SHS - Earth and Life Science, Theories on the Origin of the Universe. Universe and the Solar System Objectives: 1. State the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the universe 2. Describe the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the Solar System.

1. Universe and
the Solar
System
Earth and Life Science
Instructor: Ms. Miyah Lhorsyl L.
Glimada

2. Objectives:
State the different
hypotheses explaining the
origin of the universe.
Describe the different
hypotheses explaining the
origin of the Solar
System.
1.
2.

3. Sun
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Uranus
Jupiter
Saturnus
Neptune
Pluto
WHERE
DOES THE
UNIVERSE
COME
FROM?

4. Magic Dust
Explosion
Atomic Particles

6. Beliefs according to
Religions
Greek Philosophers
(Ancient Universe)
Modern Theories

7. BELIEFS ACCORDING
TO RELIGION
CHRISTIANITY -
THEY BELIEVED THAT GOD SEPARATED LIGHT FROM
DARKNESS, CREATED SKY, LAND, SEA, MOON, STARS,
AND EVERY LIVING CREATURE IN A SPAN OF SIX DAYS.
–A NARRATIVE FROM GENESIS (HEBREW BIBLE AND THE
CHRISTIAN OLD TESTAMENT).

8. BELIEFS ACCORDING
TO RELIGION
HINDUISM -
RIGVEDA (COLLECTION OF VEDAS), DESCRIBES THE
UNIVERSE AS A “COSMIC / GOLD EGG” OR BRAHMANDA.
– MEANING IT CONTAINS THE WHOLE UNIVERSE
INCLUDING THE SUN, MOON, PLANETS, AND SPACE. –
BINDU IS THE CONCENTRATED POINT THAT EXPANDS AND
EVENTUALLY COLLAPSES AGAIN.

9. ANAXAGORAS
Anaxagoras envisioned the universe as a vast and chaotic mixture of infinitely small, indivisible
particles called "nous" or mind, which he believed were the fundamental building blocks of all
matter. In his cosmology, these particles were responsible for shaping and organizing the
universe, with everything deriving from their combination and arrangement. His ideas laid the
groundwork for later philosophical and scientific explorations into the nature of matter and the
cosmos.
LEUCIPPUS AND DEMOCRITUS
Proposed the "ATOMIC UNIVERSE". They postulated that all matter consists of indivisible,
unchangeable particles called "atoms," which vary in size, shape, and arrangement. Their atomic
theory suggested that the properties of substances arise from the interactions of these atoms,
leading to the development of modern atomic and materialist philosophies that laid the foundation
for later scientific advancements.

10. PLATO AND ARISTOTLE
Uniform Circular Motion - Plato, the ancient philosopher, believed
that the heavenly bodies, such as stars and planets, moved in
uniform circular motion. He considered this motion to be perfect
and harmonious, reflecting the ideal order of the cosmos. Plato's
concept of uniform circular motion was rooted in his belief in the
perfection of geometric shapes and their association with divine
harmony.
Geocentric Universe - Aristotle, Plato's student argued that the
the Earth was imperfect and lay at the center of the universe. He
modeled 55 spheres turning at different rates and at different
angles to carry the seven planets known as: Mercury, Venus, the
sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn across the sky.
This model dominated ancient thinking for centuries, reflecting a
fixed Earth and a hierarchy of spheres.
Parallax - the apparent shift in the position of an object when
viewed from different angles, often used to measure distances to
stars and other celestial objects.

11. PLANETS
Planetary motion was a big problem for ancient
astronomers, in fact, the word PLANET comes from the
Greek word for "wanderer", referring to the eastward
motion of the planets against the background of the fixed
stars. HOWEVER, the planets actually did not move at a
constant rate, and they could occasionally stop and move
westward, for a few months before resuming their
eastward motion. This backward motion is called the
RETROGRADE MOTION.

12. Classical Astronomy
01 02
Ancient
Astronomers
believed that the
Earth do not move
because they see no
parallax.
Claudius Ptolemy created a
mathematical model of the
Aristotelian Universe, in which planet
followed a small circle called the
epicycle, that slide around a larger
circle called the deferent. The Earth
was slightly off center and move at a
constant speed from the point called
equant. Ptolemaic Model

13. The universe is at least 4.5-4.6
billion years old?
TRUE OR FALSE:

14. The universe is 13.7 years old, while
the solar system is at least 4.5-4.6
billion of years old.
FALSE!!!

15. WATCH A
VIDEO ABOUT
BIGBANG
THEORY

16. (1) The big bang happened 13.7 billion years ago. Everything
happened in just a span of 1 second, more than 1 km of the
universe was already formed. -> (2) This event started from a
hot, dense state that has undergone inflation - a short but
rapid expansion - to become the universe that is known today.
(2) The theory explains the subsequent expansion of the
universe, the formation of galaxies, stars, planets, and all
cosmic structures.
MISCONCEPTION ALERT!!!
Despite the fact that it is called the big bang, it is not an
explosion but rather an expansion of space.
BIGBANG THEORY
THE WIDELY ACCEPTED THEORY

17. A Belgian cosmologist and Catholic
priest, Lemaître is often credited
with proposing the concept of an
expanding universe in the 1920s,
which laid the foundation for the
Big Bang Theory. He suggested that
if the universe is expanding, it must
have originated from an extremely
compact state and called it the
"hypothesis of primeval atom" or
"cosmic egg".
BIGBANG THEORY
THE WIDELY ACCEPTED THEORY
Georges Lemaitre

18. EDWIN HUBBLE
An American astronomer, Hubble made groundbreaking observations of distant
galaxies in the 1920s. His discovery of the redshift in the light from these galaxies
provided strong evidence for the expansion of the universe and supported Lemaître's
ideas.
GEORGE GAMOW
developed the big bang theory.
A Russian-American physicist, Gamow contributed to the development of the Big
Bang Theory by proposing the idea of a hot, dense state of the early universe.
He also predicted the existence of cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR),
the afterglow of the big bang theory that cooled after billions of years, which was
proven by its accidental discovery by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson.

19. Conclusion:
The Big Bang Theory has become the prevailing scientific explanation
for the origin of the universe, with numerous observations and
discoveries supporting its concepts. The contributions of Georges
Lemaître, Edwin Hubble, George Gamow, Robert H. Dicke, Arno Penzias,
and Robert Wilson have collectively shaped our understanding of the
universe's birth and evolution, leaving an indelible mark on cosmology
and astrophysics.
BIGBANG THEORY CONCLUSION

21. The "Steady State Theory" was an alternative cosmological model to the Big Bang
Theory, proposed in the 1940s by British astrophysicist Hermann Bondi, American
physicist Thomas Gold, and British astronomer Fred Hoyle.
It suggested that the universe had no beginning or end and was in a constant state of
expansion while maintaining a constant density. This theory aimed to explain the
observed expansion of the universe without invoking a singular starting point like
the Big Bang.
STEADY STATE THEORY

22. Continuous Creation: The Steady State Theory proposed that new matter was
continuously created to maintain a constant density of matter in the universe as it
expanded. This concept aimed to counter the need for a single initial event like the
Big Bang.
Perfect Cosmological Principle: This theory was based on the idea of the "perfect
cosmological principle," which suggested that the universe's large-scale properties
remained the same throughout its existence.
Key Concepts of the Steady State Theory:
1.
2.

23. Challenges and Displacement:
The Steady State Theory faced several challenges over time, particularly as more evidence
emerged in support of the Big Bang Theory, such as the detection of the cosmic microwave
background radiation, which was consistent with the aftermath of a hot initial event. As
observational data accumulated, the Steady State Theory lost ground as a viable explanation for
the origin of the universe.
Decline and Acceptance of the Big Bang Theory:
By the 1960s, accumulating evidence, including the discovery of the cosmic microwave
background radiation, strongly supported the Big Bang Theory. The Steady State Theory faced
difficulties in explaining the observed radiation and the formation of galaxies. As a result, the
majority of the scientific community shifted their support to the Big Bang Theory, which
provided a more comprehensive and consistent explanation for the origin and evolution of the
universe.

24. STEADY STATE THEORY
Conclusion:
While the Steady State Theory presented an alternative perspective to the Big Bang
Theory, it ultimately lost favor among scientists due to its inability to explain crucial
observations and the accumulating evidence in support of the Big Bang model. The
acceptance of the Big Bang Theory marked a significant turning point in our
understanding of the universe's origin and expansion.