Homo ergaster was an early form of Homo that expanded out of Africa between 2-1.6 million years ago. Evidence from the Dmanisi site in Georgia dates Homo ergaster occupation there to 1.88 million years ago, indicating they dispersed earlier in Africa. Homo ergaster displayed increased brain size and cranial capacity compared to Homo habilis, and were taller yet more gracile. They controlled fire, made Acheulean stone tools like handaxes, and were the first hominins to colonize areas outside of Africa, suggesting increased social complexity and technological adaptation.
The document summarizes key australopithecine species and their evolution. It discusses Australopithecus anamensis, A. afarensis, A. africanus, Paranthropus aethiopicus, P. boisei, P. robustus, and A. garhi. It describes their fossil records, anatomies, habitats, locomotion, and relationships. A. garhi is significant as the earliest known tool-making hominin. Debate continues regarding the lineages and relationships between the gracile and robust australopithecine forms.
Homo erectus expanded out of Africa into Eurasia around 1.6 million years ago. Some of the earliest sites outside of Africa are found in East Asia, particularly China and Java, dating back to around 1.9-1.7 million years ago. Homo erectus inhabited sites across Asia utilizing chopper tool industries rather than hand-axes. Some of the most important early Asian sites include Longgupo Cave in China dating to 1.7-1.9 million years ago, and Sangiran in Java dating to around 1.6 million years ago. Homo erectus expanded into Europe around 1 million years ago, with some of the earliest securely dated sites found in Spain and Italy.
The document discusses evidence from genetics, anatomy, and behavior that traces the evolutionary path from early primates to Homo sapiens. It describes several early primate species such as Proconsul and Sivapithecus found in Africa and Asia dating back millions of years. Genetic evidence shows humans share over 99% of DNA with chimpanzees and diverged from them around 5-6 million years ago. Anatomical similarities and differences in the pelvis, feet and locomotion provide insights into the emergence of bipedalism. Higher primates display sophisticated communication including gestures, facial expressions, and tool usage, providing clues about early human behavior.
This document discusses early hominin species including Australopithecus garhi, Homo habilis, and Homo rudolfensis. A. garhi, found in Ethiopia in 1996, was the earliest known tool-producing hominin dating to between 2.6-2.5 million years ago. H. habilis produced basic stone tools and expanded out of Africa between 2.4-1.5 million years ago. H. rudolfensis, found in Kenya, may be a separate species from H. habilis based on cranial differences. The document also examines the physical characteristics, fossil evidence, locomotion, diet, and basic stone tool production of these early hominins.
A brief and concise presentation about the early faces of Man during the early times. A historical presentation about the discoveries and excavations of the early hominids.
- The document summarizes information about several early hominin species in the genus Australopithecus that lived between 4.4-1.4 million years ago, including A. anamensis, A. afarensis, A. africanus, A. garhi, A. robustus, A. aethiopicus, A. boisei, A. bahrelghazali, and A. sediba. It describes their anatomical traits, brain sizes, diets, locations, and relationships to one another in the early evolution of humans.
This document summarizes theories of human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It discusses that:
- Bipedalism first emerged in hominids 4-1 million years ago, allowing use of hands and adaptation to grassland environments. Early tools date to 2.5 million years ago.
- Brain size increased over time, reaching 1000cc in Homo erectus and 1350cc in modern humans. This facilitated tool use, language, and other cognitive abilities.
- Two competing theories for modern human origins are presented - the multiregional hypothesis of evolving in multiple regions from Homo erectus, versus the recent "Out of Africa" hypothesis of descending from a single African
The document summarizes evidence from hominin fossil discoveries spanning 6-2 million years ago. It describes multiple species, including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orrorin tugenensis, Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus anamensis, A. afarensis, A. africanus, Paranthropus robustus, P. boisei, Homo habilis, H. rudolfensis, H. erectus, H. antecessor and evidence that H. antecessor may have practiced cannibalism.
The document summarizes key australopithecine species and their evolution. It discusses Australopithecus anamensis, A. afarensis, A. africanus, Paranthropus aethiopicus, P. boisei, P. robustus, and A. garhi. It describes their fossil records, anatomies, habitats, locomotion, and relationships. A. garhi is significant as the earliest known tool-making hominin. Debate continues regarding the lineages and relationships between the gracile and robust australopithecine forms.
Homo erectus expanded out of Africa into Eurasia around 1.6 million years ago. Some of the earliest sites outside of Africa are found in East Asia, particularly China and Java, dating back to around 1.9-1.7 million years ago. Homo erectus inhabited sites across Asia utilizing chopper tool industries rather than hand-axes. Some of the most important early Asian sites include Longgupo Cave in China dating to 1.7-1.9 million years ago, and Sangiran in Java dating to around 1.6 million years ago. Homo erectus expanded into Europe around 1 million years ago, with some of the earliest securely dated sites found in Spain and Italy.
The document discusses evidence from genetics, anatomy, and behavior that traces the evolutionary path from early primates to Homo sapiens. It describes several early primate species such as Proconsul and Sivapithecus found in Africa and Asia dating back millions of years. Genetic evidence shows humans share over 99% of DNA with chimpanzees and diverged from them around 5-6 million years ago. Anatomical similarities and differences in the pelvis, feet and locomotion provide insights into the emergence of bipedalism. Higher primates display sophisticated communication including gestures, facial expressions, and tool usage, providing clues about early human behavior.
This document discusses early hominin species including Australopithecus garhi, Homo habilis, and Homo rudolfensis. A. garhi, found in Ethiopia in 1996, was the earliest known tool-producing hominin dating to between 2.6-2.5 million years ago. H. habilis produced basic stone tools and expanded out of Africa between 2.4-1.5 million years ago. H. rudolfensis, found in Kenya, may be a separate species from H. habilis based on cranial differences. The document also examines the physical characteristics, fossil evidence, locomotion, diet, and basic stone tool production of these early hominins.
A brief and concise presentation about the early faces of Man during the early times. A historical presentation about the discoveries and excavations of the early hominids.
- The document summarizes information about several early hominin species in the genus Australopithecus that lived between 4.4-1.4 million years ago, including A. anamensis, A. afarensis, A. africanus, A. garhi, A. robustus, A. aethiopicus, A. boisei, A. bahrelghazali, and A. sediba. It describes their anatomical traits, brain sizes, diets, locations, and relationships to one another in the early evolution of humans.
This document summarizes theories of human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It discusses that:
- Bipedalism first emerged in hominids 4-1 million years ago, allowing use of hands and adaptation to grassland environments. Early tools date to 2.5 million years ago.
- Brain size increased over time, reaching 1000cc in Homo erectus and 1350cc in modern humans. This facilitated tool use, language, and other cognitive abilities.
- Two competing theories for modern human origins are presented - the multiregional hypothesis of evolving in multiple regions from Homo erectus, versus the recent "Out of Africa" hypothesis of descending from a single African
The document summarizes evidence from hominin fossil discoveries spanning 6-2 million years ago. It describes multiple species, including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orrorin tugenensis, Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus anamensis, A. afarensis, A. africanus, Paranthropus robustus, P. boisei, Homo habilis, H. rudolfensis, H. erectus, H. antecessor and evidence that H. antecessor may have practiced cannibalism.
The document summarizes human evolution from approximately 1.2-4 million years ago to the present. Early humans like Australopithecus afarensis were apelike but began walking upright. Later groups such as Homo habilis made more advanced tools and Homo erectus hunted with tools. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis were skilled hunters while Homo sapiens cro-magnon were the first to bury their dead. Anatomically modern humans, Homo sapiens sapiens, emerged in Africa around 10,000 years ago and civilization began to develop.
The document summarizes human evolution from early hominids to modern humans based on paleontological evidence. It describes how humans originated from ape-like ancestors in Africa between 4-5 million years ago. Fossils of early hominids like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus provided evidence that humans evolved to walk upright and have larger brains and tools. Later hominids such as Neanderthals and Homo sapiens exhibited fully modern human traits and behaviors like use of fire and complex tools. The document traces the taxonomic classification of humans and provides an overview of the major stages in human evolution.
- Primates first evolved around 50 million years ago, including early hominids like Proconsul and Ramapithecus.
- Ramapithecus, found in the Siwalik Hills of India around 8 million years ago, is considered one of the earliest hominids and potential ancestor of Australopithecus in Africa.
- Major hominid developments included Homo habilis around 2 million years ago in Africa, the widespread migration of Homo erectus starting 1.5 million years ago, and the emergence of modern Homo sapiens in Africa around 300,000 years ago.
This document summarizes primate evolution from the Paleocene to Miocene epochs. It describes how primates diverged after the extinction of dinosaurs 65 million years ago. During the Eocene epoch 55-35 million years ago, there was a radiation of prosimians including adapoids and omomyoids in North America and Europe. By the Oligocene epoch 35-24 million years ago, prosimians had gone extinct everywhere except Africa and Madagascar, and the first anthropoids radiated. During the Miocene epoch 24-5 million years ago, there was a major radiation of hominoids in Africa and Eurasia, including early hominoid genera like Proconsul and Dryopit
Human evolution began with early hominids like Proconsul that lived 20 million years ago. Early humans included Australopithecines like Lucy that walked upright 3.9-3 million years ago. Genus Homo emerged around 2.5 million years ago including Homo habilis and Homo erectus. Neanderthals lived in Europe 200,000-24,000 years ago before being replaced by modern humans with globular brains and flatter faces 130,000-90,000 years ago.
Human evolution began with early hominins like Ardipithecus and Australopithecus around 4-5 million years ago in Africa. Key early species included Australopithecus afarensis like "Lucy" dated to 3.2 million years ago. Later hominins included Homo habilis around 2.4-1.4 million years ago, known for early stone tool use, and Homo ergaster around 1.7-2.5 million years ago in Africa, likely ancestor of later humans. Homo erectus emerged around 1.8-1.3 million years ago in Africa and spread throughout the Old World.
The document summarizes key aspects of human evolution, including:
1) Primates started evolving around 75-60 million years ago, with humans and apes diverging from a common ancestor around 25-30 million years ago.
2) Early humans likely originated in Central Asia, based on where the oldest fossils have been found.
3) Early hominid species included Orrorin tugenensis from 6-5 million years ago, Sahelanthropus tchadensis from 7-6 million years ago, and Ardipithecus from 4.4-5.6 million years ago.
4) Australopithecus, the first "ape man", lived from 4
Dryopithecus, which lived 16-7 million years ago in Europe and Asia, was an early ape-like ancestor of humans. Ramapithecus, which became extinct 7 million years ago, displayed both ape-like and early human-like features such as smaller canines and larger molars. Australopithecus africanus, dating to 4-5 million years ago in South Africa, showed evidence of bipedal locomotion and living both in trees and on the ground. Homo habilis, from 2 million years ago in Africa, used tools and is believed to have lived in family groups and cared for young. Homo erectus, dating to 1.7 million
Australopithecus was an early hominin genus that evolved in eastern Africa around 4 million years ago. They stood between 1.2 to 1.4 meters tall and had brains that were about 35% the size of modern humans. Australopithecus was bipedal and ate fruits, vegetables, and tubers. One species of Australopithecus is believed to have evolved into the genus Homo around 2 million years ago in Africa, playing an important role in human evolution.
Human evolution is a gradual process that has occurred over a long period of time. Key stages included Dryopithecus, which is considered the common ancestor of apes and humans around 25 million years ago. Ramapithecus and Kenyapithecus, dated to between 12-5 million years ago, displayed traits that were ancestral to humans. Australopithecus, the first upright walking species around 4 million years ago, had a brain capacity of around 500cc. Homo habilis began making tools around 2.4 million years ago. Later species such as Homo erectus had larger brains and used fire. Homo sapiens emerged around 200,000 years ago, with modern humans
1. Human evolution began with early hominins like Australopithecus that evolved around 4 million years ago in Africa.
2. Key early humans in the genus Homo include Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo neanderthalensis.
3. Homo sapiens emerged around 200,000 years ago in Africa and is the only surviving human species today.
Evolution of man(palaeontological evidence)Vinay c
This document summarizes the evolution of man from early hominins to modern humans based on paleontological evidence. It outlines the key stages in human evolution including Ramapithecus, Austrolopithecus, Cro-Magnon man, and Homo sapiens. The document presents the taxonomic classification of humans and discusses anatomical changes like posture and brain evolution that occurred at different stages of human evolution over approximately 6 million years.
This document provides a summary of life on Earth from its earliest origins over 3.8 billion years ago to the emergence and evolution of humans. It describes how the earliest evidence of life is cyanobacteria fossils dated to 3.4 billion years ago found in Australia. It then outlines the major stages of evolution, from single-celled organisms developing around 3.8 billion years ago, possibly in the oceans, to the Cambrian explosion of complex multicellular life, and the descent of apes and the evolution of humans in Africa around 7-6 million years ago with Homo sapiens emerging around 200,000 years ago.
Anthropic experts summarize the document as follows:
1. Anthropoids evolved from prosimian ancestors in the Late Eocene and by the Oligocene were well established, divided into three superfamilies.
2. The oldest known hominid, Sahelanthropus tchadensis from Chad dating to 7 million years ago, shows a mosaic of primitive and advanced traits puzzling scientists about its placement in the human family tree.
3. Debate continues on the earliest hominids, with Orrorin tugenensis at 6 million years and Ardipithecus ramidus between 5.8-5.2 million years also potential direct human ancestors, though evidence is incomplete
This document outlines the timeline of human evolution from early primate ancestors 6 million years ago to modern humans. It describes key species in our evolution like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. Australopithecus was the first hominin genus to walk upright around 4 million years ago in Africa. Homo habilis evolved around 2.5 million years ago and were the first to use stone tools. Homo erectus emerged around 1.8 million years ago in Africa and was the first hominin to migrate out of Africa. Modern humans, Homo sapiens, evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago with larger brains and lighter
This document provides information on various hominid species within the genera Homo, Paranthropus, Australopithecus, and Ardipithecus. It highlights five species of Homo including H. habilis, H. rudolfensis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis, and H. sapiens. It also describes four Australopithecus species and three Paranthropus species that mark early branches in the human lineage. Additionally, it notes several other recently discovered hominids including Kenyanthropus platyops and Sahelanthropus tchadensis.
The document summarizes the origin and evolution of humans from early primates around 65 million years ago to modern humans. It describes key ancestors like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and Cro-Magnon man that evolved over millions of years. Modern humans emerged around 10,000 years ago after the last ice age and migrated worldwide, evolving into the main races seen today. Genetic evidence also shows strong homology between humans and great apes.
1) Primates first evolved around 65 million years ago and split into two main groups - one containing lemurs and lorises, and the other containing tarsiers and anthropoids like monkeys, apes and humans.
2) Early hominines like Australopithecus afarensis had adaptations for both walking upright and spending time in trees, as evidenced by fossils like "Lucy".
3) Later hominines evolved adaptations like an opposable thumb and larger brains that enabled tool use and were better suited for life on land. Fossils continue to provide new insights into human evolution but also raise new questions.
This document provides an overview of primate and hominid evolution from early primates to modern humans. It describes key developments such as the evolution of binocular vision and grasping limbs in early primates. Important hominid species discussed include Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, Homo floresiensis, and Homo sapiens. Adaptations to bipedalism and expanding brain size in hominids are highlighted.
La obstetricia desde el cro magnon hasta la cama ginecologicaKaren Navarro
Este documento describe la evolución de la obstetricia a través de los períodos de obstetricia instintiva, empírica, teúrgica y científica. Explica que en los tiempos primitivos las mujeres daban a luz solas y eran asistidas por otras mujeres cuando necesitaban ayuda. También describe las creencias antiguas sobre la concepción y el rol de la mujer, y cómo la obstetricia fue dominada a través de la historia por hombres que veían a la mujer como irracional e influenciada por su útero.
The document summarizes human evolution from approximately 1.2-4 million years ago to the present. Early humans like Australopithecus afarensis were apelike but began walking upright. Later groups such as Homo habilis made more advanced tools and Homo erectus hunted with tools. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis were skilled hunters while Homo sapiens cro-magnon were the first to bury their dead. Anatomically modern humans, Homo sapiens sapiens, emerged in Africa around 10,000 years ago and civilization began to develop.
The document summarizes human evolution from early hominids to modern humans based on paleontological evidence. It describes how humans originated from ape-like ancestors in Africa between 4-5 million years ago. Fossils of early hominids like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus provided evidence that humans evolved to walk upright and have larger brains and tools. Later hominids such as Neanderthals and Homo sapiens exhibited fully modern human traits and behaviors like use of fire and complex tools. The document traces the taxonomic classification of humans and provides an overview of the major stages in human evolution.
- Primates first evolved around 50 million years ago, including early hominids like Proconsul and Ramapithecus.
- Ramapithecus, found in the Siwalik Hills of India around 8 million years ago, is considered one of the earliest hominids and potential ancestor of Australopithecus in Africa.
- Major hominid developments included Homo habilis around 2 million years ago in Africa, the widespread migration of Homo erectus starting 1.5 million years ago, and the emergence of modern Homo sapiens in Africa around 300,000 years ago.
This document summarizes primate evolution from the Paleocene to Miocene epochs. It describes how primates diverged after the extinction of dinosaurs 65 million years ago. During the Eocene epoch 55-35 million years ago, there was a radiation of prosimians including adapoids and omomyoids in North America and Europe. By the Oligocene epoch 35-24 million years ago, prosimians had gone extinct everywhere except Africa and Madagascar, and the first anthropoids radiated. During the Miocene epoch 24-5 million years ago, there was a major radiation of hominoids in Africa and Eurasia, including early hominoid genera like Proconsul and Dryopit
Human evolution began with early hominids like Proconsul that lived 20 million years ago. Early humans included Australopithecines like Lucy that walked upright 3.9-3 million years ago. Genus Homo emerged around 2.5 million years ago including Homo habilis and Homo erectus. Neanderthals lived in Europe 200,000-24,000 years ago before being replaced by modern humans with globular brains and flatter faces 130,000-90,000 years ago.
Human evolution began with early hominins like Ardipithecus and Australopithecus around 4-5 million years ago in Africa. Key early species included Australopithecus afarensis like "Lucy" dated to 3.2 million years ago. Later hominins included Homo habilis around 2.4-1.4 million years ago, known for early stone tool use, and Homo ergaster around 1.7-2.5 million years ago in Africa, likely ancestor of later humans. Homo erectus emerged around 1.8-1.3 million years ago in Africa and spread throughout the Old World.
The document summarizes key aspects of human evolution, including:
1) Primates started evolving around 75-60 million years ago, with humans and apes diverging from a common ancestor around 25-30 million years ago.
2) Early humans likely originated in Central Asia, based on where the oldest fossils have been found.
3) Early hominid species included Orrorin tugenensis from 6-5 million years ago, Sahelanthropus tchadensis from 7-6 million years ago, and Ardipithecus from 4.4-5.6 million years ago.
4) Australopithecus, the first "ape man", lived from 4
Dryopithecus, which lived 16-7 million years ago in Europe and Asia, was an early ape-like ancestor of humans. Ramapithecus, which became extinct 7 million years ago, displayed both ape-like and early human-like features such as smaller canines and larger molars. Australopithecus africanus, dating to 4-5 million years ago in South Africa, showed evidence of bipedal locomotion and living both in trees and on the ground. Homo habilis, from 2 million years ago in Africa, used tools and is believed to have lived in family groups and cared for young. Homo erectus, dating to 1.7 million
Australopithecus was an early hominin genus that evolved in eastern Africa around 4 million years ago. They stood between 1.2 to 1.4 meters tall and had brains that were about 35% the size of modern humans. Australopithecus was bipedal and ate fruits, vegetables, and tubers. One species of Australopithecus is believed to have evolved into the genus Homo around 2 million years ago in Africa, playing an important role in human evolution.
Human evolution is a gradual process that has occurred over a long period of time. Key stages included Dryopithecus, which is considered the common ancestor of apes and humans around 25 million years ago. Ramapithecus and Kenyapithecus, dated to between 12-5 million years ago, displayed traits that were ancestral to humans. Australopithecus, the first upright walking species around 4 million years ago, had a brain capacity of around 500cc. Homo habilis began making tools around 2.4 million years ago. Later species such as Homo erectus had larger brains and used fire. Homo sapiens emerged around 200,000 years ago, with modern humans
1. Human evolution began with early hominins like Australopithecus that evolved around 4 million years ago in Africa.
2. Key early humans in the genus Homo include Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo neanderthalensis.
3. Homo sapiens emerged around 200,000 years ago in Africa and is the only surviving human species today.
Evolution of man(palaeontological evidence)Vinay c
This document summarizes the evolution of man from early hominins to modern humans based on paleontological evidence. It outlines the key stages in human evolution including Ramapithecus, Austrolopithecus, Cro-Magnon man, and Homo sapiens. The document presents the taxonomic classification of humans and discusses anatomical changes like posture and brain evolution that occurred at different stages of human evolution over approximately 6 million years.
This document provides a summary of life on Earth from its earliest origins over 3.8 billion years ago to the emergence and evolution of humans. It describes how the earliest evidence of life is cyanobacteria fossils dated to 3.4 billion years ago found in Australia. It then outlines the major stages of evolution, from single-celled organisms developing around 3.8 billion years ago, possibly in the oceans, to the Cambrian explosion of complex multicellular life, and the descent of apes and the evolution of humans in Africa around 7-6 million years ago with Homo sapiens emerging around 200,000 years ago.
Anthropic experts summarize the document as follows:
1. Anthropoids evolved from prosimian ancestors in the Late Eocene and by the Oligocene were well established, divided into three superfamilies.
2. The oldest known hominid, Sahelanthropus tchadensis from Chad dating to 7 million years ago, shows a mosaic of primitive and advanced traits puzzling scientists about its placement in the human family tree.
3. Debate continues on the earliest hominids, with Orrorin tugenensis at 6 million years and Ardipithecus ramidus between 5.8-5.2 million years also potential direct human ancestors, though evidence is incomplete
This document outlines the timeline of human evolution from early primate ancestors 6 million years ago to modern humans. It describes key species in our evolution like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. Australopithecus was the first hominin genus to walk upright around 4 million years ago in Africa. Homo habilis evolved around 2.5 million years ago and were the first to use stone tools. Homo erectus emerged around 1.8 million years ago in Africa and was the first hominin to migrate out of Africa. Modern humans, Homo sapiens, evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago with larger brains and lighter
This document provides information on various hominid species within the genera Homo, Paranthropus, Australopithecus, and Ardipithecus. It highlights five species of Homo including H. habilis, H. rudolfensis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis, and H. sapiens. It also describes four Australopithecus species and three Paranthropus species that mark early branches in the human lineage. Additionally, it notes several other recently discovered hominids including Kenyanthropus platyops and Sahelanthropus tchadensis.
The document summarizes the origin and evolution of humans from early primates around 65 million years ago to modern humans. It describes key ancestors like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and Cro-Magnon man that evolved over millions of years. Modern humans emerged around 10,000 years ago after the last ice age and migrated worldwide, evolving into the main races seen today. Genetic evidence also shows strong homology between humans and great apes.
1) Primates first evolved around 65 million years ago and split into two main groups - one containing lemurs and lorises, and the other containing tarsiers and anthropoids like monkeys, apes and humans.
2) Early hominines like Australopithecus afarensis had adaptations for both walking upright and spending time in trees, as evidenced by fossils like "Lucy".
3) Later hominines evolved adaptations like an opposable thumb and larger brains that enabled tool use and were better suited for life on land. Fossils continue to provide new insights into human evolution but also raise new questions.
This document provides an overview of primate and hominid evolution from early primates to modern humans. It describes key developments such as the evolution of binocular vision and grasping limbs in early primates. Important hominid species discussed include Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, Homo floresiensis, and Homo sapiens. Adaptations to bipedalism and expanding brain size in hominids are highlighted.
La obstetricia desde el cro magnon hasta la cama ginecologicaKaren Navarro
Este documento describe la evolución de la obstetricia a través de los períodos de obstetricia instintiva, empírica, teúrgica y científica. Explica que en los tiempos primitivos las mujeres daban a luz solas y eran asistidas por otras mujeres cuando necesitaban ayuda. También describe las creencias antiguas sobre la concepción y el rol de la mujer, y cómo la obstetricia fue dominada a través de la historia por hombres que veían a la mujer como irracional e influenciada por su útero.
Homo ergaster was an early human species that lived in Africa between 1-1.4 million years ago. They were the first hominins able to use sophisticated stone tools and articulate speech, and establish complex social relationships. The first fossils of Homo ergaster were found in Kenya in 1975, including two skulls from 1 million years ago and a full skeleton in 1984, making them progenitors of both Homo habilis and Homo erectus.
Homo ergaster vivió en África hace unos 2 millones de años y se expandió a otros continentes. Tuvo un cráneo menos robusto que Homo erectus asiático y un cerebro más grande de unos 850 cm3. Se cree que Homo ergaster fue el primer homínido en establecer relaciones sociales complejas y utilizar tecnología avanzada como herramientas achelenses.
Este documento resume las características del Homo Ergaster, un homínido que vivió hace entre 1.7 y 1 millón de años en África. El Homo Ergaster evolucionó del Homo Habilis, tenía un tamaño cerebral mayor que sus predecesores, usaba herramientas de piedra, fue el primero en utilizar el fuego y emigrar a otros continentes, y vivía en grupos sociales.
The document summarizes the emergence and evolution of early human species from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens. It describes key findings such as the transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens around 500,000 years ago. Neanderthals appeared in Europe and western Asia around 300,000 years ago. Modern humans emerged in Africa around 160,000 years ago and spread throughout the Old World, eventually replacing Neanderthals. Upper Paleolithic cultures from 40,000 years ago produced new toolmaking techniques like blade production and pressure flaking.
O Homo ergaster viveu no Pleistoceno na África, Europa, Ásia e Oceania, pesando cerca de 60 quilos e medindo 1,6 a 1,7 metros. Eles eram onívoros e tinham quadris adaptados para longas caminhadas, uma capacidade craniana média de 900 cm3 e possivelmente usavam ferramentas de pedra e controle do fogo.
Homo ergaster apareció hace unos 2 millones de años en África y se expandió hacia otros continentes. Medía alrededor de 1.8 metros y tenía un pecho más estrecho que los humanos modernos. Desarrolló un lenguaje más complejo y la capacidad de transmitir conocimientos entre generaciones. Evolucionó hacia Homo erectus en Asia y Homo heidelbergensis en Europa.
Neanderthals were the first human species identified by scientists in 1856. They evolved to be adapted to cold environments with short, stocky bodies. Neanderthals cared for sick and injured members of their group, and evidence suggests they had basic medical knowledge and engaged in cultural practices like painting. Cro-Magnons, found in France in 1868, were early modern humans who made burial art, fire-based hunting techniques, and ceremonial practices. Homo sapiens, emerging around 300,000 years ago, had larger brains and more sophisticated culture and technology, including advanced stone tools, musical instruments, shelters, and burial rituals, representing more complex cognition and symbolism.
The document summarizes research on human evolution from early hominids like Australopithecus to modern Homo sapiens. It discusses topics like the incomplete fossil record, disagreements around hominid species numbers and timelines, and key species like Australopithecus afarensis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. Comparisons are made between skeletal structures, brain sizes, and pelvises of different hominids to illustrate anatomical changes over time.
- The document discusses human evolution from early primates to modern humans. It describes key developments like bipedalism, increasing brain size, use of tools and fire, and cultural evolution.
- Early primates like tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises evolved around 58 million years ago. Monkeys emerged around 35 million years ago and the first hominids around 6 million years ago.
- Adaptations for tree-dwelling included grasping hands and feet, stereoscopic vision, and long limbs. Bipedalism evolved in early hominids like Australopithecus as an adaptation for life on the ground.
Homo erectus fue una especie humana robusta que vivió entre 1.8 millones y 300 mil años atrás en Asia y África. Tenía un tamaño corporal grande, con un cerebro entre 800-1200 cc, y utilizaba herramientas de piedra pulida para cazar en grupo. Aprendió a utilizar el fuego para calentarse y cocinar, aunque no podía producirlo. Emigró fuera de África, estableciéndose en Europa y Asia donde se adaptó a climas más fríos.
El Homo ergaster sustituyó al Homo habilis y fue la especie más humana del género Homo que apareció, con un desarrollo más lento que implicaba un entorno social más protector. Tenía una capacidad craneal entre 800 y 950 cc, siendo bípedo y con un peso cerebral promedio de 805 gr. Inventó una nueva técnica de talla de piedra conocida como Achelense y fue más cazador que carroñero.
CHAPTER 9The Earliest Dispersal of the Genus Homo Homo .docxmccormicknadine86
CHAPTER 9
The Earliest Dispersal of the Genus Homo:
Homo erectus and Contemporaries
First Dispersal of the Hominins
• Close to 2 million years ago, hominins expanded out of Africa into other areas
of the Old World.
• Early hominin fossils have never been discovered out of Africa, leading
researchers to believe that the early hominins were isolated there for 5 million
years.
• After 2 mya, there’s less diversity in these hominins than in their pre-
australopith and australopith predecessors.
• There is some variation among the different geographical groups of these
hominins, and anthropologists still debate how to classify them.
• There is universal agreement that the hominins found outside of Africa are
members of genus Homo.
Homo erectus
• The first hominin to expand into new regions of the Old
World.
• Homo erectus is the hominin species for which there is the
most evidence.
• As a species, H. erectus existed over 1 million years.
• More evolved behavioral/cultural practices and larger more
derived bodies aided their success
• East African finds have been dated to 1.7 m.y.a.
Lumping vs Splitting
• Depending on preference researchers tend to want to
group individual fossil finds together into species
(lumping) or split a genus into as many identifiable
species as possible (spliting)
• Some researchers split Homo erectus into two species
• African fossils into Homo ergaster.
• Asian fossils into Homo erectus
• Analyses show that H. erectus/ergaster are a closely
related species and possibly geographical varieties of a
single species
Morphology of Homo erectus
• There was much varition in the individual groups that are
included in H. erectus, but they share a set of features:
Body Size
• Adult weight >100 lbs, average adult height of ca. 5 feet 6
inches
• Sexually dimorphic, weight and height varied according to
sex
• Increased robusticity (heavily built body) that dominated
hominin evolution until anatomically modern H. sapiens
Brain Size
• Cranial capacities 700 cm3 to 1250 cm3
• Brain size closely linked with overall body size
• H. erectus is larger-bodied than early Homo sample
but relative brain size is about the same
• Relative brain size of H. erectus is considerably
less encephalized than later members of genus
Homo
Cranial Shape
• Thick cranial bone, large brow ridges (supraorbital tori), and projecting
nuchal torus
• A projection of bone in the back of the cranium where neck muscles attach;
used to hold up the head.
• Braincase long and low, with little forehead development
• Cranium wider at base, compared with earlier and later species
• Sagittal keel, a small ridge from front to back along the sagittal suture
African Origin of H. erectus
• African origin supported by evidence of:
1. Earlier hominins prior to the appearance of H. erectus occurring in
Africa.
2. 1.7 mya fossils at East Turkana, in Kenya, where australopiths have
also ...
1) The document discusses the evolution of jaws, maxilla, mandible, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in humans and other primates based on fossil evidence and comparisons to other species. Key evolutionary changes included a decrease in jaw size and the emergence of a protruding chin in humans.
2) The evolution of these structures was influenced by dietary changes from soft, frugivorous diets to harder foods requiring more chewing. This placed new selective pressures on the masticatory system.
3) The TMJ is unique to mammals and allows both rotational and translational movements, showing variation between species related to differences in feeding mechanisms.
There were seven major stages of human evolution beginning with Ardipithecus ramidus 4.4 million years ago. They were the most ape-like and lived in woodlands. Later stages included Australopithecus afarensis which lived 3.2 million years ago and exhibited bipedalism. Homo habilis existed around 2.3 million years ago and were the first to make stone tools. Homo erectus lived around 1.8 million years ago and were more populous, developing improved tools. Later groups such as Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthals, and Homo sapiens had increasingly larger brain sizes, used fire, and exhibited more advanced
A Presentation on Journey from monkey to man.pptxHylton Upshon
Humans did not evolve from modern apes or monkeys. While humans are more closely related to great apes, sharing anatomical similarities, humans distinguished themselves with highly developed brains and abilities like articulate speech and abstract reasoning. The document then outlines different hominid species that evolved over time, from Ardipithecus ramidus approximately 5-4 million years ago, through various Australopithecus and Homo species, with Homo sapiens emerging around 300,000 years ago in Africa. It traces human evolution from early hominids that lived on the ground and used tools, to modern humans.
1. The document summarizes human evolution from early hominins to modern humans. It describes several key hominin species that evolved between 6-2 million years ago including Australopithecus afarensis and species of Homo such as Habilis, Erectus, and Floresiensis.
2. Major adaptations that set humans apart from other apes included bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and use of language. The earliest evidence of tool use dates back 2.5 million years.
3. Homo sapiens emerged in Africa around 200,000 years ago and spread throughout the world, with some interbreeding with Neanderthals. Significant evolutionary
1. The document summarizes human evolution from early hominins to modern humans. It describes several key hominin species that evolved between 6-2 million years ago including Australopithecus afarensis and early species of Homo.
2. Homo habilis and Homo erectus are identified as early species of the genus Homo that began walking fully upright and using simple stone tools between 2-1 million years ago.
3. Later species discussed include Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo floresiensis. Modern humans, Homo sapiens, are identified as emerging in Africa around 200,000 years ago.
1. The document summarizes human evolution from early hominins to modern humans. It describes several key hominin species that evolved between 6-2 million years ago including Australopithecus afarensis and early species of Homo.
2. Homo habilis and Homo erectus are discussed as being the first hominins to use tools. Species like Homo heidelbergensis show evidence of burials and tool making.
3. Neanderthals, Homo floresiensis, and modern humans Homo sapiens are the most recent hominin species discussed, with H. sapiens originating in Africa around 200,000 years ago before migrating worldwide
UCSP_Lesson 7_Analyze the Significance of Cultural, Social, Political and Eco...ranniejhon
1) The document discusses human evolution from early hominins to modern humans, covering key time periods and species including Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and Homo floresiensis.
2) It analyzes the role of culture and tools in human adaptation, noting how increased hunting led to changes in anatomy for Homo erectus compared to earlier species.
3) The emergence of different stone tool technologies over time, from Oldowan tools to Acheulean hand axes to Middle and Upper Paleolithic tools, illustrates the evolution of tool-making skills and cognitive abilities in hominins.
1. The document summarizes key aspects of human evolution, including the earliest hominins that originated in Africa 6-7 million years ago and the appearance of modern humans around 200,000 years ago.
2. Key hominin species discussed are Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo floresiensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens. Major adaptations include bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and use of fire.
3. The timeline shows human ancestors like Homo erectus migrating from Africa around 1.8 million years ago, with Homo sapiens emerging in Africa around 195,
Primates evolved from small, nocturnal mammals over 60 million years ago. They are divided into prosimians like lemurs and anthropoids like monkeys, apes, and humans. Anthropoids further diverged into New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, great apes, and hominids. Around 5-8 million years ago, a hominid ancestor of chimpanzees and humans diverged and bipedalism evolved in hominids as they adapted to foraging on land rather than in trees. Early hominids like Australopithecus gradually evolved into genus Homo, with Homo habilis being the first to use tools. Homo erectus was more human
The document discusses the discovery and evolution of Homo floresiensis, also known as 'hobbits'. They were discovered on the Indonesian island of Flores and dated to between 94,000-13,000 years ago. While only twelve remains have been found so far, ongoing studies aim to uncover more about this species. The document explores their geographical origin, age, anatomy, and whether they were an isolated population descended from Homo erectus.
Evolution, Primatology, Human Ancestry, Physical variationanimation0118
Anthropology
REFERENCES:
Ember, C. (2007). Anthropology. Singapore: Pearson Educational South Asia.
Ember, C., Ember, M., & Peregrine, P. (2009). Human evolution and culture: Highlights of anthropology. (6th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Ervin, A. (2005). Applied anthropology: Tools and perspectives for contemporary practice. Boston: Pearson.
Kottak, C. (2011). Anthropology: Appreciating cultural diversity. New York: Mc Graw-Hill.
Kottak, C. (2008). Anthropology: The explanation of human diversity. Boston: Mc Graw-Hill.
Launda, R. (2010). Core concepts in cultural anthropology. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Nanda, S. (2007). Cultural anthropology. Belmont, California: Walsworth/Thomson Learning.
Evolution is a process that results in changes that are passed on or inherited from generation, which help organisms survive, reproduce, and raise offspring. These changes become common throughout a population, leading to new species.
Biological evolution explains how all living things evolved from a single common ancestor, but any two species may be separated by millions or billions of years.
This species was bipedal, fully erect, and capable of grasping tools and weapons with its forearms. These fossil specimens have a larger brain size of 600 cubic centimeters (37 cubic inches), as well as a jaw and tooth size more akin to modern humans.
-Fossil skulls contain tangible evidence of unequal brain development, which is mirrored in the way stone tools were formed.
-The earliest of our ancestors to show a significant increase in brain size and also the first to be found associated with stone tools
1. Several hominin species evolved in Africa over millions of years, including Australopithecus afarensis, Homo habilis, and Homo erectus.
2. Homo erectus was the first hominin to migrate out of Africa, spreading across Asia and Europe between 1.8 million to 100,000 years ago.
3. Neanderthals evolved in Europe and western Asia between 250,000-30,000 years ago before going extinct, while modern humans emerged in Africa around 200,000 years ago.
1. Several hominin species evolved in Africa over millions of years, including Australopithecus afarensis, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo heidelbergensis.
2. Homo sapiens emerged around 200,000 years ago in Africa before migrating to Asia and Europe, where they encountered species like Homo floresiensis and Homo neanderthalensis.
3. Key adaptations that emerged over time included bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and modern human behaviors and capabilities.
This document discusses the evolution and classification of primates including hominids and prosimians. It covers:
1. Key discoveries that have pushed back the origins of hominids to 7 million years ago based on skull fossils found in Chad.
2. The major trends in primate evolution including increases in brain size, changes in locomotion and skeleton, and the development of stereoscopic vision and grasping hands.
3. The classification of primates with the order Primates divided into the suborders Prosimii (lower primates like lemurs) and Anthropoidea (higher primates like monkeys, apes and humans).
1) Homo erectus were the first hominids to disperse out of Africa around 1.8 million years ago, migrating to various parts of Asia and Europe.
2) Neanderthals, who lived in Europe and western Asia from 130,000-30,000 years ago, were premodern humans that shared traits with modern humans but also had distinguishing morphological features.
3) Anatomically modern humans are believed to have first evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago before migrating and replacing or interbreeding with local populations, though some argue regional continuity of evolution also occurred.
Anthropological concepts of clinical orthodonticsSaibel Farishta
The document discusses anthropological concepts relevant to orthodontics. It begins with an introduction to anthropology and its subfields like physical, cultural, linguistic and archaeological anthropology. It then covers evolution and theories of evolution like Lamarckism, orthogenesis and natural selection. Key topics in human evolution are discussed - evolution of the face, jaws, teeth and their attachments. Hominid evolution is outlined from early apes to Homo sapiens. Concepts in dental anthropology like indices and tooth traits are also summarized.
The document summarizes key developments in hominid evolution from the earliest hominids to Neanderthals. It notes that bipedal locomotion first emerged around 2 million years ago in early hominids like Australopithecus. This was followed by other changes like brain expansion and changes to the face, teeth and jaws. Early hominid species included Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, and the more robust Australopithecus robustus. Around 2 million years ago, the first species of the genus Homo evolved, including Homo habilis and Homo erectus, which had larger brains and used stone tools. Homo erect
Human evolution began in Africa approximately 6-7 million years ago with early hominins that walked upright but had small brains, possibly resembling chimpanzees. Key developments included increased brain size, bipedalism, and tool usage. Australopiths from 2-4 million years ago exhibited the first full bipedalism. Species like Australopithecus africanus had more human-like hands and teeth but brains only a third of modern humans. The earliest evidence of the human lineage Homo dates to around 2.5 million years ago in Africa.
The document discusses the religious beliefs and practices in Scandinavia from 600-900 AD. It describes the principal deities belonging to the Æsir and Vanir groups, which were sometimes in conflict but later reconciled. The Æsir such as Odin and Thor were more popular in western Scandinavia, while the Vanir like Njord and Freyr were predominant in the east. Lesser spiritual entities also played roles in rituals and beliefs. The text examines the distribution of cults across regions and outlines some of the major deities and myths from Old Norse sources.
The document discusses the social structure and political institutions of Scandinavian communities during the Viking Age from 700-900 AD. It analyzes the social hierarchy and divisions based on sex, age, and status using archaeological evidence, textual sources, mythical tales, and literary accounts. Women generally had high social status and equal rights to men. The sources describe distinct social classes of slaves, freemen, and rulers. Archaeological evidence like the rich Oseberg ship burial shows some women held elite aristocratic roles. Overall, the document aims to understand Viking society by examining evidence from multiple genres of sources.
The document discusses the origins of Viking culture in Scandinavia during the Bronze Age and Iron Age. It describes how aspects of culture developed over this period, including ship building, domestic architecture like longhouses, religious practices, and economic activities like agriculture, fishing, and trade. Society was stratified with evidence of wealthier individuals. Overall, the foundations for the expansion of the Viking Age were established through cultural developments spanning many centuries prior.
This document provides an overview of a course on the Vikings between AD 700-1100. It discusses the sources used to study the Vikings, including historical accounts, sagas, runic inscriptions and place names. It also outlines advances in archaeological techniques that have improved understanding of Viking sites, settlements, trade and environment. Interpretive paradigms have shifted from seeing Vikings as pirates to appreciating their social structure and role in state formation, trade and assimilation into other cultures.
Dna sequence of the mitochondrial hypervariable region ii (krings et al.)Kristian Pedersen
1) The authors determined the DNA sequence of the second hypervariable region (HVRII) of mitochondrial DNA from the Neandertal type specimen.
2) When combined with the previously published HVR1 sequence, phylogenetic analysis found the Neandertal mtDNA to fall outside the variation of contemporary human mtDNA sequences.
3) The estimated date of divergence between Neandertal and modern human mtDNA sequences was 465,000 years before present, with a confidence interval of 317,000 to 741,000 years. This supports the Neandertals having a separate evolutionary history from modern humans.
Detecting ancient admixture in humans using sequence polymorphism data (wall)Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study that examines how much genetic data would be needed to determine if archaic human populations like Neanderthals interbred with and contributed to the modern human gene pool. The study introduces a model of ancient population structure involving mixing between groups. It then determines how many unlinked nuclear loci from sequencing data would be required to distinguish between scenarios of single origin vs. multiregional origin of modern humans. The study finds that 50-100 loci would be needed if plausible parameter estimates are used, and that the amount of available data is not yet sufficient to support one model over the other. However, with more sequencing in coming years, the required data should become available to help resolve the debate.
Close correspondence between quantitative and molecular-genetic divergence t...Kristian Pedersen
This document presents a new method for estimating divergence times between populations based on quantitative traits like cranial measurements. The authors develop a phenotypic divergence time (PTD) estimator modeled after genetic divergence time estimators. They apply their PTD estimator to cranial measurements from over 2,500 modern humans and 20 Neandertals. Their analysis estimates the Neandertal-modern human divergence at either 311,000 years ago or 435,000 years ago, depending on assumptions. These dates are similar to estimates from ancient DNA, implying cranial and genetic divergence largely track population history through neutral evolution.
This document reanalyzes ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences recovered from Neandertal bones. Previous studies placed Neandertals at the base of the modern human phylogenetic tree, suggesting they did not contribute to the modern human gene pool. However, these analyses did not account for high substitution rate variation among sites in the human mitochondrial D-loop region or estimate nucleotide substitution model parameters. The authors reanalyze the Neandertal sequences using maximum likelihood methods that account for these factors to provide a more accurate phylogenetic reconstruction.
Anterior tooth growth periods in neandertals were comparable to those of mode...Kristian Pedersen
This document analyzes the duration of enamel formation in anterior teeth of Neanderthals compared to three modern human groups. It finds that while Neanderthal formation times were likely faster than Inuit, they were not faster than those of an English sample and were clearly slower than a southern African sample. This suggests Neanderthal tooth growth, and by extension somatic growth, falls within the range of modern human variation.
Ancient dna. would the real neandertal please stand up (cooper et al.)Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study that analyzed mitochondrial DNA sequences recovered from Neandertal specimens and early modern human fossils. The study found:
1) Neandertal mtDNA sequences were not present in early modern humans or contemporary humans, suggesting a limited genetic contribution from Neandertals to modern humans.
2) However, the results depend on assumptions like the fossils actually containing ancient DNA, and more data is needed to definitively resolve the genetic relationship between Neandertals and modern humans.
3) Future studies using more specimens and nuclear DNA may provide more powerful tests of the extent of genetic exchange between Neandertals and early modern humans.
A re appraisal of ceprano calvaria affinities (ascenzi et al.)Kristian Pedersen
The document discusses new modifications made to the reconstruction of the Ceprano calvaria based on additional examination. It provides a reassessment of the morphology and measurements of the calvaria and evaluates its affinities to Homo erectus. New geological data from the Priverno Basin suggests an age of 800-900 thousand years for the calvaria. While showing some similarities, the calvaria exhibits significant morphological variation compared to typical H. erectus specimens.
A modern human pattern of dental development in lower pleistocene hominids fr...Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study of dental development patterns in hominid fossils from the Gran Dolina site in Spain. The fossils are dated to around 0.8 million years ago. Three individuals provided information about their dental development:
1) Hominid 1 showed signs of stress during childhood in dental enamel and dentine.
2) Hominid 2 and 3 died during early childhood before their third molars erupted.
3) Analysis of tooth mineralization stages in the fossils showed more similarity to patterns in modern humans than chimpanzees. This supports the view that by 0.8 million years ago, Homo species had a prolonged developmental pattern like humans.
A cranium for the earliest europeans: phylogenetic position of the hominid fr...Kristian Pedersen
The document summarizes a study analyzing the cranium of a hominid fossil discovered near Ceprano, Italy in 1994. Researchers estimated its age to be between 800-900 thousand years old based on dating of surrounding rock layers. The cranium was reconstructed and compared morphologically to other early European and Asian hominin fossils. Results found it displayed a unique blend of traits linking early Homo erectus to later specimens referred to Homo heidelbergensis. The researchers concluded the Ceprano cranium represents an important transitional form between early hominin groups, filling a gap in the human fossil record in Europe between 1-0.5 million years ago.
A calvarium of late homo erectus from ceprano, italy (ascenzi et al.)Kristian Pedersen
The document summarizes the discovery and context of a late Homo erectus calvarium found in Ceprano, Italy. Key points:
- The calvarium was discovered in 1994 during highway construction in a clay layer dated to around 700,000 years ago.
- The shape and size of the calvarium (capacity of 1185 ml) show it possesses some, but not all, features of Homo erectus.
- A geological survey found the remains in a colluvial-alluvial paleosol originating from an ancient slope, indicating the site was a marshy pool within the Ceprano basin.
The feeding biomechanics and dietary ecology of australopithecus africanus (s...Kristian Pedersen
1) The feeding biomechanics and craniofacial morphology of Australopithecus africanus were analyzed using finite element analysis informed by comparative data.
2) The results suggest that the facial skeleton of A. africanus was well-adapted to withstand loads applied during premolar biting, including stresses along the nasal margins and zygomatic root.
3) However, neither the mastication of small hard objects nor large volumes of food alone can fully explain the evolution of the robust facial features in A. africanus. Rather, key aspects are more likely related to ingesting and processing large mechanically protected foods like nuts and seeds.
The carbon isotope ecology and diet of australopithecus africanus at sterkfon...Kristian Pedersen
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the carbon isotope ratios in tooth enamel from 10 specimens of Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein in South Africa, dating to between 2.5-2.0 million years ago. The results show that A. africanus had a varied diet incorporating both C3 forest foods and C4 savanna foods to a greater degree than other early hominins. This suggests A. africanus was a highly adaptable and opportunistic feeder. The isotope data also indicates the individuals exhibited more dietary variation than other early hominin species, arguing against suggestions that multiple species are represented in the A. africanus taxon.
Ontogeny of australopithecines and early homo: evidence from carnial capacity...Kristian Pedersen
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Cosmogenic Nuclide Dating Of Sahelanthropus Tchadensis And Australopiethcus B...Kristian Pedersen
This study used cosmogenic nuclide dating to determine the ages of sedimentary units containing hominid remains at two localities in Chad - KT 12 locality in Koro Toro and TM 266 locality in Toros-Menalla. At KT 12, which contained Australopithecus bahrelghazali, authigenic 10Be/9Be dating of the sedimentary level yielded an age of 3.58 ± 0.27 Ma, consistent with an early Pliocene age estimation. At TM 266, where Sahelanthropus tchadensis was found, 28 10Be/9Be ages from the anthracotheriid unit containing the hominid remains bracketed its age between 6.8
The document discusses the emergence and characteristics of Neanderthals. Some key points:
- Neanderthals first emerged in Europe and the Middle East between 150,000-200,000 years ago as a distinct species from Homo heidelbergensis.
- They were restricted to Europe and Western Asia, with no evidence found in Africa or East Asia.
- Anatomically, Neanderthals had stockier builds than modern humans and more robust skeletons, especially in the cranium.
- Genetic evidence shows Neanderthals diverged from the modern human line well before 300,000 years ago, with a substantial genetic distance between the two groups.
-
This document provides an introduction to the study of human evolution, including historical perspectives and current issues. It discusses how evolutionary theory conflictsed with religious traditions that view humans as separate from nature. It also outlines problems with the fossil record and reconciling evidence from different disciplines. Previously, religious traditions viewed humans as superior to other species in a "great chain of being." The biblical chronology of the earth's age was challenged by emerging geology in the 18th century, providing sufficient time for evolution to occur.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
1. Homo ergaster in Africa
The First Colonists: Expansion of Hominim Range
2. Distribution and Nomenclature
● The designation of Homo ergaster is
relatively recent, and is intended to
distinguish the early forms of Homo
erectus from the later forms
● This has met with some resistance from
specialists, for those that are opposed to
this distinction see no justification for
positing a different species
● Irrespective of the controversies
amongst the palaeoanthropologists,
there is evidence of a change in the
anatomy and behaviour in the species
that is considered by some as Homo
ergaster
● Our earliest finds derive from East
Africa, sometimes at the sites where
Homo habilis was found in older layers
● It is clear that Homo ergaster/Homo
erectus was an extremely successful
species and was the first to colonise
regions outside of Africa
3. Affixing the Age of Homo ergaster
● Nevertheless, in this lecture we shall
consider the evidence only from East
Africa, where this species presumably
diversified from Homo habilis and explore
the later diffusion inside Africa and into
Asia in the following lecture
● The paucity of sites affording remains of
Homo ergaster renders it difficult to
determine the age range of this species
● It is, however, commonly thought to have
flourished between 2.0 million and 1.6
million years ago
● Some have suggested that it is
significantly younger, emerging only at
1.7 million years
● The dates from the site of Dmanisi in
Georgia have affixed the occupation by
Homo ergaster here to 1.88 million years,
so presumably it must be older in Africa
4. Physical Characteristics
● No agreement exists on which features
distinguish Homo ergaster from Homo
erectus
● This renders the determination of this
species rather arbitrary; hence the
controversy regarding its status
● An enlargement of cranial capacity and a
slightly smaller set of teeth does, however,
distinguish Homo ergaster and early forms
of Homo erectus from Homo habilis
● It is widely accepted that this form of
hominim evolved out of Homo habilis,
although there are some that select Homo
rudolfensis as a probable direct ancestor
● We are able to study the inter-relationship of
cultural behaviour and evolution with this
species (and Homo erectus) better than with
any other preceding hominim form because
of the larger data-set but also the expansion
of the range of settlement which implies
certain social and technological features of
culture
5. Cranial Capacity
● Homo ergaster shows an increase in
cranial capacity (700-900 cm3) from that
of Homo habilis
● The skull bones are thinner and lack an
obvious depression, or sulcus, on the
surface, which may be the most-
distinguishing characteristic between
Homo ergaster and Homo erectus skulls
● Also, the face of Homo ergaster is less
robust (more gracile) than is that of Homo
erectus
● Homo ergaster skulls also display
increased cranial breadth across the
parietal bones, as well as an increase in
the length of the occipital bone
● A broadening in the nasal bones and
nasal openings also can be seen
● Homo ergaster skulls also show a shorter
cranial base and greater development of
the mandibular symphysis
6.
7. Dentition and Diet
● The dentition of Homo ergaster is
similar to that of Homo sapiens, but
the teeth of the former were slightly
larger to that of the latter
● However, Homo ergaster shows
some dental reduction when
compared to earlier Homo species
● The interesting feature of Homo
ergaster teeth is located on the
backside of the incisors
● These teeth are ‘scooped’ in
appearance and referred to as
‘shovel-shaped'
● Some scholars have suggested that
such teeth constitute an adaptation
for hunter-gatherers to process food,
and this is indeed a distinguishing
characteristic of the Native
American populations
8. Locomotion and Stature
● It is indisputable that Homo ergaster
was fully bipedal—the pelvis, joints
and vertebral column demonstrate this
● This species was slightly taller than
Homo habilis, but the small fossil
sample renders it difficult to make any
statements regarding diversity in size
● Altogether, the species is more gracile
and was probably faster than Homo
habilis
● The long arms of Homo habilis have
vanished, and there is more
proportion in the body, possibly a
result of evolutionary adaptations
associated with full bipedalism and
also a greater endurance for long-
range movement
● Rather than having the ability to run
quickly, Homo ergaster seems better
suited for walking long distances
9. Social Structure and Behaviour
● We can be certain that Homo ergaster was
capable of producing fire, for this was a
necessity in their expansion within and
beyond Africa
● This undoubtedly began to accelerate the
transformation of dentition, the digestive
tract, and the range of foods that could be
consumed
● Moreover, it may have also permitted a
more developed social structure focusing
on the hearth and the communal sharing
and preparation of food
● Expansion of range also suggests slightly
larger population numbers, perhaps even
an adaptive advantage over Homo habilis
in that this species never appeared to have
colonised new territories
● A question of climatic change, too, is also
relevant to the triggers for Homo ergaster
expansion, but it is probable that social
structure, technological innovation, and
dietary flexibility were essential for the
expansion to have been successful
10. Lithic Industry
● After roughly 1.6 million years, a new lithic
industry emerges in Africa known as the
Acheulean
● This refers to a tool-kit based on the
production of bifacially manufactured
handaxes
● Although a relatively simple type of tool to
produce, it was highly practical and was
distributed throughout the Old World and
persisted until at least the end of the
Middle Palaeolithic (ca. 35,000 BP)
● Its production implies a good grasp of
causality, but also a sense of symmetry
that can possibly be explained with
reference to the development of
mechanisms coordinating the function of
the two sides of the brain, namely, a
change in the frontal cortex
● This industry completely supplants the
chopper industry in Africa, but the chopper
industry continues to flourish elsewhere—
in East Asia, handaxes do not occur at all
11.
12. The Expansion of the Genus Homo
Movement in Africa and Onward to Asia
13. Dispersal of Homo
● The diffusion of the genus Homo appears to have begun rapidly after its
emergence
● We have encountered evidence of Homo ergaster occupation at Dmanisi, in
Georgia, already at between 1.88 million and 1.6 million years the former is the
more likely date)
● Some suggestions of even earlier occupation in the Middle East, most particularly
in Israel, have been adduced that would place this at roughly 2.0 million years
● Other studies at Riwat in Pakistan, and in China, have also provided early dates
that situate the presence of Homo between 2.4 and 1.6 million years
● The earliest dates here, however, are profoundly controversial but it is difficult to
dismiss them entirely on a priori grounds
● Although there is a relative increase in sites at 1.6 million years, this should not
lead us to accept these dates as more reliable than the older sites in Eurasia and
outside of East Africa
● It is clear that the Dmanisi and Trinil site (in Java) are likely older by at least
100,000 to 200,000 years
● Moreover, they are all based on choppers rather than the Achelean tradition which
is consistent with early dates for dispersal
14.
15. Dispersal in Africa
● We must also bear in mind that the
diffusion of Homo occurred within
Africa, as well as beyond Africa
● This must have occurred before the
occupation at Dmanisi and elsewhere,
at least for the north-east portions of
the continent
● Almost nothing is, however, known
about the expansion of Homo into
Egypt and the dating of the putatively
early sites in north-west Africa are
wrapped in controversy
● Only an handful of sites older than a
million years are known in the north of
Africa
● Some debate also concerns the type
of hominim that produced the African
tools—the absence of fossil remains
leaves this an unresolvable problem
16. Mechanisms of Expansion
● A perplexing problem concerns the
mechanism of population expansion out of
East Africa
● Numerous possibilities have been adduced:
1. Population rise
2. Reduction of available resources
3. Expansion of social territory
4. Wanderlust
● All of these are difficult, if not impossible, to
prove or falsify through the archaeological
record
● It is difficult to imagine a rise in population
sufficient to compel population to move, but
perhaps the answer lies in the perceived
need for space
● The mechanism may have been access to
better habitats, leading to expansion
17. Technology and Fire
● A possible explanation for the gradual diffusion
of Homo is an advance in technological facility
or an improvement of the environmental
conditions which might have favoured
colonisation
● Perhaps the most significant innovation that
could have facilitated the expansion of
population is the discovery of fire
● This would have permitted settlement in
regions that would have been difficult and
otherwise dangerous for Homo and was most
certainly involved in the expansion to more
temperate regions such as Georgia, Pakistan,
China and also North Africa
● Less obvious are the advantages that might
have been provided by the emergent
Acheulean industry and other aspects of
material culture
● It must, however, be considered that fire might
have made spear tips harder and also
permitted the consumption of foods that might
otherwise have posed a digestive problem
18. Middle Eastern Possibilities
● The passage to Dmanisi must have
been over the Middle East, but we do
not have any reliable dates from sites in
this region that place the expansion of
Homo to roughly 2.0 – 1.6 million years
● Many sites affording chopper tools and
Acheulean hand-axes have been
nominated as potentially being from this
time frame, but only Ubeidiya in the
Jordan Valley of Israel has provided
wholly reliable dates of being between
1.6 million and 1.4 million years
● Although obviously an important site, it
is later than those known from Dmanisi
and also Trinil in Java
● We cannot, therefore, adduce any
evidence from the Middle East or, for
that matter, North East Africa
contemporary with the expansion of
Homo
19. Dmanisi, Georgia
● Perhaps the most spectacular discovery
from the Lower Palaeolithic has been
the recovery of human remains and
tools at the site of Dmanisi
● The dating of this site reliably places it
between 1.88 and 1.6 million years,
most authorities favouring the former as
being likeliest
● This provided unequivocal evidence of
early Homo migration into Eurasia,
although there were numerous
suggestions that this indeed occurred
from the Chinese and Java specimens,
although there has been persistent
concern over the reliability of the dates
of these
● The hominim remains here have been
assigned to Homo ergaster, but in the
tradition of many of the taxonomic
debates, some have called it Homo
georgicus
20. The Hominim Remains
● The hominim remains from Dmanisi have
been regarded as belonging to Homo
ergaster or Homo erectus, but the difficulties
of distinguishing amongst the early Homo
species is illustrated by some declaring these
remains to represent Homo habilis
● It is clear that these are early Homo remains,
which is why the designation of Homo
ergaster was made
● If we regard Homo ergaster as an archaic
form of Homo erectus, this is perfectly
consistent with the dates and the process of
expansion outwith Africa suggested by these
● It is, furthermore, consistent with the evidence
from East Asia which all represent archaic
forms of Homo erectus
● An absence of any specimens from Homo
habilis in Asia, and indeed outside of East
Africa, militates against this species
beginning the colonisation process
21.
22. Lithic Industry
● The lithic industry from Dmanisi is
fascinating, as it consists entirely of a
chopper based tradition cognate to the
Oldowan tradition
● This suggests that the migration out of
Africa occurred before the advent of the
Acheulean tradition, which seems to have
emerged at roughly 1.6 million years
● It is relatively primitive but clearly belongs
to the Developed Oldowan industries
encountered in East Africa
● We cannot postulate that this industry
was pursued because of a lack of raw
material suitable for the production of the
hand-axes as it is no worse than material
available at places such as Olduvai
Gorge
● It is similar to the industries encountered
elsewhere in Asia from this broad period
and might reflect an insularity of the
migrant population
23. Reduction Strategies
● The choppers represent the most basic
reduction strategy—basic, but highly
efficient
● Flakes were struck from the pebbles,
creating sharp edges suitable for
chopping or cutting material
● The flakes themselves were likely utilised
as tools also but the antiquity of these
specimens and there exposure to
weathering in some of the deposits
renders it impossible to apply micro-wear
analysis on them to determine function
● Much ink was been spilt on discussions
concerning what the reduction strategies
imply about cognitive ability
● It is clear that they reflect a sense of
symmetry, which is sometimes associated
with the development of distinct activities
in the different brain hemispheres
24. Symmetry and Cognition
● In addition to the symmetry, which involves an
immense amount of motor co-ordination not
seen in the implements produced by
chimpanzees, there was an appreciation of
causality manifested in the striking of different
types of flake at different points in the reduction
process
● Both fast and slow percussion were used,
along with different force, to detach different
types of flake to give the cores their distinctive
symmetric shape
● This is not an innovation of Homo
erectus/Homo ergaster, as a similar capacity is
demonstrated in the industries of Homo habilis
● It nevertheless signals an advance in cognitive
capacity that is clearly distinct from that seen in
the earlier phases
● How much of this is cultural knowledge, and
how much actually a change in brain
structure ?
25. Ain Hanech, Algeria
● A site that is roughly contemporary
with Dmanisi, but in northern Africa, is
Ain Hanech
● The dating of this site is disputed, but
some have situated it at roughly 1.9 to
1.7 million years
● It affords tools produced in the
chopper tradition, which is again
consistent with the migration of a
population out of East Africa before
the emergence of the Acheulean
tradition
● The colonisation of North Africa would
have involved the crossing of many
different types of ecological zones,
namely, jungle, desert and—most
significantly—mountains
● Remains of equus have been
recovered in association with the finds
here