1. Planning in Sports 1. Meaning & Objectives of Planning 2. Various Committees & Its Responsibilities 3. Tournament – Knock-Out, League or Round Robin & Combination 4. Procedure to Draw Fixtures – Knock-Out (Bye & Seeding) & League (Staircase & Cyclic) 5. Intramural & Extramural – Meaning, Objectives & Its Significance 6. Specific Sports Programme (Sports Day, Health Run, Run For Fun, Run For Specific Cause & Run For Unity)

1. BHAWANI PRATAP SINGH SHEKHAWAT , // BHAWANI912@GMAIL.COM / +91 8005864874 //
CBSE 12TH CLASS, Session 2020-
21
By : BHAWANI PRATAP SINGH
SHEKHAWAT
1

2. CHAPTER – 1
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3. CONTENT
S
BHAWANI PRATAP SINGH SHEKHAWAT , // BHAWANI912@GMAIL.COM / +91 8005864874 //
Meaning & Objectives of Planning
Various Committees & Its Responsibilities
Tournament – Knock-Out, League or Round Robin & Combination
Procedure to Draw Fixtures – Knock-Out (Bye & Seeding) & League (Staircase & Cyclic)
Intramural & Extramural – Meaning, Objectives & Its Significance
Specific Sports Programme (Sports Day, Health Run, Run For Fun, Run For Specific Cause & Run For
Unity)
3

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1.1 MEANING AND OBJECTIVES OF PLANNING
Meaning of Planning
 Planning is the process of putting thoughts together and organising activities required to achieve a
desired goals.
 Planning is usually interpreted as a process to develop a strategy to achieve desired objectives, to solve
problems and to facilitate actions
 Acc. To Allen,” Plan is a trap laid to capture the future.”
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1. To reduce unnecessary pressure of immediacy
2. To keep good control over all the activities
3. To facilitate proper coordination
4. To reduce the chances of mistakes
5. To increase the efficiency
6. To increase the creativity
7. To enhance the performance
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6. 1. Committee for Publicity
2. Transport Committee
3. Boarding and Lodging Committee
4. Decoration and Ceremony Committee
5. Ground and Equipment Committee
6. Refreshment and Entertainment Committee
7. Reception Committee
8. Committee on Entries and Programmes
9. Committee for Officials
10.Announcement Committee
11.First aid Committee
1.2 VARIOUS COMMITTEES & THEIR
RESPONSIBILITIES
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7. BHAWANI PRATAP SINGH SHEKHAWAT , // BHAWANI912@GMAIL.COM / +91 8005864874 //
1.3 TOURNAMENTS- KNOCKOUT , LEAGUE &
COMBINATION TOURNAMENT
“Tournament is that series of sports in which a team finally wins and rest of
the teams lose the matches”
Importance of Tournaments
 Development of Sports Skills
 Propaganda of Sports
 Helpful in Selection of Players
 Development of National and International Integration
 Development of Social Qualities
 Source of Recreation
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1.3 TOURNAMENTS- KNOCKOUT , LEAGUE &
COMBINATION TOURNAMENT
Four types of Tournaments
Knock-out Tournament
League or Round Robin Tournament
Combination Tournament
Challenge Tournament
8

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Advantage Disadvantage
 Less expensive  Chances of elimination of good teams
 Enhances the standard of sports  More chances of weak teams to enter
in finals
 Requires less time to complete the
tournament
 Spectators loose interest in the final
match
 Minimum number of Officials are
required
 Team once defeated is eliminated
 Winning teams continue
KNOCK-OUT TOURNAMENT
9

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LEAGUE OR ROUND ROBIN TOURNAMENT
Single league
 Each team plays with every other team once.
 Number of matches = N(N-1)/2
 where N is the number of teams
Double league
 Each team plays with every other team twice. •
 Number of matches = N(N-1) where N is the number of teams •
 Teams play irrespective of victory or defeat
 Provides maximum opportunity to show the best performance
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11. Advantage Disadvantage
 Only strong team gets the victory in the
tournament
 It requires more time
 Every team gets full opportunity to show
their performance
 It costs more
 Sport can be made more popular due to
large number of matches
 Difficult for organisers to make
arrangements for teams and
officials
 Sports official can easily judge the
performance of individuals or teams
 Teams losing repeatedly gets
psychologically stressed
 Appropriate opportunities are available to
the players to improve their performance
 Spectators also get enough opportunities
to watch their favourite players/ teams
playing
Advantage & Disadvantage of League
Tournament
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1
• Knock-out cum Knock-out
2
• Knock-out cum league
3
• League cum League
4
• League cum Knock-out Tournament
12

13.  Bye
 Seeding
 Special Seeding
 Cyclic
 Staircase
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1.4 Procedure to Draw Fixtures
13

14. Points to be considered for Preparation of Fixtures
1. Total number of Byes
2. Number of teams in each half or quarter
3. Number of Byes to be given in each half or quarter
4. Total Number of rounds
5. Total number of matches
Essential points for knock-out Tournament
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14

15.  Total Number of matches= N-1 ( N is the No. of Teams)
 Divide the Number of teams into two halves
If the number of teams is not exact power of 2 (4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and so on) and is an odd
number
 Upper half = (N+1)/2
 Byes are given in the first round
 Lower half= (N-1)/2
 Number of byes = 𝟐^x - N (where 𝟐^𝒙 > N) (Note : 2^x : 2 to the power “x”)
 Number of rounds = 𝒙
 If N is an even number
 Upper half= Lower half= N/2
 Number of byes = 𝟐 𝒙 - N (where 𝟐 𝒙 > N)
 Number of rounds = 𝒙
Method of Preparing Fixtures in Knock-out Tournament
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1. First bye is given to the last team of lower half
2. Second bye is given to the first team of upper half
3. Third bye is given to the first team of lower half
4. Fourth bye is given to the last team of upper half
5. And so on
Method of Fixing Byes
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17. Example 1
• No. of Teams= 12 • Number of Byes = 𝟐 𝟒 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟒
• No. of Matches = 12-1 =11 • Number of rounds = 4
• Upper half = Lower half = 6
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18. Example 2
• No. of Teams= 13 • No. of Matches =
13-1 =12 • Upper half = 13+1/2=7
• Number of Byes = 𝟐 𝟒 − 𝟏𝟑 =3 • Lower Half=13-1/2=6
• Number of rounds = 4 Teams
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19. If the number of teams are more, teams are divided into quarters
Procedure is explained as under
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Number of Teams in Each Quarter
19

20. “One additional chance is given to defeated teams”
Winner is declared from the defeated teams
 Type I
 The teams defeated in round first are allowed to participate
 New fixture is prepared
 The teams who did not get Bye earlier are given Bye now
 Type II
 The teams defeated in all the rounds are given additional chance
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Consolation Tournament
20

21. Consolation Tournament Type I
• No. of Teams= 9 • Upper half = 9+1/2=5
• Lower Half= 9-1/2=4 • Number of Byes = 𝟐 𝟒 − 𝟗 = 𝟕
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22. Consolation Tournament- Type II
• No. of Teams= 9 • Upper half = 9+1/2=5
• Lower Half= 9-1/2=4 • Number of Byes = 𝟐𝟒 − 𝟗 = 𝟕
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Seeding Method
1
• To avoid strong team competing with each other in the
initial rounds
2
• Strong teams based on their previous performance are
selected to keep at appropriate places in the fixture.
3
• Generally the seeded teams are in the power of 2 i.e., 4,
8, 16 etc.
4
• First seed is kept on the top of Upper half
5
• Second seed is kept on the bottom of Lower half
6
• Third seed is kept on the bottom of Upper half
7
• Fourth seed is kept on top of Lower Half and so on
8
• Remaining teams are kept in the fixture by lots
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24. Example : Placing the Seeded Teams
• No. of Teams= 13 • No. of Matches = 13-1 =12
• Upper half = 13+1/2=7 • Lower Half= 13-1/2=6
• Number of Byes = 𝟐 𝟒 − 𝟏𝟑 =3 • Number of rounds = 4
• Seeded Teams = 4
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25. Example : Special seeding
No. of Teams= 20 Upper half = Lower half=10 Special Seeded Teams = 4
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26. Number of Teams is Even
 Team 1 is fixed on the top of the right hand
side
 Teams are rotated in clockwise direction
 Number of rounds= N-1
 Number of matches = N(N-1)/2
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1. Cyclic Method
Number of Teams is Odd
 Bye is fixed on the top on the right hand
side
 Teams are rotated in clockwise direction
 Number of round = N
 Number of matches = N(N-1)/2
Procedure of Fixture in League Tournament
1. Cyclic Method
2. Staircase Method
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27. Example
No. of teams = 6 No. of rounds =5 No. of matches= 15
Example
No. of teams = 5 No. of rounds =5 No. of matches= 10
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1. Cyclic Method
27

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2. Staircase Method
No. of teams = 7 total matches= N(N-1)/2 No. of matches= 21
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29. Point system
 Winner of the match= 2 points
 Loser of the match= 0 points
 Draw = 1 point
Take away :
 Team having the maximum point is declared winner
 If there is a tie between two teams, then both teams will get equal points
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Method of Deciding the Winner in League
Tournament
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30. British Method
 Divide the total points obtained by the total possible points
 Percentage =
American Method
 Divide the number of games won by the total number of games played
 Percentage =
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Method of Deciding the Winner in League
Tournament
30

31. “The activities which are performed within the campus of an
Institution are called Intramurals “
 Students of other school can not participate in these activities
 Motto: A game for all and each for a game
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1.5 Intramural and Extramural Meaning of
Intramurals
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32.  Important for physical , mental emotional and social development of students
 Stress is laid on moral and ethical values
 Necessary for the development of health of children
 Manages aggression 5. Provides recreation
 Provides opportunities to students to participate in games and sports
 Help to develop leadership qualities among the students
Significance of Intramurals Tournaments
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33.  To provide opportunity to every student to participate in games and sports
 To develop the leadership qualities
 To develop the feeling of cooperation
 To provide recreation
 To develop the feeling of sportsmanship
 To provide the opportunity to learn a variety of games and skills
 To find out the talented sportspersons
 To provide the experience of organisation of competitions
Objectives of Intramurals Tournaments
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34.  Major games: Volleyball, Hockey, Tennis, Badminton, Football etc.
 Minor Games: Kho-Kho, Tag game, Roller skating, Sack race etc.
 Creative Activities: Painting, Drawing, Sculpturing, Making Models etc.
 Combating Activities: Boxing, Judo, Taekwondo, Karate etc.
Activities for Intramurals Competitions
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35. “The activities which are performed outside the wall of an
Institution or school are called Extramural”
Students of two or more schools participate in these activities
 Also called Inter-School Competitions
Meaning of Extramural
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36.  Provide opportunities to school to show their sports capabilities
 For enhancing the standard of sports performance
 Provide appropriate knowledge of sports techniques
 Improve the opportunities to participate in sports
 For making and implementing the programmes of physical education more
effectively
Significance of Extramural Tournaments
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37.  To improve the standards of sports
 To provide experience to students
 To develop sportsmanship and fraternity
 To broaden the base of sports
 To provide the knowledge of new rules and advanced techniques
Objectives of Extramural competitions
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38. Sports day
 For all-round development of children
 Physical and recreational activities are included
 Ample opportunities are provided for every child
 Lay stress on the maximum participation of children
 Develop leadership qualities
 Enhanced interest towards sports
 Develop social qualities like honesty, brotherhood, friendship, cooperation, tolerance,
unity etc.
1.6 Specific Sports Programme
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39. Health run
 Organized by the health department, sports department or social
organization
 Purpose is to increase the standard of health in a country along
with raising funds for charity
 It required a pair of shoes and a light clothes
 Registration of participation is required in advance
 No age limit
 The distance course of running is also fixed
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40. Run for Fun
 Objective to spread message of remaining healthy and fit

 motivate people to exercise regularly and stay healthy
 Same as health runs
 Having fun and frolic during running
 It is a friendly race
 It involves road running or cross country running
 Organised for raising funds
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41. Run for specific cause
 Run which related to a good or noble cause
 Organised for various categories of participants
 Distance of run may vary for different categories
 Pries for position holders
 Main purpose is to raise funds for specific cause
 Noble causes like helping the patients of cancer, mentally and physically challenged
people etc.
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42. Run for Unity
 Organised for a specific purpose i.e., to consolidate unity and peace among the people of
different religions
 Purpose may be national and international integration and brotherhood
 In some countries, run for unity is organized to celebrate their independence
 It may be in form of relay race of long distance
 Usually organized in different metro cities
 cash prize is given to the first three position holders
 Such runs promote harmony, peace and solidarity among peoples of different religions.
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43. For Any
QUERY feel
Free to contact
me !!!BHAWANI PRATAP SINGH SHEKHAWAT , // BHAWANI912@GMAIL.COM / +91
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