class 11th Ch 8 fundamentals of anatomy, physiology, kinesiology in sports by bhawani pratap singh shekhawat

CBSE 11TH CLASS
BY: BHAWANI PRATAP
SINGH SHEKHAWAT
By : Bhawani Pratap Singh Shekhawat , // bhawani912@gmail.com / +91 8005864874 //
SESSION
2020-21

CHAPTER – 8
FUNDAMENTALS
OF
ANATOMY,
PHYSIOLOGY &
KINESIOLOGY
IN
SPORTS

CONTENTS
8.1
• Definition and Importance of Anatomy, Physiology & Kinesiology
8.2
• Function of Skeleton System, Classification of Bones & Types of Joints
8.3
• Properties and Functions of Muscles
8.4
• Function & Structure of Respiratory System and Circulatory System
8.5
• Equilibrium – Dynamic & Static And Centre of Gravity and its application in sports

8.1 DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE OF
ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY &
KINESIOLOGY

MEANING OF ANATOMY
Anatomy is the scientific study
of the structure of organisms
including their systems, organs
and tissues.
It includes the appearance and
position of the various parts, the
materials from which they are
composed, their locations and
their relationships with other
parts

HUMAN ANATOMY
Human Anatomy Is The Study
Of The Structure, Shape, Size,
Weight & Location Of All The
Organs Of Human Body.
A Detailed Knowledge Of The
Structures Of Various Systems
Of Human Body Is Provided In
Human Anatomy.

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology Is The
Study Of All The
Systems Of Human
Body & Their Mutual
Relationships.

MEANING OF
KINESIOLOGY
Kinesiology Is The Study Of The
Mechanics Of Body Movements
To Provide Information About The
State Of Health Of All Body
Organs And Systems.
It Is The Science Dealing With
The Interrelationship Of
Physiological Processes And
Anatomy Of The Human Body
With Respect To Movement

IMPORTANCE OF STUDY OF ANATOMY,
PHYSIOLOGY & KINESIOLOGY IN PHYSICAL
EDUCATION
Anatomy Provides The Knowledge Of Structure Of Various Organs
Physiology Provides The Knowledge About The Functions Of Various Organs
Useful In The Prevention Of Sports Injuries
Serves In The Process Of Rehabilitation
Useful In Selection Of Sports
Facilities Preparation Of Training Programmes

IMPORTANCE OF STUDY OF ANATOMY,
PHYSIOLOGY & KINESIOLOGY IN PHYSICAL
EDUCATION(CONT.)
Helps To Know About Chemical Changes During Exercise
Serves To Understand The Anatomical & Physiological Differences Among Males & Females
Helpful In Providing First Aid To Sports Persons
Useful In Developing Physical Fitness Administration
Useful In Sports Massage
Helpful In Providing The Knowledge Of Environmental Effects On Sports Persons

8.2 FUNCTION OF SKELETON
SYSTEM, CLASSIFICATION OF
BONES & TYPES OF JOINTS

SKELETAL SYSTEM
The Human Skeleton Is The Internal Framework Of The Body.
It Is Composed Of 270 Bones At Birth Which Decreases To 206
Bones By Adulthood After Some Bones Have Fused Together.
The Human Skeleton Serves Major Functions Like Support,
Movement, Protection, Etc.
The Human Skeleton System Can Be Divided Into Two Parts :
Axial Skeleton Formed By The Vertebral Column, The Rib Cage And The
Skull.
Appendicular Skeleton Is Attached To The Axial Skeleton, Is Formed By
The Pectoral Girdle, The Pelvic Girdle And The Bones Of The Upper And
Lower Limbs.

SKELETAL SYSTEM (CONT.)
AXIAL SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON
1. Skull 28 Upper Limbs 64
2. Sternum 1 Lower Limbs 62
3. Ribs 24
4. Hyoid Bone 1
5. Vertebral
Column
Adult-26
Children-33

FUNCTIONS OF BONES
1. Provide Support
2. Provide Protection
3. Bony System Serves For The
Attachment Of Muscles
4. Bony System Gives Shape To
The Body
5. Act As Levers
6. Passive Instruments Of
Locomotion

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
 Long Bone
Elongated Bone To Which Powerful Muscles, Such As Those Of The Leg
And Arm, Are Attached.
 Short Bone
Bones Shaped Somewhat Like Cubes That Facilitate Flexibility Of The
Joints; Examples Include The Bones Of The Wrist And Ankle.
 Flat Bone
Thin Bones That Protect Certain Organs, Including Most Of The Bones
Of The Skull As Well As The Scapula.
 Irregular Bone
Bones Of Varying Shapes And Sizes, Such As The Vertebrae And
Certain Bones Of The Skull Or Pelvis.
 Sesamoid Bone
Resemble Seed Of Sesame. Found In Knee, Hand & Foot

CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
Joint is the place at which 2 or more bones meet in
skeleton of the body.
Joint may be fixed or moveable.
Study of joint is Arthrology.
According to capability of movement , the joints can be
classified into 3 categories:
1. Immovable or Synarthroses Joints
2. Slightly Moveable or Amphiarthroses Joints
3. Freely Moveable or Diarthroses Joints

1. Immovable or
Synarthrosis Joints
An Immovable Joint Is
An Articulation Between
Bones In Which No
Movement Occurs. It Is
Also Referred To As
Synarthrosis (Meaning
Immovable)

2. SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE OR
AMPHIARTHROSES JOINTS
Surfaces Of The Bones Are Separated
By Some Intervening Substance
Only Slight Movement Is Possible.
Two Varieties:
Symphysis:
A Joint Where 2 Long Bony Surfaces Are
Connected By A Broad, Flat Disc Of
Fibrocartilage E.G. Inter-vertebral & Pubis
Joint.
Synchondrosis:
A Temporary Form Of Joint. Cartilage Is
Changed To Bone Before Adulthood. Found
Between Diaphysis & Epiphyses Of Bones.

3. FREELY MOVEABLE OR DIARTHROSES
JOINTS
These Joints Are Also Called Synovial Joints
Include Most Of The Types Of Joints Of The Body.
Bones Are Covered With The Hyaline Cartilage &
Are Surrounded By A Fibrous Articular Capsule
Which Is Strengthened By Ligaments.
Six Categories:
1. Gliding Joints
2. Hinge Joints
3. Condyloid Joints
4. Saddle Joints
5. Ball & Socket Joints
6. Pivot Joints

JOINTS MEANING IMAGE
Gliding Joints Between Bones That Meet At Flat Or Nearly Flat Articular
Surfaces.
Hinge Joints One Rounded Surface Fits Into Another In Such A Way That
Movement Is Only Possible In One Plane, As In Elbow Joint
Condyloid Joints
(Ellipsoid)
Allow An Angular Movement In 2 Direction-flexion, Extension,
Abduction, Adduction, Circumduction.As In The Wrist Joint
But Not Rotation
Saddle Joints This Joint Permits Great Freedom Of Movement, Enabling
The Thumb To Be Opposed To The Fingers
Ball & Socket Joint One Rounded Extremity Fits Into A Cavity Of Another Bone,
Permitting Movement In All Directions E.G., The Hip Joint And
The Shoulder Joint.
Pivot Joints Joints With Rotary Movement In One Axis, Ring Rotates
Around A Pivot E.G. Atlas & Axis Bones At The Top Of Neck,
Forearm

8.3 PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF
MUSCLES

PROPERTIES OF MUSCLES
 Muscle Cells, Also Known As Muscle Fibers Or Myocytes, Are The Fundamental Units Of Our
Muscles.
 Following 4 Properties Distinguish Them From Other Cells
 Excitability
 Capable Of Stimulation By Nerves Thru Chemical Signals
 Cells Generate Pulling Force
 Contractility
 Capable Of Contracting When Stimulated By Neural Input
 Nervous Impulses Travel Through Muscle Plasma Membrane To Stimulate
Contraction
 Extensibility
 Possess Extensibility, Or The Capacity To Stretch
 After Contraction Muscle Can Be Stretched Back To Original Length By Opposing
Muscle Action
 Elasticity
 Capable Of Returning To Its Original Resting Length After Being Stretched
 After Being Stretched, Muscle Passively Recoils To Resume Its Resting Length

FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES
Muscle Contractions Usually Carry Out One Of The Two Things- Either They Maintain A Posture Or They Cause Movement.
Skeletal Muscles Provide The Force For Movement Of The Skeletal System. These Muscles Perform Movements At Our Will.
Cardiac Muscles Perform Pumping Action Of The Heart.
Smooth Muscles Are Concerned With The Movements Of Internal Organs, Such As Those Of The Stomach, Intestines, Visceral
And Blood Vessels.
Provide Shape To The Human Body.
Help In Increasing The Range Of Movements.
Big Muscles Provide Protection To The Bones.

8.4 FUNCTION & STRUCTURE OF
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM

STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiratory System Is The System In Human Body That Enables To
Breathe In Oxygen & Release Co².
The Act Of Breathing Includes:
Inhaling And Exhaling Air In The Body
Absorption Of Oxygen From The Air In Order To Produce Energy
Discharge Of Carbon Dioxide, Which Is The By Product Of The
Process

STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM(CONT.)
The Nostrils
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Alveoli
Diaphragm

SYSTEM(CONT.)
Nose & Nasal Cavity:
The Function Of This Part Of The System Is To Warm, Filter And Moisten The Incoming Air
Pharynx:
Here The Throat Divides Into The Trachea (Wind Pipe) And Oesophagus (Food Pipe). There Is
Also A Small Flap Of Cartilage Called The Epiglottis Which Prevents Food From Entering The
Trachea
Larynx:
This Is Also Known As The Voice Box As It Is Where Sound Is Generated.
Trachea:
Also Known As The Windpipe This Is The Tube Which Carries Air From The Throat Into The
Lungs. It Ranges From 20-25mm In Diameter And 10-16cm In Length. The Inner Membrane Of
The Trachea Is Covered In Tiny Hairs Called Cilia, Which Catch Particles Of Dust Which We
Can Then Remove Through Coughing.

SYSTEM(CONT.)
Bronchi:
The Trachea Divides Into Two Tubes Called Bronchi, One Entering The Left And One
Entering The Right Lung. The Left Bronchi Is Narrower, Longer And More Horizontal
Than The Right. Once Inside The Lung The Bronchi Split Several Ways.
 Bronchioles:
Bronchi Continue To Divide And Become Bronchioles, Very Narrow Tubes, Less Than 1
Millimetre In Diameter. There Is No Cartilage Within The Bronchioles And They Lead To
Alveolar Sacs.
Alveoli:
Individual Hollow Cavities. Alveoli Have Very Thin Walls Which Permit The Exchange Of
Gases Oxygen And Carbon Dioxide. They Are Surrounded By A Network Of Capillaries,
Into Which The Inspired Gases Pass. There Are Approximately 3 Million Alveoli Within An
Average Adult Lung.
Diaphragm:
The Diaphragm Is A Broad Band Of Muscle Which Sits Underneath The Lungs

TYPES OF RESPIRATION
External Respiration
 Exchange Of Gases Between The Alveoli And The Blood
 Refers To A Process Of Inhaling Oxygen From The Air Into
The Lungs And Expelling Carbon Dioxide From The Lungs
To The Air. Exchange Of Gases Both In And Out Of The
Blood Occurs Simultaneously.
Internal Respiration
 Exchange Of Gases Between The Blood And Tissue Cells
 Also Known As Tissue Respiration/Cellular Respiration
Refers To A Metabolic Process In Which Oxygen Is
Released To Tissues Or Living Cells And Carbon Dioxide
Is Absorbed By The Blood. Once Inside The Cell The
Oxygen Is Used For Producing Energy In The Form Of ATP
Or Adenosine Triphosphate.

FUNCTIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiratory System:
Oxygen Delivery System. The Primary Function Of The Respiratory System Is
To Supply The Blood With Oxygen In Order For The Blood To Deliver
Oxygen To All Parts Of The Body. The Respiratory System Does This
Through Breathing. When We Breathe, We Inhale Oxygen And Exhale
Carbon Dioxide. If This Supply Of Oxygen Is Suspended For More Than 4
Minutes , It Can Be Fatal .
In Addition To Air Distribution And Gas Exchange, The Respiratory
System Filters, Warms, And Humidifies The Air You Breathe.
Organs In The Respiratory System Also Play A Role In Speech And
The Sense Of Smell.

MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION
The act of Breathing: Inhalation and
exhalation
INHALATION EXHALATION
The Intake Of Air Into The
Lungs Through Expansion Of
Chest Volume.
The Expulsion Of Air From The
Lungs Through Contraction Of
Chest Volume.
Inhalation And Exhalation Involves Muscles:
Diaphragm And Rib Muscles Are Constantly Contracting And
Relaxing (Approximately 16 Times Per Minute), Thus Causing
The Chest Cavity To Increase And Decrease.

MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION: INSPIRATION
(INHALATION)
During Inhalation – The Muscles Contract:
Contraction Of The Diaphragm Muscle –
Causes The Diaphragm To Flatten, Thus
Enlarging The Chest Cavity.
Contraction Of The Rib Muscles – Causes The
Ribs To Rise, Thus Increasing The Chest
Volume.
The Chest Cavity Expands, Thus Reducing Air
Pressure And Causing Air To Be Passively
Drawn Into The Lungs. Air Passes From The
High Pressure Outside The Lungs To The Low
Pressure Inside The Lungs.

MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION: EXPIRATION
(EXHALATION)
During Exhalation – The Muscles Relax
The Muscles Are No Longer Contracting, They
Are Relaxed.
The Diaphragm Curves And Rises, The Ribs
Descend – And Chest Volume Decreases.
The Chest Cavity Contracts Thus Increasing Air
Pressure And Causing The Air In The Lungs To
Be Expelled Through The Upper Respiratory
Tract.
Air Passes From The High Pressure In The
Lungs To The Low Pressure In The Upper
Respiratory Tract.

ORGAN STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS
Nasal Cavity  Lined With Capillaries
 Lined With Cilia
 Warms, Moistens And Filters Air
Entering The Respiratory System
Pharynx  Body Cavity That Connects The
Nasal And Oral Cavities With The
Larynx And Oesophagus
 Path That Connects Nasal Cavity
To The Trachea
Epiglottis  A Tiny Flap Of Connective Tissue  Prevents Food From Entering The
Trachea
 Prevents Air From Entering The
Stomach When Breathing In
Larynx  Made Up Of Cartilage  To Produce Sound For
Communication
 Contains The Vocal Cords
Trachea  A Hollow Tube Surrounded By
Tough, Flexible C- Shaped
Cartilage Rings
 Lined With Cilia
 Lined With Mucus Secreting Cells
 Allows Air To Pass From The
Pharynx Into The Lungs
 Cartilage Rings Prevent The
Trachea From Collapsing

ORGAN STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS
Lung  Composed Of The Bronchi,
Bronchioles And Alveoli
 The Main Organs Of The
Respiratory System
Bronchi  Branch Out Of The Trachea
 Hollow Tubes Surrounded By
Cartilage Rings
 Lined With Cilia And Mucus
Secreting Cells
 To Carry The Air Into The Lungs
Bronchioles  Branch Out Of The Bronchi – Large
Bronchioles Secrete Mucous And
Are Lined With Cilia
 To Carry Air To The Alveoli
Alveoli  Clusters Of Tiny Hollow Air Sacs;
The Ends Of The Smallest
Bronchioles
 Surrounded By An Extensive
Network Of Capillaries
 Very Small Structures With Very
High Surface Area
 Are The Sites Of Gas Exchange

STRUCTURE OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
The Circulatory System Is A Network That Carries Blood
Throughout The Body.
All Animals Except The Simplest Kinds Have Some Type Of
Circulatory System.
The Human Circulatory System Supplies The Cells Of The
Body With The Food And Oxygen Needed To Survive.
At The Same Time, It Carries Carbon Dioxide And Other
Wastes Away From The Cells.
The Circulatory System Also Helps Regulate Body
Temperature And Carries Substances That Protect The Body
From Disease
The System Transports Chemical Substances Called
Hormones, Which Help Regulate The Activities Of Various
Parts Of The Body.

SYSTEM CAN BE STUDIED UNDER THE
FOLLOWING HEADS
A. Heart
• Location Of Heart
• Structure Of Heart
• Function Of Heart
B. Arteries
C. Veins
D. Capillaries

A. HEART
Is A Hollow, Muscular Organ That Pumps Blood
Consists Of Two Pumps That Lie Side By Side.
These Pumps Relax When Taking In Blood And Contract As They Send Out
Blood.
The Left Side Of The Heart Is A Stronger Pump Than The Right Side
The Stronger Pump Receives Blood From The Lungs And Sends It To Cells
Throughout The Body
The Weaker Pump Receives Blood From The Cells Throughout The Body And
Sends The Blood To The Lungs.

1. LOCATION OF HEART
Located In The Thorax Between
The Lungs And Above The
Central Depression Of
Diaphragm
240 Gm To 320 Gm
Situated Closer To The Front Of
The Chest Than To The Back
And Slightly To The Left Side

2. STRUCTURE OF HEART
The Human HEART Has 4
Chambers
Blood Flows Down Through
The:
Right Atrium To The
Right Ventricle Then To
The Left Atrium To The
Left Ventricle
Blood Flow Controlled
By Valves

3. FUNCTION OF HEART
Circulation Of Blood Throughout The Body
Systemic Circulation : Carries Oxygenated
Blood Away From The Heart To The Body,
And Returns Deoxygenated Blood Back To
The Heart
Pulmonary Circulation: Carries
Deoxygenated Blood Away From The Heart,
To The Lungs, And Returns Oxygenated
(Oxygen-rich) Blood Back To The Heart.
Systemic Circulation Has Greater Force
Than Pulmonary Circulation

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
Blood Comes Out From Left Ventricle By Aorta
Blood Passes Through Small Arteries Which Carry The
Blood To Various Part Of The Body
Arteries Are Divided And Sub-divided Until The Arterioles
Are Reached
Arterioles Have Narrow Passage & Perform Two
Functions
Maintenance Of Arterial Blood Pressure
Regulation Of Flow Of Blood Into Capillaries
Capillaries Have Thin Walls So That Exchange Can Take
Place Between Plasma And Interstitial Fluid

PULMONARY CIRCULATION
From Right Auricle The Blood Passes Into Right
Ventricle
Right Ventricle Contracts , Blood Goes Into Pulmonary
Artery
Pulmonary Artery Is Divided To Carry The Blood To
Left And Right Lung
In Lungs, Artery Breaks Into Smaller Arteries To
Arterioles To Pulmonary Capillaries.
Blood Takes O2 And Leaves Co2
Pulmonary Capillaries Unite Until Veins Are Formed
Blood Comes Back To Heart By Four Pulmonary Veins
To Left Auricle

B. ARTERIES
 The Arteries Are The Blood Vessels That Deliver Oxygen-rich Blood From
The Heart To The Tissues Of The Body.
 Arteries May Be Divided Into Three Classes
 Elastic Arteries
 Maintain Continuous Flow Of Blood Away From The Heart.
 Aorta, Pulmonary Arteries (Location)
 Very Large And May Be Up To 3 Cm In Diameter
 Muscular Arteries
 Assist In Maintaining Blood Pressure.
 Most Of The "Named" Arteries Of The Body.(Location)
 Medium Size And Distribute The Blood To The Various Organs
 Arterioles
 Control Blood Flow To Capillary Networks
 Maintain Blood Pressure Of The Body
 Much Small In Size

C. VEINS
Veins Are Blood Vessels That Carry Blood Towards
The Heart.
Most Veins Carry Deoxygenated Blood From The Tissues
Back To The Heart, Exceptions Are
The Pulmonary And Umbilical Veins, Both Of Which Carry
Oxygenated Blood To The Heart.
Veins Are Less Muscular Than Arteries And Are Often
Closer To The Skin.
There Are Valves In Most Veins To Prevent Backflow.
Veins Are Present Throughout The Body As Tubes That
Carry Blood Back To The Heart.
The Largest Veins In The Human Body Are The Vena
Cava.

D. CAPILLARIES
A Capillary Is A Small Blood Vessel From 5 To
10 Micrometers In Diameter. They Are The Smallest Blood
Vessels In The Body, They Convey Blood Between
The Arterioles And Venules.
There Are Three Types Of Capillaries
Continuous Capillaries
 Found In All Types Of Muscles
 In Connective Tissue And In Central Nervous System(CNS)
Fenestrated Capillaries
 Found In Renal Organ, Endocrine Glands And In Intestines
Sinusoidal Capillaries
 Enlarge Capillaries Found In The Liver, Spleen And Bone
Marrow

FUNCTIONS OF CAPILLARIES
Exchange Of Material Takes Place
About 7000 Sq. Meters Of Blood
Capillaries In An Adult’s Body
Glandular Organs- Supply The
Substances Required For Secretion
Alimentary Canal- Take Up Some Of
The Digested Food
Lungs- Get Oxygen And Give Up
Carbon Dioxide
Kidneys- Discharge The Waste
Products Collected From Other Parts

FUNCTIONS OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
System Consists Of Heart, Arteries, Veins & Capillaries. Heart Works Like A Pump & Circulate The Blood Throughout
The Body. Blood Circulation Unites All Organic Systems Of The Body In A Functional Unit. Functions Are :
To Transport Nutrients And O2 To The Body Cells
To Transport CO2 From The Cells To The Lungs
To Transport Hormones, Vitamins, Minerals And Other Substances Of Immunity To Various Parts Of The Body
To Transport Heat In Thermo-regulation
Appropriate Distribution Of Blood To Various Parts Of The Body

8.5 EQUILIBRIUM – DYNAMIC & STATIC AND CENTRE OF GRAVITY
AND ITS APPLICATION IN SPORTS
Equilibrium
Equilibrium Is Defined As A State Of Balance Or
A Stable Situation, Where Opposite Forces
Cancel Each Other Out And Where No Changes
Are Occurring.
Types Of Equilibrium
Dynamic Equilibrium:
Dynamic Stability Is A Balance Of Body During
Movement
Static Equilibrium
Static Equilibrium Is The Balance Of The Body
During Its Rest Or Stationary Position.

PRINCIPLES OF STABILITY
Stability Is The Resistance To A
Change In The Body's Acceleration
Disturbance Of The Body's Equilibrium
Stability Is Enhanced By Determining Body's Centre Of Gravity & Appropriately
Changing It
Centre Of Gravity - Point At Which All Of Body's Mass & Weight Are Equally Balanced
Or Equally Distributed In All Directions
Balance - Important In Resting & Moving Bodies

PRINCIPLES OF STABILITY(CONT.)
General Factors Applicable To Enhancing Equilibrium, Maximizing Stability, & Ultimately
Achieving Balance:
A Person Has Balance When The Centre Of Gravity Falls Within The Base Of
Support
A Person Has Balance In The Direct Proportion To The Size Of The Base. The Larger
The Base Of Support, The More Balance
A Person Has Balance Depending On The Weight (Mass).The Greater The Weight,
The More Balance
A Person Has Balance, Depending On The Height Of The Centre Of Gravity The
Lower The Centre Of Gravity, The More Balance
A Person Has Balance, Depending On Where The Centre Of Gravity Is In Relation To
The Base Of Support Balance Is Less If The Centre Of Gravity Is Near The Edge Of
The Base

CENTRE OF GRAVITY
Centre Of Gravity Is That Point In A Body
Or System Around Which Its Mass Or
Weight Is Evenly Distributed Or Balanced
And Through Which The Force Of Gravity
Acts.
The Centre Of Gravity Is Continuously
Changing During Movements.
It Can Be Either Within Or Outside The
Body Depending On The Shape Of The
Body.
It Always Shift In The Direction Of
Movement.

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