Earth and life science

1. Lesson 1.1
Big Bang Theory

2. Learning Competency
● Describe the historical development of theories that
explain the origin of the universe.
At the end of this lesson, the given enrichment competency
should be met by the students.

3. Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to
do the following:
● Explain the origin of the universe according to the
big bang theory.
● Identify different proponents that support the big
bang theory.
● Enumerate the negative implications of the big
bang theory.

4. What do you
think the
raisin bread
and the
universe
have in
common?

5. Like a freshly
made dough,
do you think
that the
universe is
capable of
expanding?

6. Let’s try to explore the
existing ideas on the
origin and creation of
the universe.

7. Try it!
Warm-Up

8. Learn about It!
• The big bang theory is a cosmological model that
explains how the universe began.
• It suggests that the universe started its expansion about
13.8 billion years ago based on the latest calculations.
• The concept of big bang is not a literal explosion of
something that led to the creation of the universe.
Big Bang Theory

9. Learn about It!
• The bread represents
the universe, while
raisins are the galaxies.
• The galaxies,
represented by the
dots, are not
expanding.
Big Bang Theory and the Bread-Raisin Model
The raisin-bread model of expanding universe

10. Learn about It!
• Distances in relation to other galaxies just increase
because of the expanding universe.
In the big bang theory, matter dilutes as the universe expands.

11. Learn about It!
“Singularity”
• The universe started as a
“singularity​,” an area
predicted to be in the
core of a black hole with
very high temperature
and density.
An expanding universe and the
concept of singularity

12. Learn about It!
“Singularity”
• The intense heat resulted
in the formation of matter
and antimatter particles
that were destroyed every
time they collided with
each other.
An expanding universe and the
concept of singularity

13. Learn about It!
“Nucleosynthesis”
• Nucleosynthesis is the
formation of elements,
such as H and He.
• Presence of these
elements led to the
formation of stars and
galaxies. Nucleosynthesis of Helium (He)

14. Learn about It!
“Nucleosynthesis”
• The presence of stars
led to the formation of
other cosmic bodies,
such as planets,
comets, and asteroids.
Nucleosynthesis of Helium (He)

15. Learn about It!
Evidence That Support the Big Bang Theory
• The expansion of the universe is supported by the
observation that galaxies are receding from us.
• The high amount of light elements, such as H, He, and Li.
These elements were formed through the fusion of protons
and neutrons immediately after the big bang.

16. Learn about It!
• The detection of the cosmic
microwave background
(CMB) radiation, which is the
residue or heat leftover from
the big bang
Cosmic background still
present in space
Evidence That Support the Big Bang Theory

17. Learn about It!
• Georges Henri Joseph Edouard
Lemaître was the first proponent
of the theory. He suggested the
idea of the expanding universe.
Proponents of the Big Bang Theory
Georges H.J. Lemaitre
(1894–1966)

18. Learn about It!
Proponents of the Big Bang Theory
• Edwin Powell Hubble established
the ​Hubble’s law, which provided
an evidence that the universe was
not static but expanding.
Edwin Powell Hubble
(1889 – 1953)

19. Learn about It!
Proponents of the Big Bang Theory
• Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson
discovered that microwaves with
wavelengths of about 7 cm were
present in space.
Arno Penzias
(born 1933)

20. Learn about It!
Proponents of the Big Bang Theory
• These waves were referred to as
the cosmic microwave
background (CMB) radiation.
Robert Wilson
(born 1941)

21. Learn about It!
Drawbacks of the Big Bang Theory
• It fails to explain how the universe was created.
• It just explains how the universe evolves and not
where it originated.
• It also fails to explain how the galaxies formed.

22. Key Points
● Big bang theory
The big bang theory suggests that the universe started as a
“singularity,” an area predicted to be in the core of a black hole
with very high temperature and density.
● Proponents
The proponents of the idea of an expanding universe are
Georges Henri Joseph Edouard Lemaître, Edwin Powell Hubble,
Arno Penzias, ​and​ Robert Wilson.

23. Key Points
● Hubble’s law
Hubble’s law states that the relationship of the velocities of
distant objects in the universe is directly proportional to their
distance from Earth.
● Drawback
The big bang theory fails to explain how the universe was
created.

24. Check Your Understanding
Identify the proponent of the theory that
explains the following statements.
1. The the universe originated in an explosive act of
primeval atom or the “cosmic egg.”
2. Microwaves with wavelengths of about 7 centimeters
were present in space.
3. The cosmic rays were “ashes and smoke of bright but
very rapid fireworks,” and they originated when the
primeval atom disintegrated.

25. Check Your Understanding
Identify the proponent of the theory that
explains the following statements.
4. The relationship of the velocities of distant objects
in the universe is in proportion to their distance
from Earth.
5. The amount of redshift is proportional to the
distance of the galaxy.

26. Photo Credits
● Slide 20: Arno Penzias by Kartik J is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
● Slide 21: Robert Wilson (28215880301) (cropped) by Victor R. Ruiz is licensed under CC BY 2.0 via
Wikimedia Commons.

27. Bibliography
Darling D. 2016. “Chamberlin-Moulton Planetesimal Hypothesis”. Accessed March 16, 2017.
https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/CMplanhypoth.html.
Schombert J. 2012. “Origin of the Solar System”. Accessed March 16, 2017.
http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec24.html.
Chambers J. and Jacqueline Mitton. 2013. From Dust to Life: The Origin andEvolution of Our Solar System.
New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Woolfson M. 2012. Time, Space, Stars, and Man: The Story of the Big Bang. Singapore: World Scientific.
Holder R. and Simon Mitton. 2013. Georges Lemaître: Life, Science, and Legacy,. Germany: Springer
Science & Business Media.