Lesson 2.0 rock
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Rocks are naturally occurring combinations of minerals and can be classified into three main types - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and hardening of magma above or below ground. Sedimentary rocks form from the accumulation of sediments or organic materials. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical processes without melting.
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Materials of the Earth
This document discusses the study of mineralogy and properties of minerals and rocks. It defines mineralogy as the study of minerals, which are naturally occurring inorganic solids with a defined chemical composition and crystalline structure. It describes several physical properties used to identify common minerals such as luster, hardness, streak, cleavage, fracture and color. It also discusses the chemical composition of minerals and provides examples of important mineral resources in the Philippines. Finally, it classifies the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and provides brief descriptions.
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Norman Bowen experimentally determined a crystallization sequence of minerals in igneous rocks called Bowen's Reaction Series. This series shows the order in which minerals crystallize as magma cools, from early high-temperature minerals like olivine to late low-temperature minerals like quartz. Bowen discovered there is a regular mineral sequence that matches what is observed in natural igneous rocks. The reaction series helps explain mineral associations and weathering patterns in different rock types.
Bowen’s Reaction Series
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There are three kinds of rocks, that are defined on the basis of how they formed.
Igneous Rocks:
are formed from the solidification of molten rock or magma.
Sedimentary Rocks:
form through when materials at the earth's surface (sediments) are buried and hardened (lithified).
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are formed when older rocks are changed by heat and pressure without being melted.
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This document provides a review of minerals, rocks, and the processes involved in their formation. It defines key terms like monomineralic, polymineralic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Their texture depends on the cooling rate - slow cooling leads to large crystals and coarse texture, while rapid cooling results in small crystals and fine texture. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments transported by wind, water, or glaciers. They can also form through chemical or biological processes.
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This document provides information about minerals and rocks. It defines minerals as naturally occurring inorganic solids that exhibit a crystalline structure and can be represented by a chemical formula. Minerals have specific physical properties like luster, color, streak and hardness. Rocks are natural substances made of aggregated minerals and other earth materials. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The document distinguishes minerals from rocks by stating that minerals have definite chemical compositions and colors while rocks do not and can contain fossils, unlike minerals.
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Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances that have a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. They are the building blocks that make up rocks. There are several key physical properties used to identify minerals, including luster, hardness, crystal form, and color. Luster describes how light reflects off a mineral's surface, either with a metallic or non-metallic appearance. Hardness is a mineral's resistance to scratching, measured using the Mohs hardness scale. Crystal form refers to a mineral's characteristic crystal shape or habit. Color is also an identifying property but is not always diagnostic on its own.
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Norman Bowen experimentally determined a crystallization sequence of minerals in igneous rocks called Bowen's Reaction Series. This series shows the order in which minerals crystallize as magma cools, from early high-temperature minerals like olivine to late low-temperature minerals like quartz. Bowen discovered there is a regular mineral sequence that matches what is observed in natural igneous rocks. The reaction series helps explain mineral associations and weathering patterns in different rock types.
Bowen’s Reaction Series
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are formed from the solidification of molten rock or magma.
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form through when materials at the earth's surface (sediments) are buried and hardened (lithified).
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are formed when older rocks are changed by heat and pressure without being melted.
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II.A Minerals and Rocks
Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
rocks.pptx
Rocks are natural aggregates that can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma either underground (intrusive) or on the surface (extrusive), and can be classified based on their composition and texture. Sedimentary rocks provide information about Earth's past and form from compaction of particles, sediments, and organic materials. Metamorphic rocks form from pre-existing rocks due to changes in pressure and temperature, and can undergo regional or contact metamorphism. They are classified based on texture and foliation.
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The document discusses the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. It provides details on their origin, formation process, structure, texture, types, and examples. Key differences are noted - igneous rocks form from cooled lava/magma, sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing rocks due to heat and pressure. The conclusion states the three rock types can be identified by their characteristics but may also transition between types through the rock cycle.
Deposits Related to Mafic Igneous Rocks
This document discusses various types of magmatic ore deposit systems. It describes magmatic segregation deposits, which form from early or late crystallization products of magma concentrating in the magma chamber. Common ore minerals in mafic, intermediate, and felsic rocks are listed. Layered mafic intrusions like the Bushveld Complex are described as major sources of platinum group elements, chromium, and other metals. Other rock types discussed include anorthosites, kimberlites, carbonatites, and ultramafic volcanic associations that can form nickel sulfide deposits.
Deposits Related to Mafic Igneous Rocks
This document discusses various types of magmatic ore deposit systems. It describes magmatic segregation deposits, which form from early or late crystallization products concentrated in magma chambers. It then discusses specific rock types associated with ore deposits, including mafic, intermediate, and felsic rocks. The rest of the document provides details on major magmatic systems that form deposits of chromium, nickel, copper, and other metals. These include layered mafic intrusions like the Bushveld Complex, anorthosites, kimberlites, carbonatites, and ultramafic volcanic associations like komatiites.
Rocks.pptx
This document summarizes the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma either below the surface (intrusive) or above (extrusive). Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks were once igneous or sedimentary rocks that were changed by heat, pressure, and chemical fluids within the Earth. Examples of each rock type are provided along with brief descriptions of their characteristics and formation processes.
Rocks
Rocks are divided into three main types based on their origin: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma either underground (intrusive/plutonic rocks like granite) or on the surface (extrusive/volcanic rocks like rhyolite and basalt). Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks via heat, pressure, and chemical reactions. Rocks continuously cycle between these three types through geological processes like erosion, deposition, and tectonic activity.
The Geo-Chemistry of Igneous Rocks
This document provides information about igneous rocks, including how they are formed from the cooling of magma and lava, how they are classified based on mineral size and composition, and the key properties of different types of igneous rocks such as ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, and felsic rocks. It also discusses the rock cycle and defines important terms.
igneous rocks classification #6.pdf
Classification of igneous rocks on the basis of texture and composition including IUGS classification.
Igneous rock ge 106
This document provides an overview of igneous rocks and their formation. It discusses that igneous rocks form from the cooling of molten magma or lava. The cooling rate affects crystal size - slower cooling produces larger crystals and faster cooling produces smaller crystals. Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly underground and have coarse grains, while extrusive rocks cool quickly at the surface and have fine grains. Texture is determined by crystal size and arrangements. Examples of textures discussed are phaneritic, aphanitic, porphyritic, glassy and pyroclastic.
Earth Science 3 2
Intrusive igneous rocks form below Earth's surface while extrusive rocks form on the surface. Porphyritic texture consists of large crystals in a matrix of smaller crystals. Granitic composition indicates a rock is mostly quartz and feldspar, basaltic contains dark minerals and plagioclase, and andesitic lies between felsic and mafic compositions. Slow cooling leads to large crystals while rapid cooling results in small, interconnected grains.
Metamorphic rocks ppt
The document discusses metamorphic rocks, which are rocks that have been changed physically and chemically by heat, pressure, and fluid during geological processes like mountain building. It describes the two main types of metamorphism - contact metamorphism near intruding magma and regional metamorphism from heat and pressure deeper in the Earth's crust. Examples of common metamorphic rocks are provided like slate, schist, gneiss, quartzite, and marble. Photos show examples of textures and minerals in various metamorphic rocks.
03-ROCK-and-MINERALS.pptx.pdf
The document discusses different types of rocks and minerals. It begins by explaining that Earth is composed of rocks and minerals. Geologists study rocks to understand features of the past environment like volcanoes, mountains, climate. Rocks are naturally occurring combinations of minerals. There are three main types of rocks: igneous formed from cooling magma, sedimentary formed from compressed sediments, and metamorphic formed from changes to existing rocks by heat and pressure. The document then describes various minerals, their properties like hardness, luster, cleavage, and provides examples to illustrate different rock and mineral types. It concludes with an explanation of the rock cycle and mineral properties like specific gravity.
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Lesson 2.0 rock
- 1. THE ROCK HUMMS and GAS
- 2. Rock- is a naturally-occuring aggregate or combination of minerals. Petrology- is the scientific study of rocks. Petrologist- is a person(geologist) who specializes in petrology. Classification of Rock 1. Igneous rocks 2. Sedimentary rocks 3. Metamorphic rocks
- 3. Igneous rocks- formed from hardening and crystallization of magma or molten mineral. Types of Igneous rocks 1.Extrusive/Volcanic- lava that cools rock -fine grained crystals since the cooling process is so fast. -e.g basalt and andesite 2.Intrusive/Plutonic- magma that cools slowly -coarse grained crystals. - e.g granite, diorite and syenite
- 4. Classification based on Composition i. Felsic- light color feldspar, silicate ii. Mafic- dark in color, made up of magnesium and iron iii. Intermediate- between mafic and felsic iv. Ultramafic- very dark
- 5. Based on Texture i. Aphanistic- fine grained ii. Phanetiric- coarse grained iii. Porphyritic- large crystals with small crystals iv. Glassy- non-ordered solid from rapid quenching v. Pyroclastic –composite of ejected fragments
- 6. Sedimentary rocks- formed from preexisting rocks. Types of Sedimentary rocks 1. Clastic- formed from accumulation of clasts little pieces of broken rocks and shells. 2. Chemical- formed when dissolved minerals precipitate from a solution. 3. Organic- formed from the accumulation of materials from living things .livin
- 7. Metamorphic-formed from pre-existing rocks, there rocks have been modified by heat, pressure and chemical processes. Metamorphism- change of minerals or geologic texture in pre-existing rocks(protolith) without the protolith melting into liquid magma(solid state change )
- 8. Two types of metamorphism 1. Regional- happens over large region of the crust where high Temperature and Pressure is present 2. Contact- happens on layers of rocks having contact with heat magma