The document describes how a nuclear power plant uses nuclear fission to generate electricity in three steps:
1. Uranium fuel rods in the reactor core undergo fission, releasing heat to boil water into steam. Control rods regulate the reaction.
2. The high-pressure steam spins turbines connected to generators, producing electricity.
3. The steam is cooled in a condenser and recycled, while residual heat is dissipated in a cooling tower to prevent warming nearby bodies of water. Three separate water loops transfer heat without mixing fluids.
with this ppt you will learn about what is thermal power plant and construction and working of thermal power plant and also the advantages and disadvantages.
details about the real thermal plant and its working.here is the knowledge that i gained through my internship in Aditya aluminium governed by Hindalco industries pvt.ltd.
The gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that uses air as the working fluid. The engine extracts chemical energy from fuel and converts it to mechanical energy using the gaseous energy of the working fluid (air) to drive the engine and propeller, which, in turn, propel the airplane.
A detailed look at HRSGs common failures also how does condition monitoring improves reliability and flexibility of the components. At the end some on-line condition monitoring methods have been mentioned.
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled toa downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between. Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high-pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the fuel increases the temperature. The products of the combustion are forced into the turbine section
Visit https://www.topicsforseminar.com to Download
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Introduction
Need of Cogeneration
Principle and Advantages of Cogeneration
Technical Options for Cogeneration
Gas turbine Cogeneration Systems
Reciprocating Engine Cogeneration Systems
Classification of Cogeneration Systems
Topping Cycle
Bottoming Cycle
Factors Influencing Cogeneration Choice
Important Technical Parameters for Cogeneration
Typical Cogeneration Performance Parameters
Relative Merits of Cogeneration Systems
Case Study
Thermodynamic Cycles for Power Generation—Brief Review
Real Steam Power Plants—General Considerations
Steam-Turbine Internal Efficiency and Expansion Lines
Closed Feed water Heaters (Surface Heaters)
The Steam Turbine
Turbine-Cycle Heat Balance and Heat and Mass Balance Diagrams
Steam-Turbine Power Plant System Performance Analysis Considerations
Second-Law Analysis of Steam-Turbine Power Plants
Gas-Turbine Power Plant Systems
Combined-Cycle Power Plant Systems
with this ppt you will learn about what is thermal power plant and construction and working of thermal power plant and also the advantages and disadvantages.
details about the real thermal plant and its working.here is the knowledge that i gained through my internship in Aditya aluminium governed by Hindalco industries pvt.ltd.
The gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that uses air as the working fluid. The engine extracts chemical energy from fuel and converts it to mechanical energy using the gaseous energy of the working fluid (air) to drive the engine and propeller, which, in turn, propel the airplane.
A detailed look at HRSGs common failures also how does condition monitoring improves reliability and flexibility of the components. At the end some on-line condition monitoring methods have been mentioned.
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled toa downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between. Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high-pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the fuel increases the temperature. The products of the combustion are forced into the turbine section
Visit https://www.topicsforseminar.com to Download
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Introduction
Need of Cogeneration
Principle and Advantages of Cogeneration
Technical Options for Cogeneration
Gas turbine Cogeneration Systems
Reciprocating Engine Cogeneration Systems
Classification of Cogeneration Systems
Topping Cycle
Bottoming Cycle
Factors Influencing Cogeneration Choice
Important Technical Parameters for Cogeneration
Typical Cogeneration Performance Parameters
Relative Merits of Cogeneration Systems
Case Study
Thermodynamic Cycles for Power Generation—Brief Review
Real Steam Power Plants—General Considerations
Steam-Turbine Internal Efficiency and Expansion Lines
Closed Feed water Heaters (Surface Heaters)
The Steam Turbine
Turbine-Cycle Heat Balance and Heat and Mass Balance Diagrams
Steam-Turbine Power Plant System Performance Analysis Considerations
Second-Law Analysis of Steam-Turbine Power Plants
Gas-Turbine Power Plant Systems
Combined-Cycle Power Plant Systems
Nuclear power plant lecture slides, brief detail of its working principle and its advantages and disadvantages. history and its efficiency are also explaind.
working of nuclear reactors: Boiling Water Reactor (BWR), Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), Canada Deuterium - Uranium reactor (CANDU), breeder, gas cooled and liquid metal cooled reactors – safety measures for nuclear power plants.
A nuclear reactor, formerly known as an atomic pile, is a device used to initiate and control a self-sustained nuclear chain reaction. Nuclear reactors are used at nuclear power plants for electricity generation and in nuclear marine propulsion.
This slide share contains:
× Defination and Principal Of Nuclear Power plant
× Components of Nuclear Reactor
× Major types of Nuclear Power plant
1.PWR
2.BWR
3.HWR
4.GCR
5.THTR
× Thank You
Discus this topic..A nuclear reactor generates heat in the fuel ro.pdfsales96
Determine the point estimate of the population proportion and the margin of error for the given
confidence interval. Lower bound: 0201. upper bound: 0.249, n - 1200 Given the sample size n =
49, population parameter a = 28 find A random sample of 1003 adults Americans was asked
\"Do you pretty much think televisions are a necessity or luxury you could do without ? Of 1003
adults surveyed. 521 indicated that televisions are a luxury they could do without. Construct a
95% confidence interval for the population proportion of adult American who believe that
television arc a they could do without. Determine the null and alternative hypothesis
Solution
Q1.
Margin of Error = (Upper-Lower)/2 = (0.249-0.201)/2 = 0.024
Point of estimate = Lower + Margin of Error = 0.201 + 0.024 = 0.225
Q2.
Standard Deviation= sd/ Sqrt(n)
Where,
sd = Standard Deviation
n = Sample Size
Standard deviation( sd )=28
Sample Size(n)=49
Standard Error = ( 28/ Sqrt ( 49) )
= 4.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. What you need to know about atoms to electricity:
Inside the Reactor
– Heat
– Pressure
– Water
Fission Control
– Fuel assemblies
– Control rods
– Coolant
– Pressure vessel
Electricity Generation
– Generator
– Condenser
– Cooling tower
2
3. Atoms to electricity
A nuclear reactor is a water heater. Your water heater at home may use
electricity or natural gas to heat water. A nuclear reactor uses fissioning
uranium-235 atoms to heat water. Water is converted to steam. The
steam turns turbines that drive generators to produce electricity.
3
6. The pressure vessel surrounds the reactor core.
Within the pressure vessel are the
uranium fuel assemblies and the
control rods. Altogether they form
the nuclear core.
The coolant water fills the entire
vessel and the loop.
6
Fuel assemblies
Coolant water
Control rods
7. This is where fission happens!
Inside the reactor core, fission takes
place within each fuel assembly.
The control rods control the rate of
fission.
7
Fuel assemblies
Control rods
8. These are the tops of reactor vessels.
The top of the reactor is called the head.
In it are the links to the control rods.
8
9. What to remember…
Where’s the containment building?
Where are the fuel assemblies?
Where’s the pressure vessel?
Where are the control rods?
Where’s the coolant water?
9
E
B
D
C
A
10. What makes up a fuel assembly?
The fuel is assembled like this:
Fuel pellets
10
Fuel rods
Fuel assemblies
11. Who controls the control rods?
Power plant operators use control rods to
control the speed of the chain reaction.
• Moving them out of the reactor starts the
reaction. Heat is generated.
• Moving them into the reactor slows the
reaction. Less heat is generated.
Inserting the control rods all the way shuts
down the reaction completely.
The control rods work because they
capture neutrons. Captured neutrons
cannot cause atoms to fission.
11
12. What happens to the heat?
The heat transfers from the reactor core to water in separate loops of
piping. The water in the loops never mixes but the heat moves from one
to another.
Heat transfer is called thermodynamics. Heat always moves from a warmer to a
cooler material, the way heat moves from hot cocoa to the cooler ceramic of the
cup.
12
13. 3 Loops with 3 purposes
The three loops in a pressurized water reactor have three purposes.
The three loops are separate. The water in one loop never mixes with the water
in another loop. Only the heat energy moves from loop to loop.
Watch this video clip and write down what the three purposes are:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NW9qB2dN_o8&NR=1
13
14. First loop
The first loop carries water heated to a
very high temperature in the reactor to
the steam-generator.
14
First loop
15. Second loop
• The second loop carries the heat energy as steam to the turbines and spins the
blades of the turbines.
• The turbines are attached to the generators, which change the mechanical
energy of the spinning turbine into electricity.
15
Second loop
16. Third loop
The steam is cooled by the condenser, turning it back into a liquid. The third loop
contains cooling water drawn from the river. The purpose of the third loop is to
cool down the steam in the second loop. The water cools as it drops from high
in the cooling tower.
16
Third loop
17. What’s the tallest structure at a power plant?
The 150-meter-tall cooling tower is
the power plant’s tallest structure.
17
Because heated water could
harm the environment, water in
the third loop is pumped to the
cooling tower to fall like rain and
cool. Some of the water
evaporates and leaves the
cooling tower as water vapor.
Some is cooled and returned to
the river. Most is used again in
the third loop.
18. Inside a Control Room
A nuclear power plant’s control room is the “brain” of the plant where operators
manage the systems to produce electricity.
Explore the control room at this link:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/nuclear-control-room.html
18
19. Summary: Fill in the blanks
• The way that nuclear power plants produce heat energy through fission is
unique. However, the way the heat energy is changed into electrical energy is
basically the same as in a coal or natural gas power plant.
• At a nuclear power plant, fission takes place in the reactor.
• A reactor has four main parts:
1. the uranium fuel stacked in fuel assemblies
2. the control rods
3. the water coolant
4. the pressure vessel.
19
20. Summary (continued)
• The fuel assemblies, control rods, and water coolant make up the reactor’s
core.
• The core is surrounded by the pressure vessel.
• The reactor has three separate loops of piping that use water to move heat
energy.
• Water in these loops never mixes together. However, heat energy moves from
one loop to another.
• The first loop carries water heated to a very high temperature in the reactor to
the steam-generator. In the steam generator, heat energy from the first loop
transfers to the second loop.
20
21. Summary (continued)
• The second loop carries the heat energy as steam to the turbines and spins the
blades of the turbines.
• The turbines are attached to the generators, which change the mechanical
energy of the spinning turbine into electricity. From the turbines, steam in the
second loop moves to the condenser.
• In the condenser, steam in the second loop is cooled when some of its
remaining heat transfers to the water in the third loop.
• When it is cooled, the steam changes from a gas back into a liquid.
21
22. Summary (continued)
• The third loop contains cooling water drawn from the river. The purpose of the
third loop is to remove heat from the steam in the second loop.
• When the cooling water in the third loop passes through the condenser, it
absorbs heat from the second loop. Water in the third loop is pumped to the
cooling tower to have some of its heat removed.
• Some of the water evaporates and leaves the cooling tower as water vapor.
Some is cooled and returned to the river. Most is used again in the third loop.
• A nuclear power plant’s control room is the “brain” of the electricity-producing
plant.
22
24. Advanced Student Assignment
This video clip shows how a nuclear power plant works
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJfIbBDR3e8
This video clip says that nuclear energy is carbon free. What does that mean?
24
25. Lesson 6 Vocabulary
• baffles – tiles inside the cooling tower at a nuclear power plant that slow the
rate of water flow and provide area for cooling
• boron – a non-metallic element used in the control rods and coolant water in
nuclear reactors to absorb neutrons and, thus, help control the rate of fission;
symbol is B
• cadmium – a soft, bluish-white metallic element that is used in control rods in
nuclear reactors to absorb neutrons and, thus, help control the rate of fission;
symbol is Cd
• condenser – the equipment at a nuclear power plant that cools steam and
turns it back into water
• containment – the action of keeping something under control or within limits
25
26. Vocabulary
• containment building – a large building of steel-reinforced concrete that
surrounds and protects the reactor and also protects the environment
• control rods – devices that can be pulled out of and inserted into the reactor
core to absorb neutrons and regulate the chain reaction; used to control the
speed of a chain reaction
• coolant – a substance used for cooling
• coolant/moderator – a substance used to cool the reactor and to slow
neutrons. In most nuclear power plants, water is used to keep the reactor from
getting too hot and also slow the neutrons down so they are more likely to
cause uranium-235 atoms to fission.
• cooling tower – a structure in a nuclear power plant used to remove heat from
cooling water; prevents thermal pollution of lakes and rivers
26
27. Vocabulary
• fuel assembly – structure containing fuel rods that hold stacked uranium
pellets; bundles of fuel rods that are loaded in the reactor core
• generator – a machine that makes electricity
• heat transfer – the movement of heat from a hotter object to a cooler object;
the transfer can be made by conduction, convection, or radiation
• moderator – a substance that slows neutrons down in the reactor so they are
more likely to cause uranium atoms to fission. In U.S. reactors, the moderator is
water.
• pressure – the effect of a force applied to a surface. Keeping water under
pressure in the reactor of a pressurized water reactor means the water can be
heated to a temperature greater than 100oC or 212oF without boiling.
27
28. Vocabulary
• pressure vessel – an extremely strong steel container that surrounds the core
of the nuclear reactor; may also be called the reactor vessel
• pressurized water reactor (PWR) – a type of nuclear reactor in which water is
kept under pressure in the reactor core so that the water can be heated to a
temperature greater than 100oC or 212oF without boiling
• reactor – the part of a nuclear power plant where fission takes place
• steam-generator – a machine that uses heat in a power plant to produce
steam to turn turbines
• thermodynamics – the science of the way heat transfers or moves
• turbine - a wheel with many blades that are spun and connected to a generator
to make electricity
28
29. For discussion: Two main types of nuclear power plants
Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
• The reactor water boils to produce
steam. Control rods enter from
bottom.
Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)
• The reactor water is under
pressure and does not boil.
• Water from the reactor heats pipes
in a steam generator. Water that is
turned into steam never mixes with
the water in the first loop.
29
30. Boiling water reactor
The steam rises to the top of the pressure vessel and is sent to the
generator to turn the turbine.
30