Leonardo da Vinci was a renowned Italian polymath born in 1452 in Vinci, Italy. He worked as a painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer. He is considered one of the greatest painters of all time, with his most famous works being the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Da Vinci made extensive scientific drawings and writings on topics spanning anatomy, astronomy, cartography, engineering, and more. However, many of his scientific theories and inventions were never published during his lifetime.

3. Who is Leonardo Da Vinci??
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci
Born April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519
Painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician,
engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer,
botanist, and writer
 One of the greatest painters of all time
 Mona Lisa is the most famous and most parodied
portrait

4. LEONARDO DA VINCI

5. MEANING
Mirror writing is defined as the production of individual
letters or whole words in reversed form
They become easily read when viewed with a mirror
Mirror writing is most commonly characteristic of young
children who are in the early stages of language

6. Strange thing of Mirror
Writing
Mirror-writing is striking and mysterious
It has been practiced sequence by some weird individuals
most famously Leonardo da Vinci by his portrayed to
powerful effect in literature and visual art
Special interest to psychologists because it can
sometimes arise in people trying to write normally

7. THEORIES
Perceptual Explanations Theories:-
 Hand was more adept at mirror writing and
Investigated the basis for this superiority
 Participants were asked to mirror write words and
sentences with both their dominant and non-
Dominant hands and errors
 Were counted as instances when the writing was not
correctly / Mirror reversed

8. The phenomenon
Term “mirror writing” (Spiegelschrift) was introduced by
Buchwald
Sometimes executed by entirely normal people
Only seen by human variety of neurological disorders

9. EXAMPLE OF MIRROR WRITING

11. Leonardo began hundreds of projects to learn about the
world around him
Most of his scientific theories and inventions never made it
past the notebook stage
War machine from the armored car, firearm with screw
elevating gear, machine for stormaing walls, hoist for lifting
cannons, eight barrded organ, automatic igniting device,hull
rammer, giant cross bow, ballsta for hurling stones, scythed
chariot, split-trail gun carriage, and many more

12. Flying machines such as the aerial screw, device for testing
beating wings, flying ship, articulated wing, parachute,
anemometer, flapping-wing machine with vertical bearing
wing structure,i nclinometer, wing-beating device with a
screw and lead screw system, leat spring engine for flying
mach

15. UNTAINTED BY DOGMA
 The female played a much larger role in the
reproduction of human life than the male
 Expression of his search for the truth and not an
allegiance to any dogmatic ideology
 Compare the anatomy of people with that of animals
 Experiencing the truth through a first hand method
was everything to Leonardo

16. “ A leg of a dog compared with a man ““ Bones of the arm “

17. INNOVATION OF LEONARDO
DA VINCI DRAWING HIS
FINDINGS
 All study conducted by anatomists was in writing and not
in diagrammatic form
 This was inefficient by Leonardo's standard
 When something is drawn, it is in a sense recreated
 Drawing (and painting) was the only medium at the time
that could replicate an item more closely than anything
else

18.  The following is a quote on the
benefits of drawing anatomy
rather than a written
description:-
‘...knowledge that is impossible for
ancient or modern writers to
convey without an infinitely
tedious example and confused
prolixity of writing and time.’ “ Studies of the Golden ratio “

19. PUBLISHING LEONARDO DA VINCI
ANATOMY FINDINGS
 Collaboration with an anatomist from University of Pavia;
Marcantonio della Torre
 Leonardo would provide the immaculate Leonardo Da Vinci
drawing style of dissections and his colleague would edit
and publish the work.
 Leonardo's colleague passed away from catching the Black
Death (following year)
 He continued his exploration of the human anatomy
tirelessly

20. “ Study of arms and shoulders ““ Intricate study of the shoulder “

21. FIRST TO DISSECT THE FEMALE
BODY & THE EMBRYOLOGY
 Leonardo understood that there was much more complexity
and upheaval within the female body
 His most recognised work on the female anatomy is called
'The Great Lady‘
 Leonardo was the first to study a human foetus and to
record his findings. Leonardo is ‘informally’ the father of
embryology as his findings were of the embryology were
lost before being rediscovered by others in the 20th century

22. “ The great lady “ “ Study of a foetus in the womb “

23. LEONARDO'S SURGERY STUDIES
COULD SAVE MILLIONS OF LIVES!
 The cause of Heart disease through a build up of
cholesterol could have saved millions of lives
 Leonardo had worked out that a substance carried
though the blood and produced by what we eat imbeds
itself in the arteries and blocks natural blood flow
 Heart disease due to cholesterol kills multiples of
thousands every year
 If cholesterol identified by 15th-century medicine, food
that produce and reduce cholesterol can be work out
and millions of people could be saved

24. VITRUVIAN MAN
 Before Leonardo, artists were interested purely in
topographical anatomy
 Leonardo want to discover everything that there was to
know about nature, which included the human body
 By dissecting dead bodies, he began to reveal the secrets
of nature and also gain knowledge to increase the
realism of his drawings
 Leonardo believed that there was a deeper connection
between the construct of the Universe and the human
being
 By knowing what was going on underneath human skin,
Leonardo could more correctly project the exterior
anatomy of his art

25.  This surgery of dead
bodies would eventually
lead Leonardo in breaking
many religious laws of the
time and put his life in risk
by being put to death for
Necromancy
 The very distinct Da Vinci
style of anatomy drawing
was born
 And so was Leonardo's
portrayal of the perfect
proportions of the human
body housed within the
Vitruvian Man

27. Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-
1519) remains best known
for his art, including two
paintings that remain among
the world’s most famous and
admired, Mona Lisa and
Arno Valley
Art was indisputably
connected with science and
nature
He filled dozens of secret
notebooks with inventions,
observations and theories
about pursuits from
aeronautics to anatomy
“ Arno Valley “

28.  When milan was invaded by
the french in 1499 and
sforza family fled, Davinci
escape as well
 Davinci was fled to florence
 At florence, davinci has
painted a series of painting
and included the “La
Gioconda”
 “La Gioconda” is the other
name for the Mona Lisa
“ La Gioconda or Mona Lisa “

29. “ Bronze equestrian “
 Davinci was serve to the forza
clan as an engineer, painter,
achitect and designer
 Davinci had design the
equestrian statue for the
forza clan
 The equestrian statue is 16
feet tall and made from
bronze
 The project had been on and
off and continued for 12 year