Big Bang Theory and First Element Formation

2. COURSE SUBJECT:PHYSICAL SCIENCE
It is a branch of natural science that studies
non-living systems, in contrast to life
science. It in turn has many branches each
referred to as a “physical science”.

4. TOPIC 1: BIG BANG AND
ELEMENT FORMATION
SUBJECT: PHYSICAL SCIENCE
WEEK 1

5. CONTENT STANDARD:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of
the formation of the elements during the Big
Bang and during stellar evolution .

6. LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The learners will be able to:
1. Recall and list the key stages in the
formation of elements during the Big Bang
and stellar evolution

7. LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The learners will be able to:
2. Demonstrate an understanding of the
concept by explaining the key differences
between element formation during the Big
Bang and stellar evolution.

8. LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The learners will be able to:
3. Apply their knowledge and critical thinking skills
to analyze and evaluate the observational evidence
that supports the formation of heavier elements
during star formation and evolution.

9. LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The learners will be able to:
4. Construct evidence-based arguments or
explanations to demonstrate their
comprehension and ability to apply the concept
to real-world examples or scenarios.

10. ”
“HOW WELL DO YOU KNOW
OUR UNIVERSE? FROM ITS
ORIGIN UP TO THE EXTENT
EVOLUTION.

11. IMPORTANT TERMS TO
REMEMBER:
-Cosmology
-Big bang Theory
-Singularity
-Inflation
-Annihilation
-Recombination
-Nucleosynthesis
-Cosmic Microwave
Background Radiation

12. LET’S START!
Cosmology and the Big Bang model as a
cosmological theory from science. Cosmological
Model, or simply cosmology, provides a description of
the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the
universe and allows study of fundamental questions
about its origin, structure, evolution. And ultimate
fate.

13. ”
“3 COSMIC STAGES (through which
specific groups of elements were
formed):
1. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
2. Stellar Formation and Evolution
3. Stellar Explosion, or Supernova

14. ”
“
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
Formed the light elements (H, He, & Li)

15. ”
“ Stellar Formation and
Evolution
Formed the elements heavier than Be to Fe.

16. ”
“ Stellar Explosion, or
Supernova
Formed the elements heavier than Fe.

17. ”
“

18. CONT…
Cosmology as the study of how the universe began,
how it continues to exist, and how it will end.
Religious cosmology is an explanation of origin,
evolution, and eventual fate of the universe from a
religious perspective. This may include beliefs on
origin in the form of a creation myth, subsequent
evolution, current organizational form of nature, and
eventual fate or destiny.

19. PUT VIDEO DIRI

20. 1. According to most monotheistic religions, God created
the universe as well as the laws governing it, and he
continuously maintains its existence. For this reason, there
is a potential connection between the Christian God – or
Yahve or Allah – and the universe studied by physicists
and astronomers. Since scientific cosmology was largely
born in environments strongly influenced by Christian
values, in what follows, religion will be largely identified
with Christianity. Even with this simplification, there has
never been a simple correspondence between
cosmological positions and religious beliefs.

21. 2. The universe of the ancient Israelites was
made up of a flat disc-shaped on earth
floating water, heaven above, underworld
below.
3. Christianity and Judaism believe that a
single, uncreated God was responsible for
the creation of the cosmos.

23. 2. The universe of the ancient Israelites was
made up of a flat disc-shaped on earth
floating water, heaven above, underworld
below.
3. Christianity and Judaism believe that a
single, uncreated God was responsible for
the creation of the cosmos.

24. 4. Islam teaches that God created the
universe, including Earth's physical
environment and human beings.
5. In Buddhism , like other Indian religions,
there is no ultimate beginning nor final end
to the universe.

25. This theory was eventually called the Big
Bang theory or Big Bang model.
Astronomers George Lemaître and Edwin
Hubble were some of its first proponents.

27. George Lemaître was a Catholic priest.
He did not find his theory (or science as
a whole) incompatible with his religion.
Reasons why some people think science
goes against what they believe in.

29. The Big Bang model:
a. The universe may have begun as an
infinitely hot and dense initial singularity, a
point with all of space, time, matter and
energy. This means that there was nowhere,
when or what. There is no space around the
singularity – just nothingness.

30. The Big Bang model:
b. All of it then began to rapidly expand in a
process known as inflation. Space itself
expanded faster than the speed of light. In this
still hot and dense mass of the universe, pairs of
matter and antimatter (quarks and antiquarks)
were formed from energy, but these pairs
cancelled each other back into energy
(annihilation).

31. The Big Bang model:
c. The universe cooled down as it expanded. An
excess of matter (electrons, protons, neutrons
and other particles) somehow came to be in a
highly energetic “plasma soup.” Photons (light
particles) were being scattered everywhere in
this “soup”. Protons and neutrons came
together to form different types of nuclei by
nucleosynthesis or nuclear fusion.

33. The Big Bang model:
d. Much later on, electrons started to bind to
ionized protons and nuclei forming neutral
atoms in a process called recombination.
The bound particles no longer scattered
photons so light and energy moved freely
across space. The period was hence known
as the “dark ages”.

35. The Big Bang model:
e. Gravity caused these atoms to collapse
onto one another to form stars and galaxies
and eventually, other matter. This still
happens until today. Space also continues to
expand at an accelerating rate, thus
increasing the distance between the matters
inside it.

36. LET’S ELABORATE
IT

37. I. The Big Bang Theory:
The Big Bang theory proposes that the
universe originated from a singular,
extremely hot and dense point about 13.8
billion years ago. This point exploded,
resulting in the expansion of space and the
creation of matter.

38. MATTER?

39. Formation of Light Elements: During the
initial moments of the Big Bang, the
extreme temperatures and pressures
allowed for the formation of light
elements such as hydrogen and helium.
This process is known as
nucleosynthesis.

40. C. Evidence for Big Bang Nucleosynthesis:
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
(CMBR): The detection of CMBR offers strong
evidence for the Big Bang. It is a remnant of the
intense radiation produced by the early
universe and supports the formation of light
elements during that period.

42. C. Evidence for Big Bang Nucleosynthesis:
Abundance of Hydrogen and Helium:
Observations reveal that hydrogen and
helium are the most abundant elements in
the universe, consistent with the predictions
of the Big Bang model.

44. II. Formation of Heavier Elements: Stellar
Evolution
A. The Life Cycle of a Star: Stars, through
their lifecycle, undergo various stages, from
their formation to their eventual death. The
different stages play a crucial role in the
formation of heavier elements.

45. II. Formation of Heavier Elements: Stellar
Evolution
B. Stellar Nucleosynthesis:
1. Stellar Fusion: In the core of a star, fusion
reactions occur when hydrogen nuclei combine
to form helium, releasing an enormous amount
of energy. This process is known as nuclear
fusion.

46. B. Stellar Nucleosynthesis:
2. Creation of Heavier Elements: As a star
evolves, it begins to fuse helium into heavier
elements, such as carbon, oxygen, and
nitrogen. This occurs during the later stages
of stellar evolution, where increasingly
higher temperatures and pressures exist in
the core.

47. C. Stellar Death and Supernovae:
1. Supernova Explosions: When massive stars
exhaust their nuclear fuel, they undergo a
catastrophic event called a supernova
explosion. This explosive release of energy
leads to the formation of even heavier
elements.

48. C. Stellar Death and Supernovae:
2. R-process and S-process: The rapid (r-
process) and slow (s-process) neutron
capture mechanisms occurring during
supernovae enrich the universe with
elements beyond iron.