Multiperspectivity in History

 Multiperspectivity: A way of viewing, and predisposition to
view historical events, personalities, developments, cultures,
and societies from different perspectives through drawing on
procedures and processes which are fundamental to history
as a discipline.
 Mutiny: An open rebellion against the proper authorities ,
especially by soldiers and sailors against their officers.
Key Concepts:

Key Concepts:
 Polos y Servicios: A system of forced labored that evolved
from the encomienda system.
 Insurrection: the act or an instance of revolting especially
violently against civil or political authority or against an
established government.

MULTIPERSPECTIVITY
 is a way of looking at historical events, personalities, developments,
cultures, and societies from different This definition tells us that there
are a multitude of ways by which we can view the world, and each
could be equally valid and partial as well. Some could argue that
historical writing is, by definition, biased, one-sided, and contains
preconceptions. Historians decide on what sources to use, what
interpretation to make more apparent, depending on what their
agenda is. Historians may misinterpret evidence, attending to those
that suggest That a particular event happened, and then ignoring the
rest that goes against the evidence.

THE CAVITE MUTINY
The year 1872 is a historic year of two events: the Cavite Mutiny and the
martyrdrom of the three priests, Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto
Zamora, later on immortalized as GOMBURZA. These events directly
influenced the decisive events of the the Philippine Revolution toward the
end of the century. While the significance is unquestioned, what made this
year controversial is the different sides of the story, a battle of perspectives
supported by primary. In this case study, we zoom in to the events of the
Cavity Mutiny, a significant factor in the awakening of nationalism among
Filipinos at that time

THE CAVITE MUTINY
 The documentation of Spanish historian Jose Montero y Vidal
centered on how the event was an attempt to overthrow the
Spanish government in the Philippines. Although regarded as
a historian, his account of the mutiny was criticized as
woefully biased and rabid for a scholar. Another account from
the official report written by then Governor-General Rafael
Izquierdo implicated the native clergy, who were active in the
secularization movement. These two accounts corroborated
each other.

THE THREE PRIEST AS GOMBURZA
MARIANO, GOMEZ JOSE, BURGOS JACINTO, ZAMORA

THE THREE PRIEST AS GOMBURZA
 Gomburza, alternatively stylized as GOMBURZA or
GomBurZa, refers to three Filipino Catholic priests, Mariano
Gómes, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, who were
executed by garrote on February 17, 1872, in Bagumbayan,
Philippines by Spanish colonial authorities on charges of
subversion arising from the 1872 Cavite mutiny.

EXCERPT OF MONTERO' S ACCOUNT OF
THE CAVITE MUTINY
The Spanish revolution which overthrew a secular throne; the
propaganda carried on by an unbridled priest against
monarchical principles, attentatory [sic] of the most sacred
respects towards the dethroned majesty, the democratic
and pamphlets, the speeches and preachings of the apostles of
these new ideas in Spain.

EXCERPTS OF MONTERO' S ACCOUNT OF
THE CAVITE MUTINY
The outbursts of the American publicists and the criminal policy
of the senseless Governor whom the Revolutionary government
sent to govern the Philippines, and who put into practice these
ideas were the determining circumstances which gave rise,
among certain Filipinos to the idea of attaining independence. It
was towards this goal that they started to work with the
powerful assistance of a certain section of the native clergy, who
out of spite toward friars.

ANALYSIS OF MONTERO' S ACCOUNT OF
THE CAVITE MUTINY
 José Montero y Vidal was a Spanish historian who interpreted
that the mutiny was an attempt to remove and overthrow the
Spanish colonizers in the Philippines. His account,
corroborated with the account of Governor-General Rafael
Izquierdo, the governor-general of the Philippines at the time
of the mutiny.

THE CAVITE MUTINY
 In the beginning of the year 1872, the authorities received
anonymous communications with the information that great
uprising would break out against the Spaniards, the minute
the feet at Cavite left for the South, and that all would be
assassinated, including the friars.

THE CAVITE MUTINY
 The conspiracy had been going on since the days of La Torre
with utmost secrecy. At that times the principal leaders met
either in the house of Filipino Spaniard, D. Joaquin Pardo de
Tavern in that of the native priest, Jacinto Zamora, and these
meetings were usually attended by the curate of Bacoor, the
soul of the movement, whose energetic character and immense
wealth enabled him to exercise a strong influence.

EXCERPTS FROM THE OFFICIAL REPORT
OF GOVERNOR RAFAEL IZQUIERDO ON THE
CAVITE MUTINY IN 1872
 It seems definite that the insurrection was motivated and
prepared by the native clergy, by the mestizos and native
lawyers, and by those known here as "abogadillos". The
instigators, to carry out their criminal project, protested against
the injustice of the government in not paying the provinces for
their tobacco crop, and against the usury that some practice in
documents that the finance department gives crop owners who
have to sell them at a loss.

EXCERPTS FROM THE OFFICIAL
REPORT OF GOVERNOR RAFAEL IZQUIERDO ON
THE CAVITE MUTINY IN 1872
 The Indios have no word in their language to describe this
different form of government, whose head in Tagalog would be
called "hari" but it turns out that they would place at the head
of the government a priest... that the head selected would be D.
Jose Burgos, or D. Jacinto Zamora... Such is the plan of the
rebels, those who guided them, and the means they counted
upon for its realization.

 These two accounts underscore the reason for the "revolution":
the abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of the Cavite
arsenal such as exemption from payment of tribute and being
employed in Polos y Servicios, or forced labor. They also
identified other reasons which seemingly made the issue a lot
more serious, which included the presence of the native clergy,
who, out of spite against the Spanish friars, "conspired and
supported" the rebels.

ANALYSIS OF THE OFFICIAL REPORT OF
GOVERNOR RAFAEL IZQUIERDO ON THE CAVITE
MUTINY IN 1872
 Izquierdo, in a biased report, highlighted that attempt to
overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines, to install
a new "hari" in the persons of Fathers Burgos and Zamora.
According to him, native clergy attracted supporters by giving
them the charismatic assurance that their fight will not fail
because they have God's support, aside from promises of high
rewards such as employment, wealth, and ranks in the army.

In the Spaniards' accounts, the event of 1872 was planned and is
part of a big conspiracy among the educated leaders, mestizos,
lawyers, and residents of Manila and Cavite. They allegedly plan
to liquidate high-ranking Spanish officers, then kill the friars .

THE SPANIARD'S ACCOUNT
 The event of 1872 was planned and is part of a big
conspiracy among the educated leaders, mestizos, lawyers,
and residents of Manila and Cavite. They allegedly plan to
liquidate high-ranking Spanish officers, then kill the friars
The signal they identify among these conspirators of Manila
and Cavite Was the rockets fired from Intramuros.

 On the Feast of the Virgin of Loreto, a misunderstanding
occurred in Cavite when a firework display was mistaken as
a signal to start a rebellion. A group of 200 men led by
Sergeant Lamadrid attacked Spanish officers, taking control
of an arsenal. The Spanish authorities quickly sent
reinforcements, quelling the revolt. The expected support
from the Manileños did not materialize, leading to the
failure of the rebellion. Leaders of the plot were killed, and
Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora were tried and
sentenced to execution. Other individuals, including Joaquin
Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Jose and P Basa,
were also implicated.

 They faced various consequences, with some suspended
from legal practice and others sentenced to life
imprisonment in the Marianas Islands. Governor Izquierdo
disbanded native artillery regiments and established an
exclusively Peninsular force. On 17 February 1872, the
GOMBURZA (short for Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora) were
executed as a deterrent to discourage further Filipino
resistance.


ANALYSIS OF THE SPANIARD'S ACCOUNT
 The incident in Cavite on the Feast of the Virgin of Loreto
underscores the intricate dynamics of Filipino resistance
during the Spanish colonial period. It illuminates how
misunderstandings and internal divisions among the locals
thwarted the rebellion's success.
 The harsh penalties imposed on the leaders and their
associates served as a stark warning against defying Spanish
authority.

EXCERPTS FROM PARDO DE TAVERA'S
ACCOUNT OF THE CAVITE MUTINY
This uprising among the soldiers in Cavite was used as a powerful
level by the Spanish residents and by the friars...the Central
Government in Madrid had announced its intention to deprive
the friars in these islands of powers of intervention in matters of
civil government and of the direction and management of the
university... it was due to these facts and promises that the
Filipinos had great hopes of an improvement in the affairs of their
country, while the friars, on the other hand, feared that their
power in the colony would soon be a complete thing of the past...

 According to this account, the incident was merely a mutiny by
Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal. Soldiers
and laborers of the arsenal to the dissatisfaction arising from
the draconian policies of Izquierdo, such as the abolition of
privileges and the prohibition of the founding of the school of
arts and trades for Filipinos, which the general saw as a smoke
screen to creating a political club.
EXCERPTS FROM PARDO DE TAVERA'S

 Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and Izquierdo used the
Cavite Mutiny as a way to address other issues by blowing out
of proportion the isolated mutiny attempt. During this time, the
Central Government in Madrid was planning to deprive the
friars of all the powers of intervention in matters of civil
government and direction and management of educational
institutions. The friars needed something to justify their
continuing dominance in the country, and the mutiny provided
such an opportunity.
EXCERPT FROM PARDO DE TAVERA'S

Another account, this time by French writer Edmund Plauchut,
complemented Tavera's account and analyzed the motivations of
the Cavite Mutiny.

EXCERPTS FROM PLAUCHUT'S ACCOUNT OF THE
CAVITY MUTINY
General La Torre created a junta composed of high officials
including some friars and six Spanish officials. At the same time
there was created by the government in Madrid a committee to
investigate the same problems submitted to the Manila
committee. When the two finished work, it was found that they
came to the same conclusions. Here is the summary of the
reforms they considered necessary to introduce.

EXCERPTS FROM PLAUCHUT'S ACCOUNT OF
THE CAVITY MUTINY
 Changes in tariff rates at customs, and the methods of
collection
 Removal of surcharges on foreign importations
 Reduction of export fees
 Permission for foreigners to reside in the Philippines, buy real
estate enjoy freedom of worship, and operate commercial
transports flying the Spanish flag .
 Establishment of an advisory council to inform the Minister of
Oversea Affairs in Madrid on the necessary reforms to be
implemented.

Excerpts from Plauchut's Account of the Cavite Mutiny
 Changes in primary and secondary education. 6
 Establishment of an Institute of Civil Administration in the
Philippines, rendering unnecessary the sending home of
short-term civil officials every time there is a change of
ministry
 Study of direct-tax system.
 Abolition of the tobacco monopoly.

EXCERPT FROM PLAUCHUT'S ACCOUNT OF THE
CAVITE MUTINY
The arrival in Manila of General Izquierdo put a sudden end to
all dreams of reforms... the prosecutions instituted by the new
Governor General were probably expected as a result of the
bitter disputes between the Filipino clerics and the friars. Such a
policy must really end in a strong desire on the part of the other
to repress cruelly.

EXCERPT FROM PLAUCHUT'S ACCOUNT OF THE
CAVITE MUTINY
In Manila a Society of Arts and Trades to be opened in March
of 1871 to repress the growth of liberal teachings, General
Izquierdo suspended the opening of the school the day previous
to the scheduled inauguration.

CAVITE MUTINY
The Filipino's had a duty to render service on public road
construction and pay taxes every year. But those who where
employed at the maestranza of the artillery, in the engineering
shops and arsenal of Cavite, were exempted from this obligation
since time immemorial.

CAVITE MUTINY
The friars used the incident as a part of a large conspiracy to
cement their dominance, which has started to show cracks
because of the discontent of the Filipinos. They showcased the
mutiny a pan of a broader plot by Filipino's overthrow the
Spanish government. Unintentionally and more so prophetically
the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 resulted in the martyrdom of
GOMBURZA and paved the way to revolution culminating in
1898.

THE CRY OF REBELLION
Momentous events swept the Spanish colonies in the late
nineteen century, including the Philippines. Journalists of the
time referred to the phrase El Grito de Rebelian or Cry of
Rebellion to mark the start of these revolutionary events,
identifying the places where it happened in the Philippines this
happened in August 1896, Northeast of Manila, where the
Katipuneros declared rebellion against Spain. These events are
essential markers in the history of colonies that struggled for
their independence against their colonizers.

 The controversy regarding this event stems from the
identification of the date and place where the Cry happened.
Prominent Filipino historian Teodoro Agoncillo
emphasized the event when Bonifacio tore the cedula or tax
receipt before the Katipuneros, who also did the same. Some
writers identified the first military event with the Spaniards
as the moment of the Cry, for which Emilio Aguinaldo
commissioned an "Himno de Balintawak" to inspire the
renewed struggle after the Pact of the of Biak na Bato failed.

 A monument to the Heroes of 1896 was erected in what is
now the intersection of Epifanio de los Santos (EDSA)
Avenue and Andres Bonifacio Drive-North Diversion road,
and from then on until 1962, the Cry Balintawak was
celebrated every 26 August. The site of the monument was
chose for an unknown reason.

ACCOUNT OF THE CRY
On August 26th, a significant meeting took place at Apolonio
Samson's residence in Balintawak, where he served as the cabeza
(local leader) of the Caloocan barrio. The attendees included
prominent figures such as Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Aguedo del
Rosario, Tomas Remigio, Bricco Pantas, Teodor Plata, Pio
Valenzuela, Enrique Pacheco, and Francisco Carreon. These
individuals were all influential leaders within the Kalipunan and
formed the organization's board of directors.
GUILLERMO, MANGSAKAY

ACCOUNT OF THE CRY
This passage describes the early activities of the Katipunan, a
Filipino revolutionary society, in August 1896. Andres Bonifacio,
Emilio Jacinto, Procopio Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Aguedo del
Rosario, and the author sought refuge in Balintawak. On August
22, 1896, around 500 Katipunan members gathered at Apolonio
Samson's house and yard in Kangkong. Notable attendees
included Briccio Pantas, Alejandro Santiago, Ramon Bernardo,
and others. However, no formal resolutions were made, and the
meeting mainly involved exchanging views.
PIO, VALENZUELA

ACCOUNT OF THE CRY
In August 1896, a group of over 500 Katipuneros, led by the
Supremo Andres Bonifacio, gathered in Kangkong at the house
of Brother Apolonio Sanen. They were armed with various
weapons, including revolvers and a hunting rifle. Concerned
about potential enemy interception of couriers carrying
important letters, Bonifacio decided to relocate to a site called
Bahay Toro, where their numbers grew to over a thousand.
SANTIAGO, ALVAREZ

ACCOUNT OF THE CRY
From the eyewitness accounts presented, there is indeed marked
disagreement among historical witnesses as to the place and time
of the occurrence of the Cry Four sites have been identified using
primary and secondary sources: Balintawak Kangkong Pugad
Lawin, and Bahay Toro, while the dates vary 23, 24, 25, or 26
August 1896 Historian Jim Richardson organized all proposition.

PHILIPPINE AMERICAN WAR
INSURRECTION
 The Philippine-American War continued the struggle for
independence of Filipino revolutionaries against Spain.
This time, it was against a new colonizer the United States.
In April 1898, the United States went to war with Spain,
and on May 1, the Americans destroyed the Spanish fleet
in Manila Bay. The Filipino revolutionary leaders, exiled in
Hong Kong, returned to the Philippines, and General
Emilio Aguinaldo established a government and gained
control of much of Luzon by June 1898.

INSURRECTION

INSURRECTION
 During this time, the US government under
President William McKinley was interested in the
Philippines and its commercial potential. Spain ceded the
Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris in
December 1898, and fighting broke out between
Aguinaldo's forces and the U.S. troops in Manila.
The Filipinas were adamant in their desire to resist the
U.S. takeover.

The war had two phases. The first phase was dominated by
Aguinaldo's failed conventional warfare against the better trained
and equipped U.S. troops, lasting from February to November
1899. The second phase was marked by the Filipinos shift to
guerrilla warfare, which lasted from November 1899 until 1902,
when U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt declared the conflict
over. The fighting on the side of the Filipinos continued, sporadic
and periodic, until 1913.

The Philippine-American War, spanning from 1899 to 1902,
consisted of two distinct phases. The initial phase witnessed
Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo's unsuccessful attempts at
conventional warfare against better-equipped U.S. forces. This
phase lasted from February to November 1899. Subsequently, the
conflict evolved into guerrilla warfare, with Filipino forces
adapting their strategies. This guerrilla phase persisted until 1902,
when U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt declared an end to the
conflict. Notably, sporadic fighting by Filipino insurgents
continued until 1913.

Historians have disagreed on what to call the war between the
United States and the Philippines. Historically, the US
government has referred to it as the Philippine Insurrection.
Insurrection is defined as "a violent uprising against an authority
or government." Scholars, especially Filipinos, refer to the conflict
as "the Philippine-American War," as war is defined as "a state of
armed conflict between nations, states, or different groups within
a nation's state."

The Philippines was already a territory of the United States
under the treaty of Paris in 1899. The United States did not
recognize Aguinaldo's government and deemed any challenge
made by Filipino's an insurgency, and insurrection.

LESSON SUMMARY
 Multiperspectivity is a way of interpreting history by looking
at different perspectives of the past. There is no single
objective narrative of historical events. Instead, multiple
coexisting perspectives of the past could be equally valid and
also equally partial.
 The Spanish regime under the reactionary Governor-General
Izquierdo magnified the Cavite Mutiny and used it to
persecute Filipinos who had been advocating reform in the
government. A closer look at other primary sources shows
that the mutiny was caused by an order to subject some
soldiers to personal taxes, from which they were previously
exempt.

LESSON SUMMARY
 There are different competing accounts of the Cry of Rebellion
that started the Philippine Revolution. While some historians
agree that the precise dates and location are not exceptionally
important, many are still convinced that more in-depth
research needs to be done to mark this important event
accurately.
 The Philippine-American War, the continuation of the
struggle for independence, is not an insurgency. To refer to it
as the "Philippine Insurrection" is to demote the memory of
the Philippine Revolution, the struggle for independence, and
the creation of the Filipino nation.

Multiperspectivity in History

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