– Desktop and notebook
computers
– Server
– Mobile devices
– Tablet PC
– Mainframe computer
– Supercomputer
– Embedded computers
– Portable players
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Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
12. Lesson 1
Using Computer Systems
Computers are used for all kinds of tasks.
Computers take raw data and change it into
information. An example of the procedure:
– You input programs and data with some type of input
device.
– The computer uses instructions to process the data
and to turn it into information.
– You send the information to some type of output
device.
– You store it for later retrieval.
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Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
13. Lesson 1
Identifying System Components
The motherboard is a circuit board that contains
integral components—central processing unit,
memory, basic controllers, and expansion slots.
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Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
14. Lesson 1
Identifying System Components
(continued)
The Central
Processing Unit:
The central processing
unit (CPU) is the brains
of the computer.
The CPU has two
primary sections: the
arithmetic/logic unit and
the control unit.
Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
14
Microprocessor
15. Lesson 1
Identifying System Components
(continued)
The Arithmetic/Logic Unit:
The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic
computations and logical operations.
The Control Unit:
The control unit coordinates all of the processor’s
activities.
You communicate with the computer through
programming languages.
The computer uses machine language, or binary, which is
all 1s and 0s.
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Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
16. Lesson 1
Identifying System Components
(continued)
Recognizing How a Computer Represents Data:
In machine language, the control unit sends out
necessary messages to execute the instructions. A
single zero or a single one is a bit. A byte is a single
character.
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Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
17. Lesson 1
Identifying System Components
(continued)
Memory:
Memory can be short term or long term.
Random Access Memory:
The memory on the motherboard is short term,
called random access memory (RAM).
Data, information, and program instructions are
stored temporarily on a RAM chip and disappear
when the computer is turned off.
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Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
18. Lesson 1
Identifying System Components
(continued)
Random Access Memory (cont):
The instruction cycle is the amount of time it
takes to retrieve instructions to perform a
specified task and complete the command.
The execution cycle refers to the amount of
time it takes the CPU to execute the
instruction and store the results in RAM.
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Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
19. Lesson 1
Identifying System Components
(continued)
Random Access Memory (cont):
Together, the instruction cycle and one or more
execution cycles create a machine cycle.
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Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
20. Lesson 1
Identifying System Components
(continued)
Read-Only Memory:
Another type of memory found on the motherboard is
read-only memory (ROM).
ROM chips store specific instructions that are needed
for computer operation. These instructions remain on
the chip even when the power is turned off.
The more common of these is the BIOS ROM,
containing instructions to start the system when you
turn on the computer.
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Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
21. Lesson 1
Identifying Types of Storage
Devices
To keep a permanent copy of data, you must
store it on a storage device.
Magnetic Storage Devices:
Data is stored in numbered tracks in a special
log on the disk called a file allocation table
(FAT).
Hard Disk:
Advantages: speed and capacity
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Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
22. Lesson 1
Identifying Types of Storage
Devices (continued)
Magnetic tape:
Magnetic tape primarily is used for backup purposes
and data collection.
3½-Inch Disks and Zip Disks:
Since the introduction of USB drives and solid-state
storage media, disks are not as widely used.
Optical Storage Devices:
Use laser technology to read and write data on silver
platters, like CDs and DVDs.
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23. Lesson 1
Identifying Types of Storage
Devices (continued)
Solid-State Storage Media:
Removable medium that uses
integrated circuits, such as USB
flash drive
Network Drives:
Hard drive or tape connected to
a network server and is
available to and shared by
multiple users.
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24. Lesson 1
Caring for Storage Media
Keep away from magnetic fields.
Avoid extreme temperatures.
Remove media from drives and store them properly
when not in use.
When handling DVDs and other optical discs, hold
them at the edges.
Never try to remove the media from a drive when the
drive indicator light is on.
Keep discs in a sturdy case when transporting.
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Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
25. Lesson 1
Computers in Your Future
One of the major areas of change in the
evolution of computers will be connectivity, or
the ability to connect with other computers.
Wireless and mobile devices will become the
norm.
Computer literacy, which is the knowledge
and understanding of computers and their
uses, will become even more important.
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Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
26. Lesson 1
Summary
In this lesson, you learned:
A computer is an electronic device that receives
data, processes data, produces information, and
stores the data and information.
A computer derives its power from its speed,
reliability, accuracy, storage, and communications
capability.
Computer classifications include personal computers
(desktop and notebook), mobile devices, servers,
mainframes, and supercomputers.
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Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
27. Lesson 1
Summary (continued)
Almost all computers perform the same general
functions: input, processing, output, and storage.
Input, output, and processing devices grouped
together represent a computer system.
The machine cycle is made up of the instruction
cycle and the execution cycle.
The motherboard is the center of all processing. It
contains the central processing unit (CPU), memory,
and basic controllers for the system. It also contains
ports and expansion slots.
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Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
28. Lesson 1
Summary (continued)
The motherboard contains different types of
memory. Random access memory (RAM) is
volatile and is used to store instructions,
data, and information temporarily. Read-only
memory (ROM) is nonvolatile and is used to
store permanent instructions needed for
computer operations.
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Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E
29. Lesson 1
Summary (continued)
The CPU is the brains of the computer. The CPU
has two main sections—the arithmetic/logic unit
(ALU) and the control unit. All calculations and
comparisons take place in the ALU. The control unit
coordinates the CPU activities.
To maintain a permanent copy of data, you should
store it on some type of storage medium. The three
categories of storage media are magnetic storage,
optical storage, and solid-state storage.
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Morrison / Wells CLB: A Comp Guide to IC3 3E