This document provides information about motor development in children and guidelines for physical exercise at different stages of growth. It discusses the stages of motor development from infancy to adolescence. Gross and fine motor development are described. Factors that influence motor development include heredity, environment, nutrition, opportunities, and disabilities. Guidelines for exercise are provided for each stage from infancy through adulthood. Benefits of physical exercise for children include building muscles, boosting energy, and improving coordination. Weight training can build strength but requires supervision to prevent injury.

1. PHYSICAL EDUCATION
CLASS – 12
MAHENDRA RAJAK
(TGT P&HE)
KV MAHABUBNAGAR
Children
and
Sports
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2. Motor Development
 Motor development only happens when the child is biologically and mentally ready for it.
 Motor development refers to the development of movement and various motor abilities from birth
till death.
 It is the ability to move around and manipulate his/her environment.
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3. Stages of Motor development in children
Infanthood (0-2 years)
Early childhood (2-6 years)
Middle childhood (7-12 years)
Later childhood (12 years and later)
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4. Motor development in Children
Stages of childhood
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5. Types of Motor Development
Gross Motor Development
This development uses the larger muscles of the skeleton or groups of larger muscles to maintain posture
and balance for activities such as throwing a ball, walking, running and hopping.
Fine Motor Development
This development uses the smaller muscles of the hand, feet and face for more precise activities such as
eating, speaking, playing with toys and eventually writing.
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6. Factors Affective Motor Development in
children
 Heredity: Children get ‘genes’ for all the developments from their parents. It has been seen motor
development of a child follows the same pattern as of their parents. These factors are related to body
weight, size and strength.
 Environmental Facts: Environmental factors such as physical and social factors are likely to affect the motor
development. Encouragement, love and security help the child to take risk to explore fearlessly which leads
to better motor development. Those children, who are not encouraged or motivated towards motor
activities have slow rate of motor development.
 Nutrition: Nutritive food promoter good motor development. If they get nutritive food, they get stronger &
their development is good. If they don’t get proper nutrition, they are found to be less energetic & their
motor development taken place slowly.
 Physical Activities: Those children, who do not perform or practise physical activities regularly their motor
development becomes slow. However, the physical activities must be according to the capabilities of
children.
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7. Factors Affective Motor Development in
children
 Opportunities: Children who get more opportunities to perform more activities, motor development is
better in them. Opportunities to play give a better chance of developing sensory motor activities. If proper
opportunities are not given to children their motor development cannot take place in those children
properly.
 Disability and Disease: Disability and disease affects motor development. It reduces perfection in motor
skills whereas healthy person gains faster motor development.
 Body Weight: Overweight and obese children have less motor development whereas healthy child has
more skill perfection.
 Mental Ability: Motor development depends upon mental level; thus, small children have less perfection.
 Regular Practice: With regular practice motor development and perfection is gained.
 Immunization. If mother and child both are immunized at a proper time it leads to good sensory motor
development
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8. Factors that Influence Motor Development
 Tone It refers to the ongoing contraction and state of the muscle at rest. Tone can be normal, hypotonic
or hypertonic.
 Strength It refers to the force of a muscle contraction purposefully exerted against resistance to carry
out an activity.
 Endurance This is the ability to maintain the exertion required for an activity.
 Motor Planning It is the complex and often intuitive ability to know how to carry out the steps needed
to complete a physical, activity.
 Sensory Integration It is the ability to accurately interpret sensory input from the environment and to
produce an appropriate motor response.
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9. Stages of Growth aand Development
 Infancy (0-2 years)
 Early childhood (2-6 years)
 Middle childhood (7-10 years)
 Late childhood (11-12 years)
 Adolescence (13-19 years)
 Adulthood (19-60 years)
 Old yrs. (60 years and Above)
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10. Exercise Guidelines at Different Stages of
Growth and Development
Infancy (0-2 years)
 Exercise to develop head control, sitting & crawling,
 Gross motor activities should be promoted,
 Exercise for moving arms, legs, reaching to object,
 Exercise like throwing, catching & kicking a ball,
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11. Exercise Guidelines at Different Stages of Growth
and Development
Early childhood (2 to 6 years)
 Exercise to develop competence in movement skills.
 Emphasis on participation not on competition.
 Activates related to fine motor skills.. Minimum one-hour regular medium exercise.
 Recreative & enjoyable methods of physical actives. , Clean & safe environment.
Middle child hood (7 to 10 years)
 Exercise to develop fine & gross motor skills
 Expenses to build & improve co-ordination skills
 Expenses to develop synchronize the movements of body’s parts.
 Introduction of major sports actives cognitive and social skills.
Later childhood (11 to 12 years)
 Exercise to develop body control, strength and coordination.
 Activities related to endurance should be avoided.
 Organized or team games to develop social- consciousness.
 Teach basic rules of sports i.e., fair, play, simple strategies.
 Introduction to concept of sport training.
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12. Exercise Guidelines at Different Stages of Growth
and Development
Adolescence (13 to 19 years)
 Moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity.
 60 min to several hrs. everyday.
 Muscle strengthening exercise at least 3 times a week.
 Bone strengthening exercise and resistance exercise by weight training.
 Running swimming etc. for stamina building.
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13. Exercise Guidelines at Different Stages of Growth
and Development
Adult hood (19-60 years)
 Moderate intercity physical every day.
 Muscles strengthening exercise at least 2 times a week.
 Bone strengthening exercise and resistance exercise.
 Running, swimming, etc. for stamina building.
Old age (60 years and above)
 At least 5 days of moderate intensity activities such as walking, light-jump etc. It should be done for above
45- 60 minutes. These actions should be done over a period of 10-10 minutes.
 Those who are more active than an elderly mature, they should do more than 30 minutes of high-strength
activity, combined with the actions of moderate intensity. Such as climbing stairs, running etc.
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14. Benefits of Physical Exercises on children
 Builds healthy muscles,
 Good Digestive Process,
 Boost Energy level,
 Improve neuro-muscular co-ordination,
 Strengthen the lungs & Heart,
 Control healthy weight,
 Improve brain’s function,
 Reduce injuries and diseases risk,
 Improve joint’s flexibility,
 Maintain good postures,
 Strengthens bones & muscles,
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15. Weight Training
Weight training refers to the physical exercise which
involves lifting weights to improve the”
performance of the muscles.
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16. Advantages of weight training
 It builds muscle strength and strong bones.
 It reduces excess, body weight.
 It boosts confidence.
 It makes a child more competitive.
Disadvantages of weight training
 Serious injuries have come from situations with home gym equipment when there was no supervision.
 Another disadvantage is the risk of non-flexibility. This happens when proper exercise to. increase
is not done along with weight training. If weight training is combined with flexibility exercises then this
problem will not occur
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17. Thanku
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