Earth and life Science

1. ROCK-
FORMING
MINERALS

2. Matter
Elements and the Periodic Table
 Elements are the basic building blocks of
minerals.
 Over 100 elements are known

3. Atoms
 Smallest particles of matter
 Have all the characteristics of an element
neutrons, which have neutral electrical charges
 The nucleus is the central part of an atom and
contains
 Protons -which have positive electrical charges
 neutrons - which have neutral electrical charges

4. Types of Chemical Bonds
1.Ionic bonds form between positive and
negative ions.
2.Covalent bonds form when atoms share
electrons.
3.Metallic bonds form when metal ions share
electrons.

5. Minerals-are composed of elements such as
those found in the periodic table.
Each mineral is unique but they generally
exhibit the following characteristics:
1. Naturally occurring
2. Solid substance
3. Orderly crystalline structure
4. Definite chemical composition
5. Generally considered inorganic

6. How Minerals Form
1.
Crystallization
from magma
2.
Precipitation
3.
Hydrothermal
solutions

7. Properties of Minerals
Color
Luster
Streak
Cleavage
Fracture
Density
Hardness
Reaction with acids
Fluorescence
phosphorescence

8. COLOR
- refers to the ability of minerals to reflect
regions of the visible light.

9. Luster
-is defined as the ability of mineral to reflect
light in its surface.

10. Streak
-is the color of mineral in powdered form.

11. Pyrite (Fool’s Gold) displays
metallic luster.
Metallic--example: gold
Vitreous (glassy) --example: quartz, tourmaline
Adamantine (brilliant) --example: diamond
Resinous (like resin or sap from a tree) –
example: sphalerite
Greasy or waxy --example: turquoise
Pearly--example: talc
Silky--example: asbestos
Dull or earthy --example: bauxite

12. Cleavage
-is the ability of minerals to split along weak
plane.

13. If a mineral breaks easily and cleanly in one or more
directions, its cleavage is considered perfect.

14. Cleavage (1 direction):

15. Cleavage (2 direction):

16. Cleavage (3 directions):

17. Cleavage (4 directions):

18. Fracture
-refers to the capacity of minerals to break
along curved surfaces.

19. Hardness
-is defined as the tendency of
minerals to resist abrasion.
- Moh’s scale consists of 10
minerals arranged from 10
(hardest) to 1 (softest).

20. Reaction with acids- describes how minerals
react with acids like HCL.
Fluorescence- is the ability of minerals to glow
when bombarded with ultraviolet light.
Phosphorescence- refers to the ability of
minerals to continue glowing even after a
source of ultraviolet light has been turned off.
Density- is the compactness of minerals.

21. Distinctive Properties of
Minerals
1. Attraction to magnets
2. Reaction to hydrochloric acid
3. Bending of light

22. Birthstones
• Jan-Garnet
• Feb -Amethyst
• March -Aquamarine
• April -Diamond
• May -Emerald
• June -Pearl
• July-Ruby
• August-Peridot
• Sept-Sapphire
• October-Opal
• November-Topaz
• December -Torquoise