This document discusses various types of magmatic ore deposit systems. It describes magmatic segregation deposits, which form from early or late crystallization products of magma concentrating in the magma chamber. Common ore minerals in mafic, intermediate, and felsic rocks are listed. Layered mafic intrusions like the Bushveld Complex are described as major sources of platinum group elements, chromium, and other metals. Other rock types discussed include anorthosites, kimberlites, carbonatites, and ultramafic volcanic associations that can form nickel sulfide deposits.
This document provides an overview of kimberlites. It discusses that kimberlites are volatile-rich, ultrapotassic igneous rocks that occur as small volcanic pipes and intrusions. They are composed mainly of olivine, phlogopite, ilmenite, garnet and pyroxenes. Kimberlites are divided into two groups based on their mineralogy and isotopic signatures. Group I kimberlites are dominated by olivine and ilmenite while Group II are micaceous and enriched in rare earth elements. Kimberlites are economically important as they are the primary source of diamonds, with only a small fraction of pipes containing gem-quality stones. They
1) Ore deposits can form from the crystallization of magma in magma chambers (magmatic segregation deposits). Some major examples include deposits associated with layered igneous intrusions like the Bushveld Complex in South Africa, the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe, and the Sudbury Igneous Complex in Canada.
2) Skarn deposits form at the contact between intrusive igneous rocks and carbonate country rocks, where the carbonates are metamorphosed into marble, hornfels, and skarn minerals. Skarn deposits are a source for metals like copper, iron, tungsten, lead, and zinc.
3) Porphyry deposits are associated with porphy
The document outlines specific learning outcomes for a lesson on rock types. At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: identify and describe the three basic rock types; describe how each rock type forms and define their environments of formation; describe how rocks are transformed through the rock cycle; and identify and describe different geologic processes in the rock cycle.
The document outlines specific learning outcomes for a lesson on rock types. At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: identify and describe the three basic rock types; describe how each rock type forms and define their environments of formation; describe how rocks are transformed through the rock cycle; and identify and describe different geologic processes in the rock cycle.
This document provides an overview of kimberlites, including their mineralogy, morphology, petrology, classification, origin, and economic importance. Kimberlites occur as vertical carrot-shaped intrusions called pipes and have an inequigranular texture consisting of large crystals in a fine-grained matrix. They are classified into Group I and Group II based on isotopic affinities. Kimberlites originate at depths of 100-200 km in the mantle and are emplaced explosively due to their high volatile content, forming diatremes with features like angular fragments. Kimberlites are economically important as the primary source of diamonds, though only 1 in 200 pipes contain gem-quality diamonds.
Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
Kimberlite is a potassic, ultrabasic igneous rock that forms vertical pipes and intrusions. It has a porphyritic texture with large crystals in a fine-grained matrix. Kimberlites originate deep in the Earth's mantle and erupt explosively to the surface due to their high gas content. They are classified into Groups I and II based on mineral assemblages and textures. Kimberlites occur in crater, diatreme, and hypabyssal facies and are economically important sources of diamonds. The Wajrakarur field in India contains diamondiferous kimberlite pipes.
The document outlines learning outcomes for a lesson on rock types:
a) Identify and describe the three basic rock types;
b) Describe how each rock type forms and define their environments;
c) Describe how rocks are transformed through the rock cycle;
d) Identify and describe geologic processes in the rock cycle.
This document provides an overview of kimberlites. It discusses that kimberlites are volatile-rich, ultrapotassic igneous rocks that occur as small volcanic pipes and intrusions. They are composed mainly of olivine, phlogopite, ilmenite, garnet and pyroxenes. Kimberlites are divided into two groups based on their mineralogy and isotopic signatures. Group I kimberlites are dominated by olivine and ilmenite while Group II are micaceous and enriched in rare earth elements. Kimberlites are economically important as they are the primary source of diamonds, with only a small fraction of pipes containing gem-quality stones. They
1) Ore deposits can form from the crystallization of magma in magma chambers (magmatic segregation deposits). Some major examples include deposits associated with layered igneous intrusions like the Bushveld Complex in South Africa, the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe, and the Sudbury Igneous Complex in Canada.
2) Skarn deposits form at the contact between intrusive igneous rocks and carbonate country rocks, where the carbonates are metamorphosed into marble, hornfels, and skarn minerals. Skarn deposits are a source for metals like copper, iron, tungsten, lead, and zinc.
3) Porphyry deposits are associated with porphy
The document outlines specific learning outcomes for a lesson on rock types. At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: identify and describe the three basic rock types; describe how each rock type forms and define their environments of formation; describe how rocks are transformed through the rock cycle; and identify and describe different geologic processes in the rock cycle.
The document outlines specific learning outcomes for a lesson on rock types. At the end of the lesson, students will be able to: identify and describe the three basic rock types; describe how each rock type forms and define their environments of formation; describe how rocks are transformed through the rock cycle; and identify and describe different geologic processes in the rock cycle.
This document provides an overview of kimberlites, including their mineralogy, morphology, petrology, classification, origin, and economic importance. Kimberlites occur as vertical carrot-shaped intrusions called pipes and have an inequigranular texture consisting of large crystals in a fine-grained matrix. They are classified into Group I and Group II based on isotopic affinities. Kimberlites originate at depths of 100-200 km in the mantle and are emplaced explosively due to their high volatile content, forming diatremes with features like angular fragments. Kimberlites are economically important as the primary source of diamonds, though only 1 in 200 pipes contain gem-quality diamonds.
Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
Kimberlite is a potassic, ultrabasic igneous rock that forms vertical pipes and intrusions. It has a porphyritic texture with large crystals in a fine-grained matrix. Kimberlites originate deep in the Earth's mantle and erupt explosively to the surface due to their high gas content. They are classified into Groups I and II based on mineral assemblages and textures. Kimberlites occur in crater, diatreme, and hypabyssal facies and are economically important sources of diamonds. The Wajrakarur field in India contains diamondiferous kimberlite pipes.
The document outlines learning outcomes for a lesson on rock types:
a) Identify and describe the three basic rock types;
b) Describe how each rock type forms and define their environments;
c) Describe how rocks are transformed through the rock cycle;
d) Identify and describe geologic processes in the rock cycle.
This document discusses minerals and rocks. It provides 11 physical properties and 8 chemical properties used to identify minerals, such as color, hardness, luster, crystalline structure, and chemical composition. It also defines 3 main classes of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and their distinguishing characteristics, such as their formation processes and common examples. The document aims to teach students to identify minerals based on their properties and classify rocks according to their origins.
This document discusses igneous rock classifications and Bowen's reaction series. It begins by classifying igneous rocks based on their silica content into felsic, intermediate, mafic and ultramafic compositions. It then explains Bowen's reaction series, which showed that minerals crystallize from magma at different temperatures in a predictable order. Certain minerals tend to form together based on their crystallization temperatures. The document also discusses how igneous intrusive bodies like sills, dikes, batholiths and stocks form underground from crystallizing magma.
Soil Forming Rocks and Minerals ClassificationDINESH KUMAR
This document discusses the classification of rocks and minerals. It describes three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma, sedimentary rocks form through the accumulation and cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from alterations to existing rocks by heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids. Within each rock type are various sub-classifications. The document also examines the classification of important rock-forming minerals and describes their structures, weathering properties, and physical characteristics.
skarn deposits and their mode of formationAdam Mbedzi
The document discusses skarn deposits, which form as a result of a magma body coming into contact with carbonate sedimentary rocks like limestone. Skarn deposits occur in the contact zone where hot fluids from the magma mix with and dissolve the carbonate rocks, forming new calcium-rich silicate minerals. Different types of skarn deposits are classified based on their dominant minerals and metals, such as iron, gold, tungsten, copper, and zinc skarns. Skarn deposits show zoning patterns with different mineral assemblages present in proximal and distal areas from the contact with the magma body.
Minerals and rocks can be classified in several ways. Metallic minerals include precious metals like gold and silver, and ferrous metals like iron. Non-metallic minerals do not contain metals and include sulfur and phosphates. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma and include intrusive granites and extrusive basalts. Sedimentary rocks form through deposition and lithification of sediments and make up 75% of the Earth's crust. Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing recrystallization under heat and pressure. Common minerals include feldspar, quartz, pyroxene, amphibole, mica and olivine.
Rocks weather and break down into soil particles through various physical, chemical, and biological processes. There are three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - which are the source materials for various soil formations. Residual soils form in place from weathered parent rock, while transported soils are eroded, carried by agents like water or wind, and deposited in new locations. Understanding the geological processes that produce, transport, and deposit soils helps engineers evaluate a soil's properties and potential behavior.
Metamorphic rocks are formed from existing rock types that have been altered by heat, pressure, and chemical processes usually while buried deep underground. There are two basic types - foliated rocks that have a banded or layered appearance due to heat and pressure, and non-foliated rocks that do not have distinct layers. Some common metamorphic rocks include gneiss, slate, schist, quartzite, and marble.
The document discusses metamorphic rocks, which are rocks that have been changed physically and chemically by heat, pressure, and fluid during geological processes like mountain building. It describes the two main types of metamorphism - contact metamorphism near intruding magma and regional metamorphism from heat and pressure deeper in the Earth's crust. Examples of common metamorphic rocks are provided like slate, schist, gneiss, quartzite, and marble. Photos show examples of textures and minerals in various metamorphic rocks.
Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciencesknip xin
please don't forget to like and leave your comments. this presentation is about rocks and minerals, grade 11, earth and life sciences; senior high school
Name: Probably used in the mineralogical sense by 1706 and originally "smicka" and from the Latin micare - to flash or glisten in allusion to the material's appearance. Isinglass predates the use of mica as a mineral term and known from at least 1535, but isinglass also referred to the matter from the sturgeon fish that also had pearly flakes from the scales.
Mica is widely distributed and occurs in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary regimes. Mica group represents 34 phyllosilicate minerals that exhibits a layered or platy structure. Commercially important mica minerals are muscovite (potash or white mica) and phlogopite (magnesium or amber mica). Granitic pegmatites are the source of muscovite sheet, while phlogopite is found in areas of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks into which pegmatite rich granite rocks have been intruded. It possesses highly perfect basal cleavage due to which it can easily and accurately split into very thin sheets or films of any specified thickness. It has a unique combination of elasticity, toughness, flexibility and transparency. It possesses resistance to heat and sudden change in temperature and high dielectric strength. It is chemically inert, stable and does not absorb water.
Mantle melting occurs when heat and pressure cause partial melting of the mantle, producing basaltic magma. Basalt is the most common volcanic rock on Earth and can be further differentiated to form other igneous rock types. Evidence for the composition and processes of the mantle comes from ophiolites, dredged samples from ocean floors, nodules contained in basalts, and xenoliths brought up from deep in the mantle via kimberlite eruptions. Together this evidence indicates that the upper mantle is composed predominantly of the minerals olivine, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene which make up the rocks dunite, harzburgite, and lherzol
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
The name Spinifex refer to a spiky grass in Australian.
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. There are three main types based on formation environment: volcanic, hypabyssal, and plutonic. Volcanic rocks form from lava at the Earth's surface and are typically fine-grained. Plutonic rocks form deep underground and are usually coarse-grained due to slow cooling. Texture depends on factors like cooling rate and mineral composition, ranging from glassy to phaneritic. Igneous rocks are classified based on their mineralogy and chemistry, particularly their silica content.
This document provides an overview of minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle presented by a student from Suez University. It discusses the main topics of minerals, igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks. Specifically, it describes the composition and properties of minerals, how the three main rock types are formed through igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic processes, and provides examples of common rock types for each category. The document aims to educate the reader on basic concepts in petrology and the classification of earth materials.
This document provides information about igneous rocks, including their formation, classification, texture, and examples. Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools and solidifies. They are classified based on their mineral composition, silica content, and mode of occurrence (intrusive or extrusive). Texture refers to crystal size and shape, which depends on the cooling rate. Examples discussed include granite, gabbro, and basalt. Intrusive igneous bodies can form various structures within existing rocks, such as sills, laccoliths, and batholiths, depending on how the magma interacts with the surrounding rock layers.
Rocks are naturally occurring solid aggregates of minerals or mineraloids. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma either underground (plutonic) or on the surface (volcanic). Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of fragments. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing igneous and sedimentary rocks through heat and pressure. The rock cycle describes the interrelationships between these three rock types through geological processes like weathering, erosion, deposition, and metamorphism.
The document provides information on the structure and composition of Earth. It describes the four main layers from outermost to innermost - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust contains different rock types and is thicker under continents. The mantle is the largest layer and has three zones. The outer core is molten and generates Earth's magnetic field. The inner core is solid and dense. Plate tectonics involves the movement of tectonic plates consisting of crust and upper mantle. The document also discusses minerals that make up rocks and the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks form when magma cools and crystallizes either underground or at the surface. Sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from pre-existing rocks undergoing changes due to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids in the Earth's crust. The rock cycle illustrates how igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are interrelated as they form and change over time through geological processes within the Earth.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
This document discusses minerals and rocks. It provides 11 physical properties and 8 chemical properties used to identify minerals, such as color, hardness, luster, crystalline structure, and chemical composition. It also defines 3 main classes of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - and their distinguishing characteristics, such as their formation processes and common examples. The document aims to teach students to identify minerals based on their properties and classify rocks according to their origins.
This document discusses igneous rock classifications and Bowen's reaction series. It begins by classifying igneous rocks based on their silica content into felsic, intermediate, mafic and ultramafic compositions. It then explains Bowen's reaction series, which showed that minerals crystallize from magma at different temperatures in a predictable order. Certain minerals tend to form together based on their crystallization temperatures. The document also discusses how igneous intrusive bodies like sills, dikes, batholiths and stocks form underground from crystallizing magma.
Soil Forming Rocks and Minerals ClassificationDINESH KUMAR
This document discusses the classification of rocks and minerals. It describes three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from the cooling of magma, sedimentary rocks form through the accumulation and cementation of sediments, and metamorphic rocks form from alterations to existing rocks by heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids. Within each rock type are various sub-classifications. The document also examines the classification of important rock-forming minerals and describes their structures, weathering properties, and physical characteristics.
skarn deposits and their mode of formationAdam Mbedzi
The document discusses skarn deposits, which form as a result of a magma body coming into contact with carbonate sedimentary rocks like limestone. Skarn deposits occur in the contact zone where hot fluids from the magma mix with and dissolve the carbonate rocks, forming new calcium-rich silicate minerals. Different types of skarn deposits are classified based on their dominant minerals and metals, such as iron, gold, tungsten, copper, and zinc skarns. Skarn deposits show zoning patterns with different mineral assemblages present in proximal and distal areas from the contact with the magma body.
Minerals and rocks can be classified in several ways. Metallic minerals include precious metals like gold and silver, and ferrous metals like iron. Non-metallic minerals do not contain metals and include sulfur and phosphates. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma and include intrusive granites and extrusive basalts. Sedimentary rocks form through deposition and lithification of sediments and make up 75% of the Earth's crust. Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks undergoing recrystallization under heat and pressure. Common minerals include feldspar, quartz, pyroxene, amphibole, mica and olivine.
Rocks weather and break down into soil particles through various physical, chemical, and biological processes. There are three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic - which are the source materials for various soil formations. Residual soils form in place from weathered parent rock, while transported soils are eroded, carried by agents like water or wind, and deposited in new locations. Understanding the geological processes that produce, transport, and deposit soils helps engineers evaluate a soil's properties and potential behavior.
Metamorphic rocks are formed from existing rock types that have been altered by heat, pressure, and chemical processes usually while buried deep underground. There are two basic types - foliated rocks that have a banded or layered appearance due to heat and pressure, and non-foliated rocks that do not have distinct layers. Some common metamorphic rocks include gneiss, slate, schist, quartzite, and marble.
The document discusses metamorphic rocks, which are rocks that have been changed physically and chemically by heat, pressure, and fluid during geological processes like mountain building. It describes the two main types of metamorphism - contact metamorphism near intruding magma and regional metamorphism from heat and pressure deeper in the Earth's crust. Examples of common metamorphic rocks are provided like slate, schist, gneiss, quartzite, and marble. Photos show examples of textures and minerals in various metamorphic rocks.
Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciencesknip xin
please don't forget to like and leave your comments. this presentation is about rocks and minerals, grade 11, earth and life sciences; senior high school
Name: Probably used in the mineralogical sense by 1706 and originally "smicka" and from the Latin micare - to flash or glisten in allusion to the material's appearance. Isinglass predates the use of mica as a mineral term and known from at least 1535, but isinglass also referred to the matter from the sturgeon fish that also had pearly flakes from the scales.
Mica is widely distributed and occurs in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary regimes. Mica group represents 34 phyllosilicate minerals that exhibits a layered or platy structure. Commercially important mica minerals are muscovite (potash or white mica) and phlogopite (magnesium or amber mica). Granitic pegmatites are the source of muscovite sheet, while phlogopite is found in areas of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks into which pegmatite rich granite rocks have been intruded. It possesses highly perfect basal cleavage due to which it can easily and accurately split into very thin sheets or films of any specified thickness. It has a unique combination of elasticity, toughness, flexibility and transparency. It possesses resistance to heat and sudden change in temperature and high dielectric strength. It is chemically inert, stable and does not absorb water.
Mantle melting occurs when heat and pressure cause partial melting of the mantle, producing basaltic magma. Basalt is the most common volcanic rock on Earth and can be further differentiated to form other igneous rock types. Evidence for the composition and processes of the mantle comes from ophiolites, dredged samples from ocean floors, nodules contained in basalts, and xenoliths brought up from deep in the mantle via kimberlite eruptions. Together this evidence indicates that the upper mantle is composed predominantly of the minerals olivine, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene which make up the rocks dunite, harzburgite, and lherzol
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
The name Spinifex refer to a spiky grass in Australian.
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. There are three main types based on formation environment: volcanic, hypabyssal, and plutonic. Volcanic rocks form from lava at the Earth's surface and are typically fine-grained. Plutonic rocks form deep underground and are usually coarse-grained due to slow cooling. Texture depends on factors like cooling rate and mineral composition, ranging from glassy to phaneritic. Igneous rocks are classified based on their mineralogy and chemistry, particularly their silica content.
This document provides an overview of minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle presented by a student from Suez University. It discusses the main topics of minerals, igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks. Specifically, it describes the composition and properties of minerals, how the three main rock types are formed through igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic processes, and provides examples of common rock types for each category. The document aims to educate the reader on basic concepts in petrology and the classification of earth materials.
This document provides information about igneous rocks, including their formation, classification, texture, and examples. Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools and solidifies. They are classified based on their mineral composition, silica content, and mode of occurrence (intrusive or extrusive). Texture refers to crystal size and shape, which depends on the cooling rate. Examples discussed include granite, gabbro, and basalt. Intrusive igneous bodies can form various structures within existing rocks, such as sills, laccoliths, and batholiths, depending on how the magma interacts with the surrounding rock layers.
Rocks are naturally occurring solid aggregates of minerals or mineraloids. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma either underground (plutonic) or on the surface (volcanic). Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of fragments. Metamorphic rocks form from changes to existing igneous and sedimentary rocks through heat and pressure. The rock cycle describes the interrelationships between these three rock types through geological processes like weathering, erosion, deposition, and metamorphism.
The document provides information on the structure and composition of Earth. It describes the four main layers from outermost to innermost - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust contains different rock types and is thicker under continents. The mantle is the largest layer and has three zones. The outer core is molten and generates Earth's magnetic field. The inner core is solid and dense. Plate tectonics involves the movement of tectonic plates consisting of crust and upper mantle. The document also discusses minerals that make up rocks and the three main types of rocks - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks form when magma cools and crystallizes either underground or at the surface. Sedimentary rocks form through the lithification of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from pre-existing rocks undergoing changes due to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids in the Earth's crust. The rock cycle illustrates how igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are interrelated as they form and change over time through geological processes within the Earth.
Similar to Deposits Related to Mafic Igneous Rocks (20)
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
2. I. Introduction
II. Layered Mafic Intrusions
III. Anorthosites
IV. Kimberlites
V. Carbonatites
VI. Ultramafic Volcanic Rock Associations
3. MAGMATIC SEGREGATION DEPOSITS
- Ore deposits that are direct crystallization products of a magma
- Usually form in the magma chamber
- Can also be driven into magma chamber walls and roofs to form
dikes, sills and extrusive flows
The ore mineral could be early or late fractionation products concentrated by:
-gravitative settling of crystals or liquids
-liquid immiscibility or filter pressing
4. Mafic rocks: chromite, ilmenite, apatite, diamonds, nickel,
copper, and platinum.
Intermediate rocks : magnetite, hematite, ilmenite, and
vanadium.
Felsic rocks : magnetite, hematite, with accessories
mineral such as zircon, monazite, uraninite, and
cassiterite.
5. Rock types of this system are considered to have formed in cratonic
settings, but in cratons that were undergoing rifting or proto rifting.
This cratons are deeply rifted that upper mantle partial melting is
tapped or generated.
They are uncommon in orogenic belts, occurring only along
lineaments within stable continental interiors.
6. Largest ore-forming magmatic system
Major source of chromium, nickel, copper, platinum metals, titanium, iron,
vanadium, tin, and by-product sulfur
Name Age Location Area (km2)
Bushveld Precambrian S. Africa 67,000
Dufek Jurassic Antarctica 50,000
Duluth Precambrian Minnesota, USA 4,700
Stillwater Precambrian Montana, USA 4,400
Muskox Precambrian NW Terr. Canada 3,500
Great Dike Precambrian Zimbabwe 3,300
Kiglapait Precambrian Labrador 560
Skaergård Eocene East Greenland 100
7. BIC holds the
earth’s greaterst
reserves of:
• Chromium
• Platinum
• Palladium
• Osmium
• Iridium
• Rhodium
• Ruthenium
• Iron
• Titanium
• Vanadium
• tin
Figure . Simplified geological map of the
Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC)
Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC) is
measuring 375-km east-west by 300-km
south-west. It extends over 67,000 km2.
8.
9. Layer- sheet-like cumulate unit having uniform compositional and/ore textural
features.
Uniform chromite layers
alternate with plagioclase-
rich layers, BIC
10. Layering (stratification)- the structure and fabric of sequences of multiple layers
1. PHASE LAYERING
-appearance or
disappearance of minerals
in crystallization sequence
developed in modal layers
11. 2. CRYPTIC LAYERING
-not obvious to the eye
-systematic variation in
chemical composition of certain
minerals with stratigraphic
height in layered sequence
Cumulate orthopyroxenite –
Cumulus orthopyroxene (brown),
intracumulus plagioclase (white)
and the large, poikilitic
intracumulus augite (green)
12. Regularity of layering
1. RHYTHMIC
LAYERING
-layers systematically
repeat
• Macrorhythmic
-several meters thick
• Microrhyhtmic
-only a few centimeters
thick
13. 2. INTERMITTENT LAYERING
-less regular patterns
Common type consists of
rhythmic graded layers
punctuated by uniform layers
14. Graded Bedding- any gradual variation in mineralogy or grain size
Modal and size graded
layers.
16. The layering has been ascribed to:
1. Magma mixing
2. Reversals in the thermal or chemical regime
3. Variation in oxygen fugacity
4. Convective circulation
5. Differential magmatic sedimentation and winnowing of minerals
6. Sheeted, turbidite-like spreading of crystal mushes
7. Evolution and gravitative separation of immiscible silicate and oxide magmatic liquids
8. Varied bottom crystallization
9. Differential flotation of lighter phases during sedimentation of denser solids
10. Variation in total pressure
11. Combinations of all these explanations
17. Anorthosites are monomineralic rocks composed of 90% or
more intermediate to calcic plagioclase bodies which
contain the world’s most significant igneous titanium
orebodies as rutile, ilmenite, and titanomagnetite.
Anorthosites can result from partial melting of tholeiitic
composition, rather than deep eclogate ones, at fairly
shallow depths in the asthenosphere and again probably
in response to shallow rifting (Simmons and
Hanson,1978).
18.
19. Two types :
1. layered mafic rock near the upper portion of LMIs which
formed after the mafic mineral crystallized and sunk
2. Anorthosite massifs – plutons that typically contain
plagioclase.
a. labradorite anorthosite massifs
-magnetite-ilmenite-rich anorthosites
b. andesine anorthosite massifs (Adirondack type)
-ilmenite-rich anorthosites
*Andesine-type may be either more shallowly derived
by partial melting or contaminated by lower continental crustal
materials.
21. b. Crystallization of mafic phases (which sink), and partial melting of the crust
above the ponded magma. The melt becomes enriched in Al and Fe/Mg.
22. c. Plagioclase forms when the melt is sufficiently enriched. Plagioclase rises to the top of the chamber
whereas mafics sink.
24. e. Plagioclase plutons coalesce to form massif anorthosite, whereas granitoid
crustal melts rise to shallow levels as well. Mafic cumulates remain at depth
or detach and sink into the mantle.
25. KIMBERLITES- volatile-rich, potassic ultramafic igneous rock dominated by olivine,
with subordinate minerals of mantle derivation.
Kimberley, South Africa, site of the first and probably the most dramatic diamond rush
Kimberlites have been found on all continents except Antarctica.
Mineralogical guide for kimberlites:
- chromian diopside
- magnesian ilmenite
- high-chromium, low calcium Mg-Al (pyrope) garnets
26.
27. Typical model of a kimberlite pipe
• Not all kimberlite pipes contain diamonds at
levels currently exposed.
• They represent a rapid, violent upward rush
of deep-mantle material from the
asthenosphere in the form of a diatreme.
• Diamond ores are perhaps the “lowest grade”
mined anywhere.
Three texturally distinctive kimberlite facies:
1. Hypabyssal kimberlites
- deeper seated, porphyritic, and result from
crystallization of kimberlite magma beneath the
diatreme
2. Diatreme kimberlites
-represent the bulk of the intrusive body
-contain mantle- and crustal-derived rock
fragments, with kimberlite minerals.
-dominated by tuffisite in their upper
portions
*TUFFISITE- a rock that looks like a tuff and
has the characteristic of one, but that was
intruded into position
3. Crater kimberlites
- May be pyroclastic fallback breccias or
epiclastic, water-lain material.
28. They are rare igneous rocks formed predominantly of carbonate, whose only modern
expression is a single active volcano that erupts strongly alkaline carbonate lavas with
no direct match in Earth’s geological record.
Mafic rocks that appears to be closely related to kimberlites
They are derived from the mantle, showing almost no sign of contamination by the
crust.
They contain calcite, dolomite, siderite which has been concluded to be truly igneous.
Most carbonatites have unambiguous origins in the mantle and the limit to their depth
is not known, but the likelihood that they may exist in the lower mantle (Kaminsky et
al. 2009, 2012; Stoppa et al. 2009) needs to be appraised since they may exert a
fundamental control on the mobility and long-term storage of deep carbon in Earth.
29. Carbonatite complexes are concentrically arranged
- rock types become progressively poorer in silica toward the core which is
commonly occupied by carbonatite.
Typical succession of rocks from the rim to the core would consist of:
-nepheline syenite
-ijolite
-carbonatite with all rocks being cut by lamprophyric dikes
30.
31. 1. With alkalic ring complexes
2. With alkali complexes not of the ring type
3. Not associated with alkali rocks
4. As flows and pyroclastic rocks
Rare earth minerals: niobium-tantalum, zirconium-hafnium, iron-
titanium-vanadium, uranium-thorium
Industrial minerals: apatite, vermiculite, and barite
32. Common association of nickel sulfides with both plutonic and
volcanic ultramafic rocks.
Komatiites- ultramafic, high MgO volcanic flows
-the extrusive equivalents of peridotites, harzburgites, and
even dunites
-they are characterized by spinifex texture
*Spinifex texture- skeletal quench crystals of olivine and
pyroxene which resembles the spinifex grass
33.
34. Most of the ore is at the base of komatiite in contact with metabasalt, though some is in
lenses within the ultramafic flows.
Localization of ores at the basal contacts is caused by structural depressions.
*Net texture-texture formed by the freezing of the sulfide liquid while olivine
crystals float upward within it and form a loose meshwork when immobilized.
The ore consists of both massive and disseminated sulfides.
Primary mineralization:
-pyrrhotite-pentlandite assemblage with subordinate pyrite and minor amounts of
chalcopyrite; platinum metals are present but in low amounts.