The document summarizes a study analyzing the cranium of a hominid fossil discovered near Ceprano, Italy in 1994. Researchers estimated its age to be between 800-900 thousand years old based on dating of surrounding rock layers. The cranium was reconstructed and compared morphologically to other early European and Asian hominin fossils. Results found it displayed a unique blend of traits linking early Homo erectus to later specimens referred to Homo heidelbergensis. The researchers concluded the Ceprano cranium represents an important transitional form between early hominin groups, filling a gap in the human fossil record in Europe between 1-0.5 million years ago.
Neanderthals were a species of archaic humans that inhabited Europe and parts of Asia between 600,000-40,000 years ago. They had shorter limbs than Homo sapiens but a more robust build adapted for cold climates. Dating methods like thermoluminescence, radiocarbon, and mass spectrometry on Neanderthal remains from sites like Saint-Césaire, Tabun, and Qafzeh indicate Neanderthals coexisted with early modern humans between 34,000-33,800 years ago, suggesting interaction was possible. While DNA and fossil evidence show Neanderthals were a separate species, it remains unclear if they directly interacted with or were replaced by H
This document contains details of various cloud computing, data mining, mobile computing, network/network security, information forensics, and image processing research projects and application projects conducted by Shree Siddhi Soft Solutions. It includes the titles, IDs, and years of over 80 projects. The projects cover topics such as cloud federations, data storage and processing in mobile cloud, attribute-based access control, trajectory pattern mining, and network intrusion detection. It also lists application projects in various domains including healthcare, tourism, and education.
This document contains details of various cloud computing, data mining, mobile computing, network/network security, information forensics, and image processing research projects and application projects conducted by Shree Siddhi Soft Solutions. It includes the titles, IDs, and years of over 80 projects. The projects focus on topics such as cloud security, data mining algorithms, mobile ad hoc networks, network protocols, encryption techniques, image processing methods, and application domains like healthcare, education, and transportation. Contact information is provided at the top for the organization.
This document reanalyzes ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences recovered from Neandertal bones. Previous studies placed Neandertals at the base of the modern human phylogenetic tree, suggesting they did not contribute to the modern human gene pool. However, these analyses did not account for high substitution rate variation among sites in the human mitochondrial D-loop region or estimate nucleotide substitution model parameters. The authors reanalyze the Neandertal sequences using maximum likelihood methods that account for these factors to provide a more accurate phylogenetic reconstruction.
Jeremy Anderson has over 7 years of experience in sales, customer service, and administrative roles. He has worked as an account executive developing new clients and tailored advertising campaigns, a case coordinator ensuring accurate DNA testing and reporting, and a leasing agent marketing apartments and maintaining positive resident relations. Anderson has strong computer skills and experience with property management software, point of sale systems, Microsoft Office, and Adobe Photoshop. He holds a bachelor's degree in English and political science from the University of Louisiana with a 3.7 GPA.
Este documento proporciona información sobre el distrito de Surco en Lima, Perú. Surco se ubica en la provincia de Lima y limita con otros distritos. Tradicionalmente, Surco ha sido un área de viñedos y agricultura debido a su clima soleado y fértil valle. Actualmente, Surco se enorgullece de ser un distrito ecológico con un enfoque en el reciclaje, las ciclovías, los biohuertos municipales y sus populares parques verdes.
Neanderthals were a species of archaic humans that inhabited Europe and parts of Asia between 600,000-40,000 years ago. They had shorter limbs than Homo sapiens but a more robust build adapted for cold climates. Dating methods like thermoluminescence, radiocarbon, and mass spectrometry on Neanderthal remains from sites like Saint-Césaire, Tabun, and Qafzeh indicate Neanderthals coexisted with early modern humans between 34,000-33,800 years ago, suggesting interaction was possible. While DNA and fossil evidence show Neanderthals were a separate species, it remains unclear if they directly interacted with or were replaced by H
This document contains details of various cloud computing, data mining, mobile computing, network/network security, information forensics, and image processing research projects and application projects conducted by Shree Siddhi Soft Solutions. It includes the titles, IDs, and years of over 80 projects. The projects cover topics such as cloud federations, data storage and processing in mobile cloud, attribute-based access control, trajectory pattern mining, and network intrusion detection. It also lists application projects in various domains including healthcare, tourism, and education.
This document contains details of various cloud computing, data mining, mobile computing, network/network security, information forensics, and image processing research projects and application projects conducted by Shree Siddhi Soft Solutions. It includes the titles, IDs, and years of over 80 projects. The projects focus on topics such as cloud security, data mining algorithms, mobile ad hoc networks, network protocols, encryption techniques, image processing methods, and application domains like healthcare, education, and transportation. Contact information is provided at the top for the organization.
This document reanalyzes ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences recovered from Neandertal bones. Previous studies placed Neandertals at the base of the modern human phylogenetic tree, suggesting they did not contribute to the modern human gene pool. However, these analyses did not account for high substitution rate variation among sites in the human mitochondrial D-loop region or estimate nucleotide substitution model parameters. The authors reanalyze the Neandertal sequences using maximum likelihood methods that account for these factors to provide a more accurate phylogenetic reconstruction.
Jeremy Anderson has over 7 years of experience in sales, customer service, and administrative roles. He has worked as an account executive developing new clients and tailored advertising campaigns, a case coordinator ensuring accurate DNA testing and reporting, and a leasing agent marketing apartments and maintaining positive resident relations. Anderson has strong computer skills and experience with property management software, point of sale systems, Microsoft Office, and Adobe Photoshop. He holds a bachelor's degree in English and political science from the University of Louisiana with a 3.7 GPA.
Este documento proporciona información sobre el distrito de Surco en Lima, Perú. Surco se ubica en la provincia de Lima y limita con otros distritos. Tradicionalmente, Surco ha sido un área de viñedos y agricultura debido a su clima soleado y fértil valle. Actualmente, Surco se enorgullece de ser un distrito ecológico con un enfoque en el reciclaje, las ciclovías, los biohuertos municipales y sus populares parques verdes.
This document discusses the potential use of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for treating preterm births. It reviews evidence that hCG inhibits myometrial contractions through various mechanisms, preventing preterm labor. While current drugs can only delay preterm births briefly, studies in mice and limited human trials suggest hCG may more effectively prevent preterm births. The author argues for large randomized controlled clinical trials to further evaluate hCG's safety and effectiveness in reducing preterm births.
El sonido se produce cuando un objeto vibra y crea ondas de presión en el medio circundante. Estas ondas de sonido se caracterizan por su frecuencia, amplitud y forma de onda. Las ondas de sonido son ondas mecánicas longitudinales que se transmiten en la dirección de propagación. La tarjeta de sonido convierte señales digitales en analógicas y viceversa para reproducir y grabar audio.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has potential as a therapeutic treatment for painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC) based on several lines of evidence:
1) Urothelial cells, the cells damaged in PBS/IC, contain hCG/LH receptors and may respond to hCG treatment.
2) Symptoms of PBS/IC seem to improve during pregnancy when hCG levels are high.
3) hCG has pleiotropic effects in other cell types, such as uterine epithelial cells, and may regulate urothelial cells through similar mechanisms.
4) hCG could reduce urothelial cell damage through effects like increasing proliferation, reducing
InfraRecorder y CDBurnerXP son software libre para grabar CDs y DVDs en Windows. InfraRecorder ofrece una amplia gama de características como crear y grabar datos personalizados, proyectos de audio y de modo mixto en discos físicos e imágenes de disco. También permite grabar DVD de doble capa, borrar discos regrabables y grabar imágenes de disco. CDBurnerXP permite quemar todo tipo de discos, incluyendo CDs de audio, archivos ISO, y verificación de datos después de la grabación
The document outlines the events, speakers, and sponsors involved at Social Media Week Mumbai, with over 35 events, 190 speakers, and sponsor participation. Several panel discussions and sessions were held on topics like integrated marketing campaigns, influencer marketing, healthcare and social media, journalism and social media, and celebrity use of social media. The week-long event saw strong engagement on social media with over 5000 authors, 15 million reach, and 100 million impressions.
Novartis is a large pharmaceutical company based in Switzerland that focuses on developing and marketing new healthcare products. It has three key business segments: Pharmaceuticals, Alcon, and Sandoz. Novartis invests heavily in research and development, spending over $8 billion annually to discover new drugs and improve existing treatments. The company's top-selling pharmaceutical products contribute over 58% of total pharmaceutical revenues.
final year project titles for computer science thanjavurkrish madhi
Software & Embedded IEEE Projects for Final Year students in the best Project Centre & Software Company in trichy for Engineering (CSE, IT, ECE, EEE) & MCA Students
Contact US:
SHREE SIDDHI SOFT SOLUTIONS
#3, 4th FLOOR, LAKSHMI ARCADE,
11TH CROSS, THILLAI NAGAR,
TRICHY-620018.
Phone NO : +91 90032-44446,900323336,0431-4040672
Email : shreesiddhisoftsolutionstrichy@gmail.com
Website : www.shreesiddhisoftsolutions.com, www.siddhisoftsolutions.com
The document discusses the shifting power dynamics in the consumer technology industry supply chain. It notes that original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and brands have lost power to the factories (ODMs/ECMs) that now control innovation, design, and identity. Specifically, it outlines how companies like Sony, Apple, and Dell have evolved their business models over time, with Apple and Dell outsourcing production but retaining design and branding functions. The core argument is that factories now wield the most influence over products as they have taken over key competencies around innovation and manufacturing.
Este documento resume las cualidades fundamentales para el emprendimiento como el esfuerzo, la resiliencia, la determinación, la pasión, la capacidad de adaptación, la innovación, la paciencia, la creatividad, la autonomía, la confianza en sí mismo, la tenacidad, el liderazgo, el espíritu de equipo, la solidaridad, la capacidad de redactar y comunicar, y la resolución. Explica brevemente cada una de estas cualidades y su importancia para el éxito de un emprendedor.
Exposicion residuos solidos en el peruZOILA CHAMAN
Este documento trata sobre los residuos sólidos en el Perú. Explica que son los residuos sólidos, los porcentajes de materia orgánica e inorgánica en el Perú, a dónde van los residuos sólidos y cómo se generan. También describe los diferentes tipos de residuos sólidos, las autoridades involucradas en la gestión de residuos, el proceso de tratamiento, riesgos asociados y beneficios de un buen manejo. Finalmente, detalla el tiempo de degradación de diferentes residuos sólidos.
ACA Reinsurance & High Risk Pool March 2014Richard Popper
The document discusses strategies for identifying and assessing high cost patients to help control costs for insurance plans. It recommends that plans utilize effective data analytics software to identify high risk members, monitor key diagnoses and prescription drugs, and implement care management programs. Strategies include conducting health risk assessments, creating individualized care plans, coordinating care for comorbid conditions, and integrating care management systems with claims data. The goal is to help lower costs by proactively managing high risk patients.
The document discusses two major industrial disputes faced by Jet Airways - a 2008 mass firing and reinstatement of 1,900 employees, and a 2009 pilots' strike. In the latter, Jet Airways fired two pilot union leaders, leading 500 pilots to call in sick and go on a 14-day strike that cost the company Rs.15 crore daily. The strike was eventually withdrawn and a grievance committee was formed to resolve disputes and improve coordination between pilots and management.
Hoja de control genérica para evaluar fiabilidad de las fuentesCEDEC
Este documento presenta una hoja de control genérica para evaluar la fiabilidad de las fuentes de información en internet. La hoja de control incluye elementos como el autor, sus credenciales, la posibilidad de contactarlo, si la página pertenece a una institución oficial y si la información está actualizada y bien estructurada.
TECNOLÓGICO NACIONAL
DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE FORMACIÓN PROFESIONAL
DIRECCIÓN TÉCNICA DOCENTE
DEPARTAMENTO DE CURRÍCULUM
MANUAL DEL PROTAGONISTA DE ELECTROTÉCNIA
Especialidad: Electricidad Industrial.
Nivel de Formación: Técnico General
Contenido
UNIDAD I: INTRODUCCIÓN A LA ELECTROTECNIA.
1- CONCEPTOS BÁSICOS DE ELECTRICIDAD.
2- EFECTOS DE LA CORRIENTE ELÉCTRICA.
3- TIPOS DE CORRIENTE ELÉCTRICA.
4- CIRCUITOS O RED ELÉCTRICA.
5- DEFINICIÓN DE PARÁMETROS ELÉCTRICOS.
UNIDAD II. ANÁLISIS DE CIRCUITOS RESISTIVOS.
1- LEY DE OHM.
2- CAÍDA DE POTENCIAL Y POLARIZACIÓN.
3- CIRCUITOS SERIES.
4- CIRCUITO PARALELO.
5- CIRCUITOS MIXTOS.
6- LEYES DE VOLTAJES DE KIRCHOFF.
7-LEY DE CORRIENTES DE KIRCHHOFF.
8- DIVISORES DE TENSIÓN O DE VOLTAJE.
9- DIVISORES DE CORRIENTE.
UNIDAD III : ANÁLISIS DE CIRCUITOS DE CORRIENTE ALTERNA .
1- EL CAPACITOR.
2- REACTANCIA CAPACITIVA.
3- INDUCTANCIA.
4- Reactancia inductiva
5- IMPEDANCIA.
6- Impedancia en RC
7- RLC en serie
8- RLC EN PARALELO.
9- SISTEMA TRIFÁSICO.
Este documento presenta información sobre brigadas de seguridad frente al riesgo social. Detalla varios indicadores de riesgo social a nivel personal, familiar y del entorno social que pueden afectar negativamente el desarrollo de los estudiantes. También describe un modelo de factores de riesgo social que incluye factores individuales, familiares, del grupo de pares, escolares, sociales comunitarios y socioculturales. El objetivo es identificar variables que aumenten la probabilidad de afectar el desarrollo de las personas.
Este gráfico muestra la distribución de cuatro operadoras de telefonía móvil en Perú (Claro, Movistar, CNT y Tuenti), donde Claro tiene el mayor porcentaje de mercado con el 60%, seguido de Movistar con el 20%, CNT con el 12% y Tuenti con el 8%.
The document summarizes several significant paleoanthropological findings in Greece from the last 40 years. It describes the discovery of a Neanderthal molar tooth dating to between 60,000-200,000 years ago at the Lakonis site in southern Greece. It also discusses two fossilized crania dated to around 200,000 years ago discovered at the Apidima cave site attributed to a "late pre-Neanderthal or early Neanderthal." Additionally, it outlines the discovery of the species Ouranopithecus macedoniensis dating to around 9 million years ago found at several sites in Halkidiki, northern Greece.
This document summarizes the evolution of early placental mammals from the Paleocene to Eocene epochs. It discusses:
1) The origin of placental mammals, which emerged after the extinction of dinosaurs and evolved from more primitive mammals, though their early evolution is not well-documented in the fossil record.
2) The characteristics of early placental mammals, including their dental formula and morphology of upper and lower molars.
3) How the "tritubercular" upper molars of early placenthals likely evolved into both the grinding molars of herbivores and the shearing/crushing dentitions of carnivores over time.
MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATION FOR EDUCATORSV.docxroushhsiu
1) The document discusses human evolution from a behavioral perspective, focusing on when key human behaviors like symbolic thinking, abstract thinking, and theory of mind first emerged based on the fossil and archaeological records.
2) Early humans between 2.6-2.3 mya began using stone tools and scavenging meat, suggesting problem-solving skills, but little evidence of abstract thinking, symbolic thinking, or imagined communities.
3) By around 1 mya, control of fire, new technologies, and nighttime social activities provided evidence of more advanced behaviors, though innovation remained slow.
This document discusses the potential use of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for treating preterm births. It reviews evidence that hCG inhibits myometrial contractions through various mechanisms, preventing preterm labor. While current drugs can only delay preterm births briefly, studies in mice and limited human trials suggest hCG may more effectively prevent preterm births. The author argues for large randomized controlled clinical trials to further evaluate hCG's safety and effectiveness in reducing preterm births.
El sonido se produce cuando un objeto vibra y crea ondas de presión en el medio circundante. Estas ondas de sonido se caracterizan por su frecuencia, amplitud y forma de onda. Las ondas de sonido son ondas mecánicas longitudinales que se transmiten en la dirección de propagación. La tarjeta de sonido convierte señales digitales en analógicas y viceversa para reproducir y grabar audio.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has potential as a therapeutic treatment for painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC) based on several lines of evidence:
1) Urothelial cells, the cells damaged in PBS/IC, contain hCG/LH receptors and may respond to hCG treatment.
2) Symptoms of PBS/IC seem to improve during pregnancy when hCG levels are high.
3) hCG has pleiotropic effects in other cell types, such as uterine epithelial cells, and may regulate urothelial cells through similar mechanisms.
4) hCG could reduce urothelial cell damage through effects like increasing proliferation, reducing
InfraRecorder y CDBurnerXP son software libre para grabar CDs y DVDs en Windows. InfraRecorder ofrece una amplia gama de características como crear y grabar datos personalizados, proyectos de audio y de modo mixto en discos físicos e imágenes de disco. También permite grabar DVD de doble capa, borrar discos regrabables y grabar imágenes de disco. CDBurnerXP permite quemar todo tipo de discos, incluyendo CDs de audio, archivos ISO, y verificación de datos después de la grabación
The document outlines the events, speakers, and sponsors involved at Social Media Week Mumbai, with over 35 events, 190 speakers, and sponsor participation. Several panel discussions and sessions were held on topics like integrated marketing campaigns, influencer marketing, healthcare and social media, journalism and social media, and celebrity use of social media. The week-long event saw strong engagement on social media with over 5000 authors, 15 million reach, and 100 million impressions.
Novartis is a large pharmaceutical company based in Switzerland that focuses on developing and marketing new healthcare products. It has three key business segments: Pharmaceuticals, Alcon, and Sandoz. Novartis invests heavily in research and development, spending over $8 billion annually to discover new drugs and improve existing treatments. The company's top-selling pharmaceutical products contribute over 58% of total pharmaceutical revenues.
final year project titles for computer science thanjavurkrish madhi
Software & Embedded IEEE Projects for Final Year students in the best Project Centre & Software Company in trichy for Engineering (CSE, IT, ECE, EEE) & MCA Students
Contact US:
SHREE SIDDHI SOFT SOLUTIONS
#3, 4th FLOOR, LAKSHMI ARCADE,
11TH CROSS, THILLAI NAGAR,
TRICHY-620018.
Phone NO : +91 90032-44446,900323336,0431-4040672
Email : shreesiddhisoftsolutionstrichy@gmail.com
Website : www.shreesiddhisoftsolutions.com, www.siddhisoftsolutions.com
The document discusses the shifting power dynamics in the consumer technology industry supply chain. It notes that original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and brands have lost power to the factories (ODMs/ECMs) that now control innovation, design, and identity. Specifically, it outlines how companies like Sony, Apple, and Dell have evolved their business models over time, with Apple and Dell outsourcing production but retaining design and branding functions. The core argument is that factories now wield the most influence over products as they have taken over key competencies around innovation and manufacturing.
Este documento resume las cualidades fundamentales para el emprendimiento como el esfuerzo, la resiliencia, la determinación, la pasión, la capacidad de adaptación, la innovación, la paciencia, la creatividad, la autonomía, la confianza en sí mismo, la tenacidad, el liderazgo, el espíritu de equipo, la solidaridad, la capacidad de redactar y comunicar, y la resolución. Explica brevemente cada una de estas cualidades y su importancia para el éxito de un emprendedor.
Exposicion residuos solidos en el peruZOILA CHAMAN
Este documento trata sobre los residuos sólidos en el Perú. Explica que son los residuos sólidos, los porcentajes de materia orgánica e inorgánica en el Perú, a dónde van los residuos sólidos y cómo se generan. También describe los diferentes tipos de residuos sólidos, las autoridades involucradas en la gestión de residuos, el proceso de tratamiento, riesgos asociados y beneficios de un buen manejo. Finalmente, detalla el tiempo de degradación de diferentes residuos sólidos.
ACA Reinsurance & High Risk Pool March 2014Richard Popper
The document discusses strategies for identifying and assessing high cost patients to help control costs for insurance plans. It recommends that plans utilize effective data analytics software to identify high risk members, monitor key diagnoses and prescription drugs, and implement care management programs. Strategies include conducting health risk assessments, creating individualized care plans, coordinating care for comorbid conditions, and integrating care management systems with claims data. The goal is to help lower costs by proactively managing high risk patients.
The document discusses two major industrial disputes faced by Jet Airways - a 2008 mass firing and reinstatement of 1,900 employees, and a 2009 pilots' strike. In the latter, Jet Airways fired two pilot union leaders, leading 500 pilots to call in sick and go on a 14-day strike that cost the company Rs.15 crore daily. The strike was eventually withdrawn and a grievance committee was formed to resolve disputes and improve coordination between pilots and management.
Hoja de control genérica para evaluar fiabilidad de las fuentesCEDEC
Este documento presenta una hoja de control genérica para evaluar la fiabilidad de las fuentes de información en internet. La hoja de control incluye elementos como el autor, sus credenciales, la posibilidad de contactarlo, si la página pertenece a una institución oficial y si la información está actualizada y bien estructurada.
TECNOLÓGICO NACIONAL
DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE FORMACIÓN PROFESIONAL
DIRECCIÓN TÉCNICA DOCENTE
DEPARTAMENTO DE CURRÍCULUM
MANUAL DEL PROTAGONISTA DE ELECTROTÉCNIA
Especialidad: Electricidad Industrial.
Nivel de Formación: Técnico General
Contenido
UNIDAD I: INTRODUCCIÓN A LA ELECTROTECNIA.
1- CONCEPTOS BÁSICOS DE ELECTRICIDAD.
2- EFECTOS DE LA CORRIENTE ELÉCTRICA.
3- TIPOS DE CORRIENTE ELÉCTRICA.
4- CIRCUITOS O RED ELÉCTRICA.
5- DEFINICIÓN DE PARÁMETROS ELÉCTRICOS.
UNIDAD II. ANÁLISIS DE CIRCUITOS RESISTIVOS.
1- LEY DE OHM.
2- CAÍDA DE POTENCIAL Y POLARIZACIÓN.
3- CIRCUITOS SERIES.
4- CIRCUITO PARALELO.
5- CIRCUITOS MIXTOS.
6- LEYES DE VOLTAJES DE KIRCHOFF.
7-LEY DE CORRIENTES DE KIRCHHOFF.
8- DIVISORES DE TENSIÓN O DE VOLTAJE.
9- DIVISORES DE CORRIENTE.
UNIDAD III : ANÁLISIS DE CIRCUITOS DE CORRIENTE ALTERNA .
1- EL CAPACITOR.
2- REACTANCIA CAPACITIVA.
3- INDUCTANCIA.
4- Reactancia inductiva
5- IMPEDANCIA.
6- Impedancia en RC
7- RLC en serie
8- RLC EN PARALELO.
9- SISTEMA TRIFÁSICO.
Este documento presenta información sobre brigadas de seguridad frente al riesgo social. Detalla varios indicadores de riesgo social a nivel personal, familiar y del entorno social que pueden afectar negativamente el desarrollo de los estudiantes. También describe un modelo de factores de riesgo social que incluye factores individuales, familiares, del grupo de pares, escolares, sociales comunitarios y socioculturales. El objetivo es identificar variables que aumenten la probabilidad de afectar el desarrollo de las personas.
Este gráfico muestra la distribución de cuatro operadoras de telefonía móvil en Perú (Claro, Movistar, CNT y Tuenti), donde Claro tiene el mayor porcentaje de mercado con el 60%, seguido de Movistar con el 20%, CNT con el 12% y Tuenti con el 8%.
The document summarizes several significant paleoanthropological findings in Greece from the last 40 years. It describes the discovery of a Neanderthal molar tooth dating to between 60,000-200,000 years ago at the Lakonis site in southern Greece. It also discusses two fossilized crania dated to around 200,000 years ago discovered at the Apidima cave site attributed to a "late pre-Neanderthal or early Neanderthal." Additionally, it outlines the discovery of the species Ouranopithecus macedoniensis dating to around 9 million years ago found at several sites in Halkidiki, northern Greece.
This document summarizes the evolution of early placental mammals from the Paleocene to Eocene epochs. It discusses:
1) The origin of placental mammals, which emerged after the extinction of dinosaurs and evolved from more primitive mammals, though their early evolution is not well-documented in the fossil record.
2) The characteristics of early placental mammals, including their dental formula and morphology of upper and lower molars.
3) How the "tritubercular" upper molars of early placenthals likely evolved into both the grinding molars of herbivores and the shearing/crushing dentitions of carnivores over time.
MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATION FOR EDUCATORSV.docxroushhsiu
1) The document discusses human evolution from a behavioral perspective, focusing on when key human behaviors like symbolic thinking, abstract thinking, and theory of mind first emerged based on the fossil and archaeological records.
2) Early humans between 2.6-2.3 mya began using stone tools and scavenging meat, suggesting problem-solving skills, but little evidence of abstract thinking, symbolic thinking, or imagined communities.
3) By around 1 mya, control of fire, new technologies, and nighttime social activities provided evidence of more advanced behaviors, though innovation remained slow.
Re examination of the neandertal and archaicJames Zaworski
My 2004 power point presentation supporting my senior seminar thesis.
My argument at that time was that the hominids found in the ancient Near East were the results of admixture, as there was shared anatomical features, shared culture, time and space. One population was represented rather than two.
Vindication came with Svante Paabo's and the Max Planck Institute's nuclear DNA sequencing and subsequent comparisons of Neandertal DNA from three individuals from Croatia and our own DNA.
Demandasaurus darwini, a new medium-sized rebbachisaurid sauropod from the Early Cretaceous of Spain, is described based on an associated partial skeleton. It possesses nine autapomorphies in its teeth and vertebrae that distinguish it from other rebbachisaurids. Phylogenetic analysis places Demandasaurus as the sister taxon to Nigersaurus from Africa, supporting sporadic dinosaur dispersal between Europe and Africa during the Early Cretaceous. The discovery of Demandasaurus provides further evidence of rebbachisaurid biogeographic connections between Europe and Gondwana.
This document is a student's class paper on the topic of human evolution. It summarizes 10 key stages in human evolution:
1) Parapithecus spp, basal anthropoids from 40-33 million years ago with unusual dentition.
2) Propliopithecus spp, an ape-like primate from 30 million years ago thought to be ancestral to apes and humans.
3) Dryopithecus spp, an ape from 20-25 million years ago exhibiting similarities to chimpanzees with semi-erect posture.
4) Ramapithecus spp, an ape-man from 14-12 million years ago
The researchers studied new caprini remains found in the Niaux Cave in France, dating to around 16,000 years ago. They aimed to provide insights into caprini presence in the Pyrenees during this period and add to knowledge of caprinae evolution. Analysis of the fossil tibia fragment suggested it belonged to a caprini over 3-4 years old. Morphological and size comparisons could not distinguish the species, but features were consistent with both Capra and Hemitragus. Radiocarbon dating placed the remains in the Middle Magdalenian period. The findings help understand the Pyrenees' role in the evolution of caprini and provide data on a key period of development for the
This document provides the thesis of Attila Virág for his PhD dissertation on the morphometrical and paleoecological study of Hungarian Pliocene and Pleistocene elephantids. The thesis aims to comprehensively revise Hungarian elephantid molars and tusks to clarify their taxonomy and the chronology of fossil localities. Three methods are described for taxonomic identification of elephantid teeth and tusks. Stable isotope analysis of enamel and microwear scar analysis reveal the diets and habitats of different taxa. Paleotemperature estimates based on oxygen isotopes in enamel agree with the environmental history. The increasing abrasiveness of food provided selective pressure for the evolution of molar morphology in the mammoth lineage
The document summarizes the emergence and evolution of early human species from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens. It describes key findings such as the transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens around 500,000 years ago. Neanderthals appeared in Europe and western Asia around 300,000 years ago. Modern humans emerged in Africa around 160,000 years ago and spread throughout the Old World, eventually replacing Neanderthals. Upper Paleolithic cultures from 40,000 years ago produced new toolmaking techniques like blade production and pressure flaking.
New hyaenodonta (Mammalia) from the middle Eocene of MyanmarMYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631068318300010
New hyaenodonta (Mammalia) from the middle Eocene of Myanmar
The middle Eocene Pondaung Formation in Myanmar has yielded a rich mammalian fauna including several Primate taxa. Hyaenodonta are known by the genera Kyawdawia, Yarshea, Orienspterodon, and two other indeterminate taxa. We describe here new material of Kyawdawia, including some morphological details, a new species of the hypercarnivorous genus Propterodon and an indeterminate species, different from those described earlier in Myanmar, and characterized by a reduction of m3 and would belong to a third lineage with the same evolutionary trend as Galecyon and the Limnocyoninae. The hyainailourines (Orienspterodon) and hyaenodontines (Propterodon) are recorded for the first time in Southeast Asia and these subfamilies appeared in quasi the same time in Europe illustrating probably a profound change in the carnivorous fauna among Laurasia.
http://iphep.labo.univ-poitiers.fr/index.php/en/
Myanmar fossil find turns human history on its head - our earliest ancestors came from Asia, not Africa
Tooth from Myanmar is similar to tooth from Libya from 37 million years ago
Pre-human ancestors migrated between continents
Asia, not Africa, is the birthplace of our anthropoid ancestors
1) The document challenges the conclusion that the Denisova hominin derived from a migration out of Africa around 1 million years ago that was distinct from the ancestors of Neanderthals and modern humans.
2) It argues that alternative interpretations are possible, such as hominin dispersals within Eurasia in the Early Pleistocene from sources in southern refugia during interglacial periods. Dispersals may have occurred westward from populations like those at Yunxian, China after 1 million years ago.
3) It also challenges the assumption that Homo heidelbergensis left Africa between 500,000-300,000 years ago, introducing the Acheulean technology to Europe and
This document discusses human evolution and provides learning objectives related to dating methods, major anatomical features of primates, and trends in hominid evolution. It describes how radioactive dating of rocks and fossils can determine ages and discusses isotopes like carbon-14, potassium-40, and uranium that are used. Key anatomical primate features include grasping limbs and stereoscopic vision. Major hominid lineages discussed include Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, and various Homo species. The incompleteness of the fossil record results in uncertainties about the exact relationships between hominid species.
A re appraisal of ceprano calvaria affinities (ascenzi et al.)Kristian Pedersen
The document discusses new modifications made to the reconstruction of the Ceprano calvaria based on additional examination. It provides a reassessment of the morphology and measurements of the calvaria and evaluates its affinities to Homo erectus. New geological data from the Priverno Basin suggests an age of 800-900 thousand years for the calvaria. While showing some similarities, the calvaria exhibits significant morphological variation compared to typical H. erectus specimens.
Homo erectus was an extinct species of archaic human that lived from approximately 1.9 million to 70,000 years ago. They originated in Africa and dispersed throughout Africa, Europe, and Asia. Some of the earliest Homo erectus fossils were discovered in Java in 1891 and China in the 1920s, and were termed "Java Man" and "Peking Man". Homo erectus had a cranial capacity of around 1000 cc, walked upright efficiently, and was the first human species to make Acheulean hand axes and use fire. They lived in groups, were omnivorous, and were pioneers in developing early human culture and tools.
This document discusses various topics related to human evolution, including:
1) Relative and absolute dating methods are used to date fossils, including radiometric dating which relies on the decay of radioactive isotopes.
2) Mass extinctions occurred throughout history, including one at the K-T boundary 66 million years ago likely caused by an asteroid impact.
3) Early hominins like Australopithecus gradually evolved and began walking upright between 3-5 million years ago, followed by species like Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo heidelbergensis.
Human evolution is the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years.
This document describes a large theropod dinosaur fossil discovered in Libya. The specimen, from the early Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous period, consists of associated vertebrae, femur, and tibia elements. Analysis shows it belongs to Abelisauroidea, a group of ceratosaurian theropods that were widespread in Gondwana during the Cretaceous. This discovery adds to the sparse African record of abelisauroids and establishes their presence on the continent before final separation of Gondwanan landmasses. At an estimated 7-9 meters long, it also challenges ideas that abelisauroids were ecologically subordinate to other theropods in
This document describes a partial left tibia and proximal tarsals of a small theropod dinosaur discovered at the Lo Hueco fossil site in Spain. The specimen exhibits features suggesting it was a maniraptoran coelurosaur. Specifically, it shares several characteristics with velociraptorine dromaeosaurids. This would be one of the first non-dental specimens identified as a dromaeosaurid from the Late Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula. The document then reviews the fossil record of Late Cretaceous theropod dinosaurs across various European landmasses, finding similarities but also differences in faunal composition between regions like Iberia and Romania. Identification of
Similar to A cranium for the earliest europeans: phylogenetic position of the hominid from ceprano, italy (manzi et al.) (20)
The document discusses the religious beliefs and practices in Scandinavia from 600-900 AD. It describes the principal deities belonging to the Æsir and Vanir groups, which were sometimes in conflict but later reconciled. The Æsir such as Odin and Thor were more popular in western Scandinavia, while the Vanir like Njord and Freyr were predominant in the east. Lesser spiritual entities also played roles in rituals and beliefs. The text examines the distribution of cults across regions and outlines some of the major deities and myths from Old Norse sources.
The document discusses the social structure and political institutions of Scandinavian communities during the Viking Age from 700-900 AD. It analyzes the social hierarchy and divisions based on sex, age, and status using archaeological evidence, textual sources, mythical tales, and literary accounts. Women generally had high social status and equal rights to men. The sources describe distinct social classes of slaves, freemen, and rulers. Archaeological evidence like the rich Oseberg ship burial shows some women held elite aristocratic roles. Overall, the document aims to understand Viking society by examining evidence from multiple genres of sources.
The document discusses the origins of Viking culture in Scandinavia during the Bronze Age and Iron Age. It describes how aspects of culture developed over this period, including ship building, domestic architecture like longhouses, religious practices, and economic activities like agriculture, fishing, and trade. Society was stratified with evidence of wealthier individuals. Overall, the foundations for the expansion of the Viking Age were established through cultural developments spanning many centuries prior.
This document provides an overview of a course on the Vikings between AD 700-1100. It discusses the sources used to study the Vikings, including historical accounts, sagas, runic inscriptions and place names. It also outlines advances in archaeological techniques that have improved understanding of Viking sites, settlements, trade and environment. Interpretive paradigms have shifted from seeing Vikings as pirates to appreciating their social structure and role in state formation, trade and assimilation into other cultures.
Dna sequence of the mitochondrial hypervariable region ii (krings et al.)Kristian Pedersen
1) The authors determined the DNA sequence of the second hypervariable region (HVRII) of mitochondrial DNA from the Neandertal type specimen.
2) When combined with the previously published HVR1 sequence, phylogenetic analysis found the Neandertal mtDNA to fall outside the variation of contemporary human mtDNA sequences.
3) The estimated date of divergence between Neandertal and modern human mtDNA sequences was 465,000 years before present, with a confidence interval of 317,000 to 741,000 years. This supports the Neandertals having a separate evolutionary history from modern humans.
Detecting ancient admixture in humans using sequence polymorphism data (wall)Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study that examines how much genetic data would be needed to determine if archaic human populations like Neanderthals interbred with and contributed to the modern human gene pool. The study introduces a model of ancient population structure involving mixing between groups. It then determines how many unlinked nuclear loci from sequencing data would be required to distinguish between scenarios of single origin vs. multiregional origin of modern humans. The study finds that 50-100 loci would be needed if plausible parameter estimates are used, and that the amount of available data is not yet sufficient to support one model over the other. However, with more sequencing in coming years, the required data should become available to help resolve the debate.
Close correspondence between quantitative and molecular-genetic divergence t...Kristian Pedersen
This document presents a new method for estimating divergence times between populations based on quantitative traits like cranial measurements. The authors develop a phenotypic divergence time (PTD) estimator modeled after genetic divergence time estimators. They apply their PTD estimator to cranial measurements from over 2,500 modern humans and 20 Neandertals. Their analysis estimates the Neandertal-modern human divergence at either 311,000 years ago or 435,000 years ago, depending on assumptions. These dates are similar to estimates from ancient DNA, implying cranial and genetic divergence largely track population history through neutral evolution.
Anterior tooth growth periods in neandertals were comparable to those of mode...Kristian Pedersen
This document analyzes the duration of enamel formation in anterior teeth of Neanderthals compared to three modern human groups. It finds that while Neanderthal formation times were likely faster than Inuit, they were not faster than those of an English sample and were clearly slower than a southern African sample. This suggests Neanderthal tooth growth, and by extension somatic growth, falls within the range of modern human variation.
Ancient dna. would the real neandertal please stand up (cooper et al.)Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study that analyzed mitochondrial DNA sequences recovered from Neandertal specimens and early modern human fossils. The study found:
1) Neandertal mtDNA sequences were not present in early modern humans or contemporary humans, suggesting a limited genetic contribution from Neandertals to modern humans.
2) However, the results depend on assumptions like the fossils actually containing ancient DNA, and more data is needed to definitively resolve the genetic relationship between Neandertals and modern humans.
3) Future studies using more specimens and nuclear DNA may provide more powerful tests of the extent of genetic exchange between Neandertals and early modern humans.
A modern human pattern of dental development in lower pleistocene hominids fr...Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study of dental development patterns in hominid fossils from the Gran Dolina site in Spain. The fossils are dated to around 0.8 million years ago. Three individuals provided information about their dental development:
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2) Hominid 2 and 3 died during early childhood before their third molars erupted.
3) Analysis of tooth mineralization stages in the fossils showed more similarity to patterns in modern humans than chimpanzees. This supports the view that by 0.8 million years ago, Homo species had a prolonged developmental pattern like humans.
A calvarium of late homo erectus from ceprano, italy (ascenzi et al.)Kristian Pedersen
The document summarizes the discovery and context of a late Homo erectus calvarium found in Ceprano, Italy. Key points:
- The calvarium was discovered in 1994 during highway construction in a clay layer dated to around 700,000 years ago.
- The shape and size of the calvarium (capacity of 1185 ml) show it possesses some, but not all, features of Homo erectus.
- A geological survey found the remains in a colluvial-alluvial paleosol originating from an ancient slope, indicating the site was a marshy pool within the Ceprano basin.
The feeding biomechanics and dietary ecology of australopithecus africanus (s...Kristian Pedersen
1) The feeding biomechanics and craniofacial morphology of Australopithecus africanus were analyzed using finite element analysis informed by comparative data.
2) The results suggest that the facial skeleton of A. africanus was well-adapted to withstand loads applied during premolar biting, including stresses along the nasal margins and zygomatic root.
3) However, neither the mastication of small hard objects nor large volumes of food alone can fully explain the evolution of the robust facial features in A. africanus. Rather, key aspects are more likely related to ingesting and processing large mechanically protected foods like nuts and seeds.
The carbon isotope ecology and diet of australopithecus africanus at sterkfon...Kristian Pedersen
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the carbon isotope ratios in tooth enamel from 10 specimens of Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein in South Africa, dating to between 2.5-2.0 million years ago. The results show that A. africanus had a varied diet incorporating both C3 forest foods and C4 savanna foods to a greater degree than other early hominins. This suggests A. africanus was a highly adaptable and opportunistic feeder. The isotope data also indicates the individuals exhibited more dietary variation than other early hominin species, arguing against suggestions that multiple species are represented in the A. africanus taxon.
Ontogeny of australopithecines and early homo: evidence from carnial capacity...Kristian Pedersen
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Cosmogenic Nuclide Dating Of Sahelanthropus Tchadensis And Australopiethcus B...Kristian Pedersen
This study used cosmogenic nuclide dating to determine the ages of sedimentary units containing hominid remains at two localities in Chad - KT 12 locality in Koro Toro and TM 266 locality in Toros-Menalla. At KT 12, which contained Australopithecus bahrelghazali, authigenic 10Be/9Be dating of the sedimentary level yielded an age of 3.58 ± 0.27 Ma, consistent with an early Pliocene age estimation. At TM 266, where Sahelanthropus tchadensis was found, 28 10Be/9Be ages from the anthracotheriid unit containing the hominid remains bracketed its age between 6.8
The document discusses the emergence and characteristics of Neanderthals. Some key points:
- Neanderthals first emerged in Europe and the Middle East between 150,000-200,000 years ago as a distinct species from Homo heidelbergensis.
- They were restricted to Europe and Western Asia, with no evidence found in Africa or East Asia.
- Anatomically, Neanderthals had stockier builds than modern humans and more robust skeletons, especially in the cranium.
- Genetic evidence shows Neanderthals diverged from the modern human line well before 300,000 years ago, with a substantial genetic distance between the two groups.
-
Homo erectus expanded out of Africa into Eurasia around 1.6 million years ago. Some of the earliest sites outside of Africa are found in East Asia, particularly China and Java, dating back to around 1.9-1.7 million years ago. Homo erectus inhabited sites across Asia utilizing chopper tool industries rather than hand-axes. Some of the most important early Asian sites include Longgupo Cave in China dating to 1.7-1.9 million years ago, and Sangiran in Java dating to around 1.6 million years ago. Homo erectus expanded into Europe around 1 million years ago, with some of the earliest securely dated sites found in Spain and Italy.
Homo ergaster was an early form of Homo that expanded out of Africa between 2-1.6 million years ago. Evidence from the Dmanisi site in Georgia dates Homo ergaster occupation there to 1.88 million years ago, indicating they dispersed earlier in Africa. Homo ergaster displayed increased brain size and cranial capacity compared to Homo habilis, and were taller yet more gracile. They controlled fire, made Acheulean stone tools like handaxes, and were the first hominins to colonize areas outside of Africa, suggesting increased social complexity and technological adaptation.
This document discusses early hominin species including Australopithecus garhi, Homo habilis, and Homo rudolfensis. A. garhi, found in Ethiopia in 1996, was the earliest known tool-producing hominin dating to between 2.6-2.5 million years ago. H. habilis produced basic stone tools and expanded out of Africa between 2.4-1.5 million years ago. H. rudolfensis, found in Kenya, may be a separate species from H. habilis based on cranial differences. The document also examines the physical characteristics, fossil evidence, locomotion, diet, and basic stone tool production of these early hominins.
The document summarizes key australopithecine species and their evolution. It discusses Australopithecus anamensis, A. afarensis, A. africanus, Paranthropus aethiopicus, P. boisei, P. robustus, and A. garhi. It describes their fossil records, anatomies, habitats, locomotion, and relationships. A. garhi is significant as the earliest known tool-making hominin. Debate continues regarding the lineages and relationships between the gracile and robust australopithecine forms.
In our second session, we shall learn all about the main features and fundamentals of UiPath Studio that enable us to use the building blocks for any automation project.
📕 Detailed agenda:
Variables and Datatypes
Workflow Layouts
Arguments
Control Flows and Loops
Conditional Statements
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Variables, Constants, and Arguments in Studio
Control Flow in Studio
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 2 – CoE RolesDianaGray10
In this session, we will review the players involved in the CoE and how each role impacts opportunities.
Topics covered:
• What roles are essential?
• What place in the automation journey does each role play?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
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We will talk about system monitoring from a few different angles. We will start by covering the basics, then discuss SLOs, how to define them, and why understanding the business well is crucial for success in this exercise.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
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From Natural Language to Structured Solr Queries using LLMsSease
This talk draws on experimentation to enable AI applications with Solr. One important use case is to use AI for better accessibility and discoverability of the data: while User eXperience techniques, lexical search improvements, and data harmonization can take organizations to a good level of accessibility, a structural (or “cognitive” gap) remains between the data user needs and the data producer constraints.
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Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
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Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
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"$10 thousand per minute of downtime: architecture, queues, streaming and fin...Fwdays
Direct losses from downtime in 1 minute = $5-$10 thousand dollars. Reputation is priceless.
As part of the talk, we will consider the architectural strategies necessary for the development of highly loaded fintech solutions. We will focus on using queues and streaming to efficiently work and manage large amounts of data in real-time and to minimize latency.
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High performance Serverless Java on AWS- GoTo Amsterdam 2024Vadym Kazulkin
Java is for many years one of the most popular programming languages, but it used to have hard times in the Serverless community. Java is known for its high cold start times and high memory footprint, comparing to other programming languages like Node.js and Python. In this talk I'll look at the general best practices and techniques we can use to decrease memory consumption, cold start times for Java Serverless development on AWS including GraalVM (Native Image) and AWS own offering SnapStart based on Firecracker microVM snapshot and restore and CRaC (Coordinated Restore at Checkpoint) runtime hooks. I'll also provide a lot of benchmarking on Lambda functions trying out various deployment package sizes, Lambda memory settings, Java compilation options and HTTP (a)synchronous clients and measure their impact on cold and warm start times.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-Efficiency
A cranium for the earliest europeans: phylogenetic position of the hominid from ceprano, italy (manzi et al.)
1. A cranium for the earliest Europeans: Phylogenetic
position of the hominid from Ceprano, Italy
G. Manzi*†‡, F. Mallegni*§, and A. Ascenzi*¶
*Istituto Italiano di Paleontologia Umana, Piazza Mincio 2, 00198 Rome, Italy; †Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell’Uomo, Universita di Roma
`
‘‘La Sapienza,’’ Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; and §Dipartimento di Scienze Archeologiche, Universita di Pisa, Via Santa Maria 55,
`
56100 Pisa, Italy
Communicated by F. Clark Howell, University of California, Berkeley, CA, May 24, 2001 (received for review November 10, 2000)
The human fossil evidence unequivocally pertaining to the first the European and African clades are distinguished as separate
inhabitants of Europe at present includes the sample from Atapu- morphotypes, respectively referable (if distinguished at the
erca-TD6 (Spain) and the incomplete adult calvaria discovered near species level) to H. heidelbergensis and to Homo rhodesiensis.
Ceprano, in Southern Latium (Italy). On the basis of regional Concurrently, human populations from this general time span in
correlations and a series of absolute dates, the age of the Ceprano the Far East are mostly regarded as representatives of another
hominid is estimated to range between 800 and 900 kilo-annum regional clade, the species Homo erectus (15, 16).
(ka). In addition, the association with archaic (Mode 1) Paleolithic Given these alternative scenarios, the discovery and or re-
findings from the same area is suggested. After the completed evaluation of fossil specimens that may fill the chronological gap
reconstruction of the calvaria, we present here a new study dealing between the most ancient African evidence pertaining to the
with the general and more detailed aspects of the morphology genus Homo and subsequent biogeographical human radiation
displayed by Ceprano, in comparison to fossil samples ranging in the Early and Middle Pleistocene is of critical importance.
between Early and Middle Pleistocene. According to our results, From this perspective, the recently discovered crania and man-
cranial features indicate that Ceprano represents a unique mor- dible from Dmanisi, dated to about 1.7 mega-annum (Ma) (see ref.
phological bridge between the clade Homo ergaster erectus and 7), can be regarded as the evidence of one of the earliest, if not the
later Middle Pleistocene specimens commonly referred to Homo earliest, human diffusions out of Africa. Yet, the time span between
heidelbergensis (and or to Homo rhodesiensis), particularly those 1.5 and 0.5 Ma still remains relatively poor in terms of human fossil
belonging to the African fossil record that ultimately relates to the evidence. In the late Early Pleistocene, in particular, there are very
origin of modern humans. In conclusion, given its geographical, few well preserved fossils in Africa (17) or in Eurasia (see, e.g., ref.
chronological, and phylogenetic position, an attribution to the 13). Among them, the Ceprano calvaria occupies a crucial position,
species Homo antecessor is considered, although the sample from as far as its chronology and morphological features are concerned.
Atapuerca-TD6 is not directly comparable to Ceprano. Alterna- In this framework, the present paper provides a comparative
tively, a new species—ancestral to later European and African analysis of this fossil, based on a new reconstruction (18, 19). This
hominines—should be named to accommodate such a unique fossil study is aimed at evaluating the significance of the Italian specimen
specimen. for the evolution of the genus Homo.
Dating and General Features of Ceprano. The circumstances of
T he presence of human populations in Europe before the
500-ka age range indicated by advocates of the so-called
‘‘short chronology’’ (1) has been claimed for a long time on the
recovery of the fossil hominid by I. Biddittu at Campogrande
near Ceprano, the geostratigraphy, the chronology, and the
basis of archaeological discoveries in various corners of the archaeology of the site have been described (see refs. 6 and
continent. Examples of pre-500-ka localities are Le Vallonet, in 19–21). In brief, according to the interpretation given by Ascenzi
France (2), Monte Poggiolo, in Italy (3), and those in the and coworkers on the basis of regional correlations synthesized
Guadix-Baza Basin, Spain (4). In 1994, unequivocal human fossil in Fig. 1, the cranium should be referred to the time span
evidence pertaining to the time range at the boundary between between the Acheulean site of Fontana Ranuccio [about 458 ka
Early and Middle Pleistocene was found in the sites of Atapuerca (22)] and layers with volcaniclasts dated by 40Ar 39Ar to around
ANTHROPOLOGY
Gran Dolina (Spain; ref. 5), including a sample of fragmentary 1 Ma (23, 24). In addition, given the absence in the sediments
juvenile specimens and dental remains, and Ceprano (Italy; ref. 6), containing the cranium of any leucitic remnants of the more
where an incomplete adult calvaria was discovered. Roughly one recent volcanic activity known in the region—that are referred
million years earlier, hominids are present at the ‘‘gates of Europe,’’ to the range between 100 and 700 ka (25)—and the presence above
in Georgia (7). It is, however, to be demonstrated that early Homo the cranium itself of a clear stratigraphic unconformity that marks
diffused in Europe at that time, whereas an occupation of East Asia the lowest limit of the sandy leucitic pyroclasts, an age between 800
can be inferred (8–10). and 900 ka is at present our best chronological estimate.
Acheulean assemblages are widely diffused in Europe from As a consequence of the age estimate, a possible association
about 600 ka (11) and fossil human remains are also present in of the hominid from Ceprano with pebble flakes (i.e., Mode 1)
various sites, such as at Mauer, Arago, Bilzinsgleben, Verteszol-
´ ¨ assemblages in the same region (Southern Latium)—from sites
los, Visogliano, and so on. According to the scenario indicated
¨ such as Castro dei Volsci, Arce, and Fontana Liri (26)—has been
by some authors during the last decade (12, 13), these ancient suggested.
Europeans can be referred to Homo heidelbergensis, a paleospe- The current form of the Ceprano calvaria (Fig. 2) is the result
cies that (according to the same point of view) also includes a
large part of the Middle Pleistocene African fossil record, Abbreviations: ka, kilo-annum (thousand years ago); Ma, mega-annum (million years ago);
represented by specimens such as Bodo, Kabwe, and others. At NJ, neighbor-joining; UPGMA, unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages.
the same time, the more traditional notion of a single multire- ‡To whom reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail: giorgio.manzi@uniroma1.it.
gional Middle Pleistocene phase—the so-called ‘‘archaic Homo ¶Deceased December 17, 2000.
sapiens’’—have been abandoned by the majority of the authors. The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This
Alternatively, in the presence of a stem species named Homo article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C.
antecessor (14), another scenario has to be considered in which §1734 solely to indicate this fact.
www.pnas.org cgi doi 10.1073 pnas.151259998 PNAS August 14, 2001 vol. 98 no. 17 10011–10016
2. occipital in the asterionic regions and for part of the occipito-
mastoid suture. On the left, the squama of the temporal bone is
in connection with few residual fragments of the parietal and
with the preserved part of the sphenoid; the latter, in turn, is
connected with the frontal. Thus, cranial shape can be confi-
dently examined, because all of the preserved cranial portions
connect directly with each other.
The cranial vault of Ceprano is low and gently curved along
the midsagittal profile; the maximum length is between glabella
and inion, which is therefore coincident with the opistocranium.
At the same time, however, the cranium is relatively short, with
considerable transversal expansion. As a result, Ceprano is
brachicranic, an unusual trait in archaic Homo. The maximum
breadth is at the level of the supramastoid crests.
A massive and continuous torus with supratoral sulcus char-
acterizes the receding squama of the frontal bone. In the
supraorbital region we observe an interesting suite of traits. The
glabella area is depressed in both superior and frontal views; on
both sides, the torus shows a variable thickness, growing steeply
from the midsagittal plane, reaching maximum height around
midline of each orbit, and gradually decreasing laterally. We also
observe torsion of the superficial aspect of the supraorbital
ridges, with a flat and vermiculate medial component clearly
distinguishable from the more rounded and bulging lateral part.
By contrast, the superior border of the orbits is almost rectilin-
ear. The interorbital width is great, and frontal sinuses extend
laterally and posteriorly. The cranium exhibits moderate post-
orbital constriction and marked temporal lines on both the
frontal and (right) parietal bones. There are no indications of
frontal, coronal, or parietal keelings, although a slight parabreg-
matic depression is visible. The parietal (right side) is square in
shape, relatively flattened sagittally, and markedly angled in
coronal sections at the level of the temporal lines. The superior
border of the temporal squama is missing, but it can be hypoth-
esized that it was relatively high and curved. The mandibular
fossa (incompletely preserved) is relatively small and deep, and is
bordered by a prominent entoglenoid process. The tympanic bones
are bilaterally lost, and the mastoid processes are massive. The
occipital squama is wide and flat; in lateral view, the occipital is
angled, characterized by the presence of transverse occipital torus
with supratoral sulcus. Inion and endinion are clearly separated.
The torus does not reach the asterionic region on both sides, thus
it is not continuous with the well defined angular torus or with the
Fig. 1. Simplified stratigraphic sequence of the central Ceprano Basin supramastoid crests. The nuchal plane is preserved only in part, and
composed by A. G. Segre from various test sections in the region (redrawn
large areas of the cranial base are unfortunately missing or dam-
from ref. 17; see text for other references). The position of the human cranium
is marked with a circle, whereas triangles indicate archaeological layers: M,
aged. Thickness of the bones of the cranial vault is exceptional,
Mousterian; A, Acheulean; C, ‘‘archaic’’ Paleolithic. In relationship with two reaching values above 20 mm (temporal asterion).
major unconformities in the sequence, S1 and S2, indicate the lowest limits of Metric data recorded on the new reconstruction of the
sands with leucitic pyroclasts (younger volcanic activity; referred to the range Ceprano calvaria have recently been published in detail (19).
between 100 and 700 ka) or without leucitic pyroclasts (volcanic activity older The selection of bivariate metric comparisons shown in Fig. 3
than 700 ka), respectively. Available K-Ar datings in the region are also demonstrates that Ceprano fits within the variability of archaic
reported on the left. Homo and is frequently associated with the more massive
specimens in that sample, such as Sangiran 17, Petralona, and the
Cranium 4 from Sima de los Huesos. One of the most peculiar
of a process started in 1994 and concluded in 1999. It is based traits of Ceprano is confirmed to be the relatively large breadth,
on the original reconstruction by Ascenzi and coworkers (see ref. especially compared with its maximum length, as clearly dem-
6), subsequently corrected by R. J. Clarke (18) and further onstrated by the diagram in Fig. 3a. The considerable value of
revised by M. A. de Lumley and F.M. (19). Looking at the frontal expansion (Fig. 3b) is closer to European specimens of
cranium along its transversal contour, Ceprano is presently the Middle Pleistocene generally referred to H. heidelbergensis.
constituted as follows. On the right side the virtually complete However, the distance between glabella and inion (Fig. 3a), as
frontal bone articulates in two points with fragments of the well as the relationship between frontal and parietal midsagittal
parietal along the coronal suture and also with the greater wing chords (Fig. 3c), relate Ceprano with fossils from Zhoukoudian
of the sphenoid, which also articulates with the temporal squama and give the Italian specimens a resemblance to H. erectus
(endocranial surface). The right parietal—well represented, and or to Homo ergaster in lateral profile. In addition, the
particularly in its posterior component—articulates with both proportions of the occipital bone reported in Fig. 3d indicate that
the temporal and the largely preserved occipital bone along the Ceprano has a wide upper scale, proportionally high (lambda-
preserved segments of the lambdoid suture. Both the right and inion chord) and large (biasterionic breadth), leading to a
left mastoid portions of the temporal bones articulate with the position in the plot close to that of ER-3733.
10012 www.pnas.org cgi doi 10.1073 pnas.151259998 Manzi et al.
3. Fig. 2. The new reconstruction of the Ceprano calvaria in four
views: (a) right lateral; (b) frontal; (c) occipital; (d) superior.
Discrete Traits: A Multivariate Comparative Analysis. From this To shed some light on the phylogenetic and taxonomic posi-
overview of the general features displayed by Ceprano, the tion of Ceprano, thirty character states have been examined in
original preliminary attribution to H. erectus (ref. 6; see also ref. a series of 20 specimens ranging between Early and Middle
18) does not appear completely satisfactory, and should be Pleistocene, sufficiently complete to be compared with the
reconsidered. As a matter of fact, the variability of this taxon calvaria from Ceprano. Selection of traits derives from lists of
appears surprisingly extensive when the Italian specimen is distinctive features generally considered in describing H. erectus
included in the hypodigm. As we already stated elsewhere (19): and related hominines [see table 2.11 in Wood (27)]. Given the
‘‘to assess its affinities to H. erectus additional comparisons will peculiar character of the frontal region in Ceprano, special
need to be made with other taxa, particularly H. heidelbergensis attention has been devoted to features describing the supraor-
and H. antecessor.’’ bital structures. The traits that have been considered and
ANTHROPOLOGY
Fig. 3. Bivariate morphometric comparisons between Ceprano and archaic Homo samples. (a) maximum cranial length vs. maximum cranial breadth; (b)
minimum frontal breadth (Martin measurement n. 9) vs. maximum frontal breadth (n. 10); (c) parietal sagittal chord (from bregma to lambda) vs. frontal sagittal
chord (from nasion to bregma); (d) biasterionic breadth vs. lambda-inion chord. A more extensive collection of measurements obtained on the new
reconstruction of the Ceprano calvaria is reported in ref. 16. Site specimen abbreviations are as in Table 1.
Manzi et al. PNAS August 14, 2001 vol. 98 no. 17 10013
4. Table 1. Alternative character states in Ceprano and comparative samples
Africa Asia Europe
Dmn. 2280
Dmn. 2282
At-SH Cr.4
At-SH Cr.5
Steinheim
Petralona
Saldanha
Ceprano
ER 3733
ER 3883
Zkd. XII
Sng. 17
Kabwe
Zkd. XI
Zkd. III
Zkd. X
Arago
Sng. 2
Bodo
OH 9
Long cranial vault 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
Low cranial vault 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Maximum breadth across the angular torus or 1 1 1 — 1 — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 — 0 1 1 1
supramastoid crest
Thick vault bones (parietal) 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 — 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Pronounced postorbital constriction 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Frontal keel or ridge 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Straight junction of torus and frontal squama 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Coronal ridge 1 1 — 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Flattened parietal 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
Rectangular parietal 0 0 0 — 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Low temporal squama 0 1 1 0 0 — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 — 0 0 0 0
Flat superior border of the temporal squama 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 — 0 0 0 0
Small mastoid process 1 0 1 — 0 — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 — 1 0 0 0
Opisthocranion coincident with inion 1 1 1 — 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 — 0 1 0 0
Sharply angulated occipital profile 1 0 1 — 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 — 0 0 0 0
Broad nasal bones 0 0 1 1 1 — 0 — — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Horizontal inferior border of the supraorbital torus 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Continuous thickness of the supraorbital torus 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
Glabellar inflexion in superior view 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 — — 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ceprano-like ‘‘torsion’’ of the supraorbital torus 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Bilateral discontinuity (ridges) of the supratoral sulcus 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
Prominent angular torus at mastoid angle 0 0 1 — 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
Marked supramastoid crests 1 1 0 — 1 — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 — 0 1 1 1
Marked mastoid crests 1 0 1 — 1 — 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 — 0 — 1 1
Occipitomastoid ridge 0 0 0 — 1 — — — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 — 1 — 1 1
Juxtamastoid ridge absent 0 1 0 — 1 — — — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 — 0 — 1 1
Suprameatal tegmen 1 0 1 — 1 — 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 — 0 1 0 0
Occipital torus with supratoral sulcus 0 0 0 — 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 — 0 1 1 1
Occipital torus continuous with angular torus and 0 0 0 — 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 — 0 0 1 0
supramastoid crest
Mid-sagittal depression of the occipital torus 0 0 0 — — 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 — 1 0 1 1
0 1 absent present. Site specimen abbreviations: At-SH Atapuerca Sima de los Huesos; Dmn. Dmanisi; ER East Turkana; Ngd. Ngandong; OH
Olduvai; Sng. Sangiran; Zkd. Zhoukoudian.
specimens that have been examined are listed in Table 1, where position of a few specimens. Particularly, Ceprano in the NJ-
the scores for presence or absence are also reported. based tree stands in an isolate position (Fig. 4a), whereas in the
From these data, a matrix of Manhattan phenetic distances UPGMA-based tree is grouped with the African Middle Pleis-
was calculated (Table 2). These distances have been used to tocene sample (Fig. 4b).
generate unrooted trees respectively based on neighbor-joining A first main cluster in both the trees includes the Asian
(NJ) and unweighted pair group method using arithmetic aver- specimens from Sangiran and Zhoukoudian, generally referred
ages (UPGMA; 28, 29); both these trees are reported in Fig. 4. to H. erectus (sensu stricto), with the possible inclusion of the
Consistent results were also obtained when applying multivariate African OH-9. Another association of this same cluster includes
analyses to raw discrete data, but with the limitation that several fossils from both Turkana and Dmanisi. In this light, the two
rows or, alternatively, columns had to be excluded because of Georgian crania appear appropriately classified as H. ergaster
missing scores. (according to ref. 7). A second cluster describes a completely
In general, the distribution of the specimens in the trees separate area of the two graphs, as it groups Middle Pleistocene
appears consistent with the assumption that specimens with specimens from Africa and Europe that find in Ceprano a
obvious affinities—like those coming from the same site (i.e., plausible ancestral morph. Consistent with its morphometric
Dmanisi, Zhoukoudian, and Sima de los Huesos)—should clus- features (Fig. 3), in fact, Ceprano appears in the trees—
ter together as they actually do. Given this consistency with the particularly looking at the NJ analysis (Fig. 4a)—as a morpho-
expectations and merging the results reported in both the logical ‘‘bridge’’ between the H. ergaster erectus group and that
NJ-based and UPGMA-based trees with the H. erectus archi- composed by specimens commonly referred to H. heidelbergen-
tectural resemblance of the Ceprano calvaria (see above), the sis. In addition, the difference observed when using UPGMA to
position of the late Early Pleistocene Italian specimen appears generate the tree (Fig. 4b) is the more close clustering of the
of great interest for our knowledge on the relationships between European Ceprano with the African Middle Pleistocene speci-
populations species of the genus Homo. mens: Bodo, Kabwe, and Saldanha. However, looking at both the
Two main clusters are evident in Fig. 4 (a and b). Differences trees, it should be borne in mind the general (architectural)
between the trees appear minimal and only concern the relative resemblance in shape between Ceprano and fossils ascribed to H.
10014 www.pnas.org cgi doi 10.1073 pnas.151259998 Manzi et al.
5. Table 2. Matrix of phenetic distances based on data in Table 1
Dmn. 2280
Dmn. 2282
At-SH Cr.4
At-SH Cr.5
Steinheim
Petralona
Saldanha
Ceprano
ER 3733
ER 3883
Zkd. XII
Sng. 17
Kabwe
Zkd. XI
Zkd. III
Zkd. X
Arago
Sng. 2
Bodo
OH 9
ER 3733 0.000
ER 3883 0.333 0.000
OH 9 0.276 0.345 0.000
Bodo 0.688 0.625 0.533 0.000
Kabwe 0.517 0.586 0.714 0.250 0.000
Saldanha 0.524 0.476 0.550 0.071 0.300 0.000
Dmn. 2280 0.286 0.464 0.370 0.563 0.481 0.381 0.000
Dmn. 2282 0.280 0.360 0.292 0.538 0.458 0.421 0.120 0.000
Sng. 2 0.393 0.321 0.296 0.571 0.556 0.500 0.385 0.440 0.000
Sng. 17 0.367 0.367 0.310 0.688 0.552 0.524 0.321 0.360 0.143 0.000
Zkd. III 0.333 0.333 0.276 0.688 0.517 0.571 0.357 0.360 0.143 0.167 0.000
Zkd. X 0.367 0.433 0.241 0.688 0.552 0.667 0.250 0.280 0.214 0.133 0.167 0.000
Zkd. XI 0.333 0.400 0.207 0.688 0.586 0.714 0.286 0.320 0.179 0.167 0.133 0.033 0.000
Zkd. XII 0.333 0.400 0.276 0.750 0.586 0.762 0.357 0.360 0.179 0.167 0.133 0.100 0.067 0.000
Ceprano 0.533 0.533 0.448 0.188 0.448 0.381 0.500 0.440 0.429 0.500 0.400 0.433 0.400 0.400 0.000
Arago 0.438 0.500 0.333 0.357 0.438 0.400 0.625 0.385 0.571 0.625 0.375 0.563 0.500 0.438 0.250 0.000
Steinheim 0.433 0.500 0.483 0.375 0.517 0.476 0.714 0.560 0.607 0.600 0.567 0.667 0.633 0.567 0.500 0.125 0.000
Petralona 0.444 0.444 0.500 0.250 0.269 0.333 0.519 0.417 0.520 0.593 0.481 0.481 0.519 0.481 0.333 0.250 0.407 0.000
At-SH Cr.4 0.600 0.467 0.586 0.375 0.345 0.476 0.643 0.520 0.571 0.567 0.467 0.500 0.533 0.600 0.400 0.375 0.433 0.296 0.000
At-SH Cr.5 0.533 0.400 0.517 0.250 0.345 0.476 0.571 0.520 0.500 0.633 0.467 0.500 0.467 0.533 0.400 0.313 0.367 0.222 0.133 0.000
ergaster and or to H. erectus (see above)—a feature, actually a frontal features in particular—namely the discontinuous thick-
suite of features, that is not included in these analyses. ness of the torus, marked by a definite midorbit torsion (see
Affinities between Ceprano and Middle Pleistocene speci- above)—indicate a relationship between Ceprano and the Mid-
mens from Africa and Europe include: absence of pronounced Pleistocene fossil record from Africa closer than with the
postorbital constriction, absence of clear keeling or ridges on the Anteneandertal European specimens (as evidenced by the
vault (with the exception of Kabwe), higher and more rounded UPGMA-based tree).
temporal squama than in H. erectus, relatively large mastoids Interestingly, therefore, Ceprano appears as the most archa-
(with the exception of Steinheim), and features of the supraor- ic—for the ‘‘erectus-like’’ parieto-occipital vault—and the most
bital torus (such as the presence of a glabellar inflexion). Some ancient specimen to display this kind of morphology in the
ANTHROPOLOGY
Fig. 4. NJ (a) and UPGMA (b) unrooted trees (28, 29) derived from weighted Manhattan distances reported in Table 2. Site specimen abbreviations are as in
Table 1.
Manzi et al. PNAS August 14, 2001 vol. 98 no. 17 10015
6. frontal region. Unfortunately, little can be said about the face Atapuerca (Spain). Unfortunately, among the nearly 80 fossil
(with a few exceptions, such as the relative dimension of the nasal pieces that have been found so far at that site, and referred to
bones). Taken as a whole, its morphological pattern is diverse the species H. antecessor (5, 14, 30), none is directly or adequately
from that shared by H. ergaster and H. erectus. Given the dating comparable with Ceprano, at least in terms of completeness (as
of the Italian specimen, it is also new with respect to later Homo for some temporal bone fragments) or age at death (as in the case
referred to H. heidelbergensis (and to H. rhodesiensis; if a of the juvenile frontal TD6-15). It is not possible at present to
distinction at the species level of the African group is preferred). predict the morphologies that could be discovered at Atapuerca,
In this light, Ceprano can be considered as a good candidate when level TD6 will be reached again by future excavations.
to represent the last common ancestor for this latter group However, we cannot exclude that affinities will emerge with what
of hominines, ultimately between Neandertals and modern we observe now on Ceprano; in this case, this calvaria would
humans. describe for the first time the adult cranial morphology of H.
antecessor. Alternatively, a less parsimonious scenario should be
Conclusions: Toward an Interpretation. On the basis of these results invoked, where two different human morphs were present during
and evaluations, we suggest that humans represented by Ce- the same time span in Europe, and a new species should be
prano—bearing a new morphology and clear signs of greater named to accommodate the Italian specimen. Nevertheless, any
encephalization (demonstrated, e.g., by the frontal proportions; scenario has to face with the fact that the Ceprano morphological
see Fig. 2b)—diffused into the northern hemisphere during the pattern does not appropriately fit in the known ranges of
late Early Pleistocene, in association with Mode 1 Paleolithic variability of H. ergaster erectus, from one side, and H. heidel-
technologies. According to the evidence furnished by Ceprano, bergensis rhodesiensis from the other.
part of this new morphology was subsequently lost during human
evolution in Europe as a possible consequence of the arrival of This paper is dedicated to the memory of A. Ascenzi. We gratefully
Acheulean immigrants, whose presence seems to be widely acknowledge Prof. F. Clark Howell, who kindly followed and supported
attested in the continent only after 600 ka. At the same time, it our work on Ceprano since its beginning, and the benevolent comments
should be concluded that this phenotype further developed in of three referees. Special thanks go to A. G. Segre, E. Segre-Naldini, and
I. Biddittu for their suggestions and encouragement, to E. Bruner for his
Africa during the Middle Pleistocene, as indicated by the affin-
contribution in data analysis, to A. Gracia and I. Martinez for discussions
ities between Ceprano and specimens like Bodo or Kabwe. about morphological features, and to D. Lordkipanidze, who kindly
Which species is then represented by Ceprano? Given its authorized the inclusion of observations made on the Dmanisi crania.
geographical, chronological, and possible phylogenetic position This work was supported by grants attributed to the Italian Institute of
(as described above), the best comparison should be represented Human Paleontology by the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage
by the fossil sample unearthed from Gran Dolina (level TD6) at (MBAC) and the Italian Ministry of Scientific Research (MURST).
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