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There were seven major stages of human evolution beginning with Ardipithecus ramidus 4.4 million years ago. They were the most ape-like and lived in woodlands. Later stages included Australopithecus afarensis which lived 3.2 million years ago and exhibited bipedalism. Homo habilis existed around 2.3 million years ago and were the first to make stone tools. Homo erectus lived around 1.8 million years ago and were more populous, developing improved tools. Later groups such as Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthals, and Homo sapiens had increasingly larger brain sizes, used fire, and exhibited more advanced
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Unit 6 human evolution a
1. The document summarizes human evolution from early hominins to modern humans. It describes several key hominin species that evolved between 6-2 million years ago including Australopithecus afarensis and early species of Homo.
2. Homo habilis and Homo erectus are discussed as being the first hominins to use tools. Species like Homo heidelbergensis show evidence of burials and tool making.
3. Neanderthals, Homo floresiensis, and modern humans Homo sapiens are the most recent hominin species discussed, with H. sapiens originating in Africa around 200,000 years ago before migrating worldwide
Unit 6 human evolution a
1. The document summarizes human evolution from early hominins to modern humans. It describes several key hominin species that evolved between 6-2 million years ago including Australopithecus afarensis and early species of Homo.
2. Homo habilis and Homo erectus are identified as early species of the genus Homo that began walking fully upright and using simple stone tools between 2-1 million years ago.
3. Later species discussed include Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo floresiensis. Modern humans, Homo sapiens, are identified as emerging in Africa around 200,000 years ago.
human evolution biology
1. The document summarizes human evolution from early hominins to modern humans. It describes several key hominin species that evolved between 6-2 million years ago including Australopithecus afarensis and species of Homo such as Habilis, Erectus, and Floresiensis.
2. Major adaptations that set humans apart from other apes included bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and use of language. The earliest evidence of tool use dates back 2.5 million years.
3. Homo sapiens emerged in Africa around 200,000 years ago and spread throughout the world, with some interbreeding with Neanderthals. Significant evolutionary
human evolution
1. The document summarizes key aspects of human evolution, including the earliest hominins that originated in Africa 6-7 million years ago and the appearance of modern humans around 200,000 years ago.
2. Key hominin species discussed are Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo floresiensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens. Major adaptations include bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and use of fire.
3. The timeline shows human ancestors like Homo erectus migrating from Africa around 1.8 million years ago, with Homo sapiens emerging in Africa around 195,
Unit 6_Human Evolution_Complete.pptx
1. Several hominin species evolved in Africa over millions of years, including Australopithecus afarensis, Homo habilis, and Homo erectus.
2. Homo erectus was the first hominin to migrate out of Africa, spreading across Asia and Europe between 1.8 million to 100,000 years ago.
3. Neanderthals evolved in Europe and western Asia between 250,000-30,000 years ago before going extinct, while modern humans emerged in Africa around 200,000 years ago.
Human Evolution
1. Several hominin species evolved in Africa over millions of years, including Australopithecus afarensis, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo heidelbergensis.
2. Homo sapiens emerged around 200,000 years ago in Africa before migrating to Asia and Europe, where they encountered species like Homo floresiensis and Homo neanderthalensis.
3. Key adaptations that emerged over time included bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and modern human behaviors and capabilities.
Evolution, Primatology, Human Ancestry, Physical variation
Anthropology
REFERENCES:
Ember, C. (2007). Anthropology. Singapore: Pearson Educational South Asia.
Ember, C., Ember, M., & Peregrine, P. (2009). Human evolution and culture: Highlights of anthropology. (6th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Ervin, A. (2005). Applied anthropology: Tools and perspectives for contemporary practice. Boston: Pearson.
Kottak, C. (2011). Anthropology: Appreciating cultural diversity. New York: Mc Graw-Hill.
Kottak, C. (2008). Anthropology: The explanation of human diversity. Boston: Mc Graw-Hill.
Launda, R. (2010). Core concepts in cultural anthropology. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Nanda, S. (2007). Cultural anthropology. Belmont, California: Walsworth/Thomson Learning.
10 Genus Homo
This document summarizes the emergence and evolution of genus Homo from early hominins to modern humans. It describes key species including Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens. Key points are that Homo habilis was the first to use stone tools, Homo erectus was the first to migrate out of Africa, Neanderthals lived in Europe during the last ice age, and modern humans emerged in Africa around 150,000 years ago before migrating worldwide.
Recommended
Unit 6 human evolution a
1. The document summarizes human evolution from early hominins to modern humans. It describes several key hominin species that evolved between 6-2 million years ago including Australopithecus afarensis and early species of Homo.
2. Homo habilis and Homo erectus are discussed as being the first hominins to use tools. Species like Homo heidelbergensis show evidence of burials and tool making.
3. Neanderthals, Homo floresiensis, and modern humans Homo sapiens are the most recent hominin species discussed, with H. sapiens originating in Africa around 200,000 years ago before migrating worldwide
Unit 6 human evolution a
1. The document summarizes human evolution from early hominins to modern humans. It describes several key hominin species that evolved between 6-2 million years ago including Australopithecus afarensis and early species of Homo.
2. Homo habilis and Homo erectus are identified as early species of the genus Homo that began walking fully upright and using simple stone tools between 2-1 million years ago.
3. Later species discussed include Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo floresiensis. Modern humans, Homo sapiens, are identified as emerging in Africa around 200,000 years ago.
human evolution biology
1. The document summarizes human evolution from early hominins to modern humans. It describes several key hominin species that evolved between 6-2 million years ago including Australopithecus afarensis and species of Homo such as Habilis, Erectus, and Floresiensis.
2. Major adaptations that set humans apart from other apes included bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and use of language. The earliest evidence of tool use dates back 2.5 million years.
3. Homo sapiens emerged in Africa around 200,000 years ago and spread throughout the world, with some interbreeding with Neanderthals. Significant evolutionary
human evolution
1. The document summarizes key aspects of human evolution, including the earliest hominins that originated in Africa 6-7 million years ago and the appearance of modern humans around 200,000 years ago.
2. Key hominin species discussed are Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo floresiensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens. Major adaptations include bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and use of fire.
3. The timeline shows human ancestors like Homo erectus migrating from Africa around 1.8 million years ago, with Homo sapiens emerging in Africa around 195,
Unit 6_Human Evolution_Complete.pptx
1. Several hominin species evolved in Africa over millions of years, including Australopithecus afarensis, Homo habilis, and Homo erectus.
2. Homo erectus was the first hominin to migrate out of Africa, spreading across Asia and Europe between 1.8 million to 100,000 years ago.
3. Neanderthals evolved in Europe and western Asia between 250,000-30,000 years ago before going extinct, while modern humans emerged in Africa around 200,000 years ago.
Human Evolution
1. Several hominin species evolved in Africa over millions of years, including Australopithecus afarensis, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo heidelbergensis.
2. Homo sapiens emerged around 200,000 years ago in Africa before migrating to Asia and Europe, where they encountered species like Homo floresiensis and Homo neanderthalensis.
3. Key adaptations that emerged over time included bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and modern human behaviors and capabilities.
Evolution, Primatology, Human Ancestry, Physical variation
Anthropology
REFERENCES:
Ember, C. (2007). Anthropology. Singapore: Pearson Educational South Asia.
Ember, C., Ember, M., & Peregrine, P. (2009). Human evolution and culture: Highlights of anthropology. (6th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Ervin, A. (2005). Applied anthropology: Tools and perspectives for contemporary practice. Boston: Pearson.
Kottak, C. (2011). Anthropology: Appreciating cultural diversity. New York: Mc Graw-Hill.
Kottak, C. (2008). Anthropology: The explanation of human diversity. Boston: Mc Graw-Hill.
Launda, R. (2010). Core concepts in cultural anthropology. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Nanda, S. (2007). Cultural anthropology. Belmont, California: Walsworth/Thomson Learning.
10 Genus Homo
This document summarizes the emergence and evolution of genus Homo from early hominins to modern humans. It describes key species including Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens. Key points are that Homo habilis was the first to use stone tools, Homo erectus was the first to migrate out of Africa, Neanderthals lived in Europe during the last ice age, and modern humans emerged in Africa around 150,000 years ago before migrating worldwide.
General Biology 2 Reviewer.pdf
This document provides information about blood types and their classification systems, as well as an overview of human evolution from early hominins to modern Homo sapiens. It discusses the ABO and Rh blood type systems, as well as minor systems. Key hominin species discussed include Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens. It also provides a brief overview of the geological time scale and its use in classifying eras from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic.
Primate Evolution.ppt
Primates evolved from small, nocturnal mammals over 60 million years ago. They are divided into prosimians like lemurs and anthropoids like monkeys, apes, and humans. Anthropoids further diverged into New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, great apes, and hominids. Around 5-8 million years ago, a hominid ancestor of chimpanzees and humans diverged and bipedalism evolved in hominids as they adapted to foraging on land rather than in trees. Early hominids like Australopithecus gradually evolved into genus Homo, with Homo habilis being the first to use tools. Homo erectus was more human
Human evolution
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IES Claudio Sánchez Albornoz, León, Spain
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The document summarizes the scientific theory of human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It describes 7 main stages of evolution:
1) Early hominids like Australopithecus that lived 4-2 million years ago
2) Homo habilis that made tools 2 million years ago
3) Homo erectus that invented fire and made advanced tools 1 million years ago
4) Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens that developed culture and art 50,000 years ago
5) The development of modern Homo sapiens sapiens in the last 15,000 years
The document outlines key physical and cultural changes at each stage, such as biped
8 human origins
This document discusses the evolution of early human species from 2 million years ago to present-day Homo sapiens. It describes several early hominid species including Homo habilis, the first to make stone tools; Homo erectus, the first hunters; Homo heidelbergensis, who lived in colder climates; and Homo floresiensis, known as the "hobbit". The document also outlines the characteristics and time periods of Homo sapiens, Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens sapiens. The overall evolution helped identify physiological developments important for early humans' subsistence over successive generations.
rose ann.pptx
Human evolution began over 6 million years ago with Sahelanthropus tchadensis. There were then two main hominid groups, Ardipithecus and Australopithecus, which existed from 4-2 million years ago. Ardipithecus was a bipedal ape while Australopithecus was the first bipedal genus. The genus Homo emerged around 2 million years ago including species like Homo habilis, the first to make stone tools, and Homo erectus, the first hunter and tool user who spread across Africa and Asia.
Human evolution
1. Human evolution began with early hominins like Australopithecus that evolved around 4 million years ago in Africa.
2. Key early humans in the genus Homo include Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo neanderthalensis.
3. Homo sapiens emerged around 200,000 years ago in Africa and is the only surviving human species today.
Hominid 2
Human evolution occurred over millions of years through a series of gradual changes from early hominid species like Sahelanthropus tchadensis around 7 million years ago to modern Homo sapiens. Key stages included Australopithecus afarensis that lived 2.9-3.9 million years ago, Homo erectus that used tools around 1.8 million years ago, and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis that lived 400,000 to 40,000 years ago. Traits like bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and reduced jaws differentiated human species from early primate ancestors over this long period of evolutionary change.
UCSP_Lesson 7_Analyze the Significance of Cultural, Social, Political and Eco...
1) The document discusses human evolution from early hominins to modern humans, covering key time periods and species including Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and Homo floresiensis.
2) It analyzes the role of culture and tools in human adaptation, noting how increased hunting led to changes in anatomy for Homo erectus compared to earlier species.
3) The emergence of different stone tool technologies over time, from Oldowan tools to Acheulean hand axes to Middle and Upper Paleolithic tools, illustrates the evolution of tool-making skills and cognitive abilities in hominins.
Humanorigins 140309074812-phpapp01.ppt
This document summarizes key aspects of human origins, including the evolution of hominids from primates in Africa over 7 million years ago. It describes characteristics of early hominid species like Ardipithecus ramidus and Australopithecus afarensis that began bipedal walking. The first humans of the genus Homo appeared with Homo habilis and had larger brains and tool use. Later Homo species like Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis dispersed from Africa and Neanderthals evolved in Europe before modern humans arose in Africa around 200,000 years ago.
CHAPTER 9The Earliest Dispersal of the Genus Homo Homo .docx
CHAPTER 9
The Earliest Dispersal of the Genus Homo:
Homo erectus and Contemporaries
First Dispersal of the Hominins
• Close to 2 million years ago, hominins expanded out of Africa into other areas
of the Old World.
• Early hominin fossils have never been discovered out of Africa, leading
researchers to believe that the early hominins were isolated there for 5 million
years.
• After 2 mya, there’s less diversity in these hominins than in their pre-
australopith and australopith predecessors.
• There is some variation among the different geographical groups of these
hominins, and anthropologists still debate how to classify them.
• There is universal agreement that the hominins found outside of Africa are
members of genus Homo.
Homo erectus
• The first hominin to expand into new regions of the Old
World.
• Homo erectus is the hominin species for which there is the
most evidence.
• As a species, H. erectus existed over 1 million years.
• More evolved behavioral/cultural practices and larger more
derived bodies aided their success
• East African finds have been dated to 1.7 m.y.a.
Lumping vs Splitting
• Depending on preference researchers tend to want to
group individual fossil finds together into species
(lumping) or split a genus into as many identifiable
species as possible (spliting)
• Some researchers split Homo erectus into two species
• African fossils into Homo ergaster.
• Asian fossils into Homo erectus
• Analyses show that H. erectus/ergaster are a closely
related species and possibly geographical varieties of a
single species
Morphology of Homo erectus
• There was much varition in the individual groups that are
included in H. erectus, but they share a set of features:
Body Size
• Adult weight >100 lbs, average adult height of ca. 5 feet 6
inches
• Sexually dimorphic, weight and height varied according to
sex
• Increased robusticity (heavily built body) that dominated
hominin evolution until anatomically modern H. sapiens
Brain Size
• Cranial capacities 700 cm3 to 1250 cm3
• Brain size closely linked with overall body size
• H. erectus is larger-bodied than early Homo sample
but relative brain size is about the same
• Relative brain size of H. erectus is considerably
less encephalized than later members of genus
Homo
Cranial Shape
• Thick cranial bone, large brow ridges (supraorbital tori), and projecting
nuchal torus
• A projection of bone in the back of the cranium where neck muscles attach;
used to hold up the head.
• Braincase long and low, with little forehead development
• Cranium wider at base, compared with earlier and later species
• Sagittal keel, a small ridge from front to back along the sagittal suture
African Origin of H. erectus
• African origin supported by evidence of:
1. Earlier hominins prior to the appearance of H. erectus occurring in
Africa.
2. 1.7 mya fossils at East Turkana, in Kenya, where australopiths have
also ...
Hominid Evolution
This document summarizes theories of human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It discusses that:
- Bipedalism first emerged in hominids 4-1 million years ago, allowing use of hands and adaptation to grassland environments. Early tools date to 2.5 million years ago.
- Brain size increased over time, reaching 1000cc in Homo erectus and 1350cc in modern humans. This facilitated tool use, language, and other cognitive abilities.
- Two competing theories for modern human origins are presented - the multiregional hypothesis of evolving in multiple regions from Homo erectus, versus the recent "Out of Africa" hypothesis of descending from a single African
human evolution
This document outlines the timeline of human evolution from early primate ancestors 6 million years ago to modern humans. It describes key species in our evolution like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. Australopithecus was the first hominin genus to walk upright around 4 million years ago in Africa. Homo habilis evolved around 2.5 million years ago and were the first to use stone tools. Homo erectus emerged around 1.8 million years ago in Africa and was the first hominin to migrate out of Africa. Modern humans, Homo sapiens, evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago with larger brains and lighter
Human origins natalia rosalía
Hominids originated in Africa at least 7 million years ago. Early hominid species like Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis displayed characteristics like bipedalism and thicker tooth enamel. Climatic changes forced early hominids to occupy more open savannah areas. Later species like Homo habilis, Homo ergaster and Homo erectus had larger brains and used tools and fire. Homo sapiens originated in Africa around 200,000-160,000 years ago. Neanderthals originated in Europe and disappeared around 28,000 years ago, while Homo sapiens emerged in Europe
Human evolution
Human evolution began in Africa approximately 6-7 million years ago with early hominins that walked upright but had small brains, possibly resembling chimpanzees. Key developments included increased brain size, bipedalism, and tool usage. Australopiths from 2-4 million years ago exhibited the first full bipedalism. Species like Australopithecus africanus had more human-like hands and teeth but brains only a third of modern humans. The earliest evidence of the human lineage Homo dates to around 2.5 million years ago in Africa.
HumansEvolutionHP.ppt
This document summarizes key aspects of human evolution from early primates to modern humans. It describes how primates evolved adaptations for life in trees 65 million years ago. Early hominins like Australopithecus became bipedal 4.4 million years ago. Homo habilis began using tools 2.5 million years ago. Homo erectus was the first to migrate out of Africa 1.8 million years ago. Anatomically modern humans emerged in Africa around 100,000 years ago and replaced other hominin species as they spread to other continents.
African Exodus
1) Homo erectus were the first hominids to disperse out of Africa around 1.8 million years ago, migrating to various parts of Asia and Europe.
2) Neanderthals, who lived in Europe and western Asia from 130,000-30,000 years ago, were premodern humans that shared traits with modern humans but also had distinguishing morphological features.
3) Anatomically modern humans are believed to have first evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago before migrating and replacing or interbreeding with local populations, though some argue regional continuity of evolution also occurred.
human-evolution.pptx
- Early human ancestors like Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus existed around 15 million years ago, with Ramapithecus walking upright like humans and Dryopithecus being more ape-like.
- Australopithecus, the first ape-man, lived in East Africa around 2 million years ago and hunted with stone weapons while walking upright.
- Homo erectus, discovered in Java around 1.5 million years ago, were the first to control fire and eat meat with a brain capacity of 900cc.
- Modern humans, Homo sapiens sapiens, are believed to have first originated in Africa around 50,000 years ago.
Human evol
Hominids are members of the human family that split from apes and include all species leading to modern humans. Key hominid traits include bipedalism, an upright posture, and a large brain allowing for tool use, language, and culture. Important stages in human evolution included Australopithecus afarensis 3.2 million years ago, various species 2-3 million years ago, Homo habilis and Homo erectus 1-2 million years ago, Neanderthals 200,000 years ago, and modern humans emerging in Africa around 150,000 years ago. Theories of human evolution debate whether evolution occurred in a single region or multiple places independently.
3. Human Evolution
- The document discusses human evolution from early primates to modern humans. It describes key developments like bipedalism, increasing brain size, use of tools and fire, and cultural evolution.
- Early primates like tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises evolved around 58 million years ago. Monkeys emerged around 35 million years ago and the first hominids around 6 million years ago.
- Adaptations for tree-dwelling included grasping hands and feet, stereoscopic vision, and long limbs. Bipedalism evolved in early hominids like Australopithecus as an adaptation for life on the ground.
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
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This document provides information about blood types and their classification systems, as well as an overview of human evolution from early hominins to modern Homo sapiens. It discusses the ABO and Rh blood type systems, as well as minor systems. Key hominin species discussed include Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens. It also provides a brief overview of the geological time scale and its use in classifying eras from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic.
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IES Claudio Sánchez Albornoz, León, Spain
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The document summarizes the scientific theory of human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It describes 7 main stages of evolution:
1) Early hominids like Australopithecus that lived 4-2 million years ago
2) Homo habilis that made tools 2 million years ago
3) Homo erectus that invented fire and made advanced tools 1 million years ago
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This document discusses the evolution of early human species from 2 million years ago to present-day Homo sapiens. It describes several early hominid species including Homo habilis, the first to make stone tools; Homo erectus, the first hunters; Homo heidelbergensis, who lived in colder climates; and Homo floresiensis, known as the "hobbit". The document also outlines the characteristics and time periods of Homo sapiens, Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens sapiens. The overall evolution helped identify physiological developments important for early humans' subsistence over successive generations.
rose ann.pptx
Human evolution began over 6 million years ago with Sahelanthropus tchadensis. There were then two main hominid groups, Ardipithecus and Australopithecus, which existed from 4-2 million years ago. Ardipithecus was a bipedal ape while Australopithecus was the first bipedal genus. The genus Homo emerged around 2 million years ago including species like Homo habilis, the first to make stone tools, and Homo erectus, the first hunter and tool user who spread across Africa and Asia.
Human evolution
1. Human evolution began with early hominins like Australopithecus that evolved around 4 million years ago in Africa.
2. Key early humans in the genus Homo include Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo neanderthalensis.
3. Homo sapiens emerged around 200,000 years ago in Africa and is the only surviving human species today.
Hominid 2
Human evolution occurred over millions of years through a series of gradual changes from early hominid species like Sahelanthropus tchadensis around 7 million years ago to modern Homo sapiens. Key stages included Australopithecus afarensis that lived 2.9-3.9 million years ago, Homo erectus that used tools around 1.8 million years ago, and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis that lived 400,000 to 40,000 years ago. Traits like bipedalism, increased brain size, tool use, and reduced jaws differentiated human species from early primate ancestors over this long period of evolutionary change.
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1) The document discusses human evolution from early hominins to modern humans, covering key time periods and species including Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and Homo floresiensis.
2) It analyzes the role of culture and tools in human adaptation, noting how increased hunting led to changes in anatomy for Homo erectus compared to earlier species.
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This document summarizes key aspects of human origins, including the evolution of hominids from primates in Africa over 7 million years ago. It describes characteristics of early hominid species like Ardipithecus ramidus and Australopithecus afarensis that began bipedal walking. The first humans of the genus Homo appeared with Homo habilis and had larger brains and tool use. Later Homo species like Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis dispersed from Africa and Neanderthals evolved in Europe before modern humans arose in Africa around 200,000 years ago.
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CHAPTER 9
The Earliest Dispersal of the Genus Homo:
Homo erectus and Contemporaries
First Dispersal of the Hominins
• Close to 2 million years ago, hominins expanded out of Africa into other areas
of the Old World.
• Early hominin fossils have never been discovered out of Africa, leading
researchers to believe that the early hominins were isolated there for 5 million
years.
• After 2 mya, there’s less diversity in these hominins than in their pre-
australopith and australopith predecessors.
• There is some variation among the different geographical groups of these
hominins, and anthropologists still debate how to classify them.
• There is universal agreement that the hominins found outside of Africa are
members of genus Homo.
Homo erectus
• The first hominin to expand into new regions of the Old
World.
• Homo erectus is the hominin species for which there is the
most evidence.
• As a species, H. erectus existed over 1 million years.
• More evolved behavioral/cultural practices and larger more
derived bodies aided their success
• East African finds have been dated to 1.7 m.y.a.
Lumping vs Splitting
• Depending on preference researchers tend to want to
group individual fossil finds together into species
(lumping) or split a genus into as many identifiable
species as possible (spliting)
• Some researchers split Homo erectus into two species
• African fossils into Homo ergaster.
• Asian fossils into Homo erectus
• Analyses show that H. erectus/ergaster are a closely
related species and possibly geographical varieties of a
single species
Morphology of Homo erectus
• There was much varition in the individual groups that are
included in H. erectus, but they share a set of features:
Body Size
• Adult weight >100 lbs, average adult height of ca. 5 feet 6
inches
• Sexually dimorphic, weight and height varied according to
sex
• Increased robusticity (heavily built body) that dominated
hominin evolution until anatomically modern H. sapiens
Brain Size
• Cranial capacities 700 cm3 to 1250 cm3
• Brain size closely linked with overall body size
• H. erectus is larger-bodied than early Homo sample
but relative brain size is about the same
• Relative brain size of H. erectus is considerably
less encephalized than later members of genus
Homo
Cranial Shape
• Thick cranial bone, large brow ridges (supraorbital tori), and projecting
nuchal torus
• A projection of bone in the back of the cranium where neck muscles attach;
used to hold up the head.
• Braincase long and low, with little forehead development
• Cranium wider at base, compared with earlier and later species
• Sagittal keel, a small ridge from front to back along the sagittal suture
African Origin of H. erectus
• African origin supported by evidence of:
1. Earlier hominins prior to the appearance of H. erectus occurring in
Africa.
2. 1.7 mya fossils at East Turkana, in Kenya, where australopiths have
also ...
Hominid Evolution
This document summarizes theories of human evolution from early hominids to modern humans. It discusses that:
- Bipedalism first emerged in hominids 4-1 million years ago, allowing use of hands and adaptation to grassland environments. Early tools date to 2.5 million years ago.
- Brain size increased over time, reaching 1000cc in Homo erectus and 1350cc in modern humans. This facilitated tool use, language, and other cognitive abilities.
- Two competing theories for modern human origins are presented - the multiregional hypothesis of evolving in multiple regions from Homo erectus, versus the recent "Out of Africa" hypothesis of descending from a single African
human evolution
This document outlines the timeline of human evolution from early primate ancestors 6 million years ago to modern humans. It describes key species in our evolution like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens. Australopithecus was the first hominin genus to walk upright around 4 million years ago in Africa. Homo habilis evolved around 2.5 million years ago and were the first to use stone tools. Homo erectus emerged around 1.8 million years ago in Africa and was the first hominin to migrate out of Africa. Modern humans, Homo sapiens, evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago with larger brains and lighter
Human origins natalia rosalía
Hominids originated in Africa at least 7 million years ago. Early hominid species like Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis displayed characteristics like bipedalism and thicker tooth enamel. Climatic changes forced early hominids to occupy more open savannah areas. Later species like Homo habilis, Homo ergaster and Homo erectus had larger brains and used tools and fire. Homo sapiens originated in Africa around 200,000-160,000 years ago. Neanderthals originated in Europe and disappeared around 28,000 years ago, while Homo sapiens emerged in Europe
Human evolution
Human evolution began in Africa approximately 6-7 million years ago with early hominins that walked upright but had small brains, possibly resembling chimpanzees. Key developments included increased brain size, bipedalism, and tool usage. Australopiths from 2-4 million years ago exhibited the first full bipedalism. Species like Australopithecus africanus had more human-like hands and teeth but brains only a third of modern humans. The earliest evidence of the human lineage Homo dates to around 2.5 million years ago in Africa.
HumansEvolutionHP.ppt
This document summarizes key aspects of human evolution from early primates to modern humans. It describes how primates evolved adaptations for life in trees 65 million years ago. Early hominins like Australopithecus became bipedal 4.4 million years ago. Homo habilis began using tools 2.5 million years ago. Homo erectus was the first to migrate out of Africa 1.8 million years ago. Anatomically modern humans emerged in Africa around 100,000 years ago and replaced other hominin species as they spread to other continents.
African Exodus
1) Homo erectus were the first hominids to disperse out of Africa around 1.8 million years ago, migrating to various parts of Asia and Europe.
2) Neanderthals, who lived in Europe and western Asia from 130,000-30,000 years ago, were premodern humans that shared traits with modern humans but also had distinguishing morphological features.
3) Anatomically modern humans are believed to have first evolved in Africa around 200,000 years ago before migrating and replacing or interbreeding with local populations, though some argue regional continuity of evolution also occurred.
human-evolution.pptx
- Early human ancestors like Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus existed around 15 million years ago, with Ramapithecus walking upright like humans and Dryopithecus being more ape-like.
- Australopithecus, the first ape-man, lived in East Africa around 2 million years ago and hunted with stone weapons while walking upright.
- Homo erectus, discovered in Java around 1.5 million years ago, were the first to control fire and eat meat with a brain capacity of 900cc.
- Modern humans, Homo sapiens sapiens, are believed to have first originated in Africa around 50,000 years ago.
Human evol
Hominids are members of the human family that split from apes and include all species leading to modern humans. Key hominid traits include bipedalism, an upright posture, and a large brain allowing for tool use, language, and culture. Important stages in human evolution included Australopithecus afarensis 3.2 million years ago, various species 2-3 million years ago, Homo habilis and Homo erectus 1-2 million years ago, Neanderthals 200,000 years ago, and modern humans emerging in Africa around 150,000 years ago. Theories of human evolution debate whether evolution occurred in a single region or multiple places independently.
3. Human Evolution
- The document discusses human evolution from early primates to modern humans. It describes key developments like bipedalism, increasing brain size, use of tools and fire, and cultural evolution.
- Early primates like tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises evolved around 58 million years ago. Monkeys emerged around 35 million years ago and the first hominids around 6 million years ago.
- Adaptations for tree-dwelling included grasping hands and feet, stereoscopic vision, and long limbs. Bipedalism evolved in early hominids like Australopithecus as an adaptation for life on the ground.
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Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
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In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
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Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
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The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
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Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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https://ashpc.eu/
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Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
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presentation on human evolution
- 2. HUMAN EVOLUTION • Evolution is a slow and gradual process of change in the heritable characteristics of organisms throughout generations. We are now the only living members of what many zoologists refer to as the human tribe, hominins, but there is abundant fossil evidence to indicate that we were preceded for millions of years by other hominins • Some of the factors that affect human evolution are natural selection, genetic drift, migration, climate change, etc. • There are seven major stages of human evolution. They are Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus afarensis, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthals, and Homo sapiens.
- 3. ARDIPITHECUS RAMIDUS • They lived 4.4 million years ago in Ethiopia • They were the most ape-like with a brain size of 300-350cm3 • They were the hairiest among human ancestors and lived in woodlands • Facial anatomy did not exhibit aggressiveness because they had smaller canines and incisors • They exhibit sexual dimorphism in height but lack sexual dimorphism in terms of their canine tooth • They were prognathic meaning the lower teeth rolled over the upper teeth • They had opposable digits for gripping trees(arboreality)
- 4. AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS ❖ They existed 3.2 million years ago ❖ They lived in the Pliocene of east Africa ❖ They lived in the woodlands with patches of grassland and exhibited bipedalism ❖ They had a brain size of 450cm3 and better vision to spot predators ❖ Had smaller canines but larger than homo sapiens ❖ Their extinction was due to the severity of drought
- 5. • They existed about 2.3 million years ago and lived in a grassland environment • They had a slightly rounded skull with a brain size of about 610cm3 , the increase in brain size aided them to make their own tools(stone tools) to fight predators • They were the first to make fire • The hole for spinal cord was in the skull base showing they walked on two legs • They had curved finger bones and relatively short legs • They had smaller canines with larger incisors HOMO HABILIS
- 6. ❖ They lived around 250000 years ago and inhabited Africa, Europe, Australia and some parts of Asia especially around rivers ❖ They had larger brains of about 550- 1250cm3 as compared to Homo Habilis and developed more improved tools ❖ They had a large and thick jaw with no chin ❖ They were carnivorous and could cook their own food ❖ They were more populated than homo habilis ❖ Their extinction was due to their laziness HOMO ERECTUS
- 7. ❑ In 1901 the jawbone (maeur) of what is believed to be an archaic species was discovered in Heidelberg, a town in Germany and the species was later named Homo heidelbergensis ❑ They existed around 600000 years ago and lived in temperate regions (cold environments) ❑ They had a short and wide body stature, which helped them to conserve heat ❑ They had a brain size of about 1220- 1300 cm3 and improved upon their tools for hunting ❑ They lived In social groups and built their own shelter and also buried their dead. • •HOMO HEIDELBERGENSIS.
- 8. Heidelbergensis continued; ❑ They exhibited sexual dimorphism ❑ They had thick and broad jaws with small teeth and depended so much on meat ❑ It was deduced by scientist that members of the homo heidelbergensis buried their dead members. This was because many of their fossils were discovered at a particular place together in Spain. ❑ Some of their fossils were discovered with the fossils of predators and this indicates that they fought predators, and some were killed by predators.
- 9. HOMO NEANDERTHALS • They existed around 400000 years ago and were found to inhabit cold steep environments (ice age period) • They had short and wide body stature which aided in heat conservation • They had a very wide nose( made air warm) • They had powerful arms for killing strong animals • They had a long low skull • Were also believed to have the largest brain size (1500-1700cm3) •
- 10. ❑ Homo sapiens are believed to still be in existence till now, they have a large brain size(of about 1350cm3 ) but not larger than H. Neanderthals ❑ They are the most widespread species which inhabit temperate, tropical, tundra, terrestrial, savanna and desert regions ❑ They have rounded brain cases to accommodate the large brain size ❑ They have a small face protracted under the frontal tori ❑ They have less hair HOMO SAPIENS
- 11. THANK YOU