The document discusses new modifications made to the reconstruction of the Ceprano calvaria based on additional examination. It provides a reassessment of the morphology and measurements of the calvaria and evaluates its affinities to Homo erectus. New geological data from the Priverno Basin suggests an age of 800-900 thousand years for the calvaria. While showing some similarities, the calvaria exhibits significant morphological variation compared to typical H. erectus specimens.
This document discusses the geological evolution of the Crati sedimentary basin in Calabria, Italy. During the Upper Miocene, the basin developed as an extensional basin filled by transgressive clastic deposits. During the Pliocene-Quaternary, the basin evolved under an E-W compressional regime, with thrusting on both flanks resulting in uplift of surrounding ranges relative to the basin center. Folding and thrusting affected the western part of the basin during the Pleistocene, while fan deltas gradually filled the basin. From the Middle Pleistocene to present, regional uplift dissected and terraced the basin deposits. The study presents new insights on the basin's evolution based on field observations
Charles R. Singer - Syn-rifting in the Lower JurassicCharlie Singer
This document summarizes research on Lower Jurassic carbonate deposits in western Sardinia that provide evidence of syn-sedimentary faulting during an extensional tectonic period. Fieldwork at a quarry exposure revealed a series of NE-dipping listric normal faults that caused lateral thickness variations and erosional intersections of marker horizons within the rotated fault blocks. Structural analysis indicated a SE-directed extensional stress regime prior to later block rotation. The faults interacted with deposition of shallow marine carbonate tempestite facies, providing constraints on the temporal and spatial extent of Mesozoic rifting in the region.
The document provides information about normal and abnormal bile duct anatomy and pathology as seen on various medical imaging modalities like CT, MRI, MRCP, and ultrasound. It includes images and descriptions of normal bile ducts, gallbladder anatomy, choledochal cysts, Caroli's disease, gallstones, sclerosing cholangitis, biliary hamartomas, cholangiocarcinoma, and hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Complications from gallstones like pancreatitis and suppurative cholangitis are also discussed.
C.K. Morley a,⇑, A. Alvey b
a Department of Geological Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
b Badley Geoscience Ltd., North Beck House, North Beck Lane, Hundelby, Spilsby, Lincolnshire PE23 5NB, UK
This document summarizes new insights about diapirism in the Adriatic Sea from the reinterpretation of seismic profiles in the region around the Tremiti Islands offshore of Italy. The profiles reveal a salt-anticline structure, called the Tremiti diapir, within a larger Tremiti Structure. The diapir was generated by the upward migration of Upper Triassic anhydrites due to diapirism within Mesozoic to Quaternary basin sediments. Internal patterns in the strata and shapes of Plio-Quaternary units, as well as an angular unconformity on the Tremiti Islands, suggest halokinesis began in the late Miocene and continues today.
This document provides a review of the history and concepts of sequence stratigraphy. It begins with a brief history starting from early ideas about sea level change in the 1600s and progresses to modern concepts developed in the late 20th century. It then discusses the key principles of sequence stratigraphy including accommodation space, sequence boundaries, systems tracts including lowstand, transgressive, and highstand tracts, and parasequences. The review provides definitions and diagrams to illustrate these fundamental concepts in sequence stratigraphy.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the cranial bones. It describes that the skull consists of 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones. It then provides details on the individual cranial bones, including the frontal bone, parietal bones, temporal bones, occipital bone, and their features. It notes clinical applications such as fontanelles in infants and infections in the mastoid process.
This document discusses the geological evolution of the Crati sedimentary basin in Calabria, Italy. During the Upper Miocene, the basin developed as an extensional basin filled by transgressive clastic deposits. During the Pliocene-Quaternary, the basin evolved under an E-W compressional regime, with thrusting on both flanks resulting in uplift of surrounding ranges relative to the basin center. Folding and thrusting affected the western part of the basin during the Pleistocene, while fan deltas gradually filled the basin. From the Middle Pleistocene to present, regional uplift dissected and terraced the basin deposits. The study presents new insights on the basin's evolution based on field observations
Charles R. Singer - Syn-rifting in the Lower JurassicCharlie Singer
This document summarizes research on Lower Jurassic carbonate deposits in western Sardinia that provide evidence of syn-sedimentary faulting during an extensional tectonic period. Fieldwork at a quarry exposure revealed a series of NE-dipping listric normal faults that caused lateral thickness variations and erosional intersections of marker horizons within the rotated fault blocks. Structural analysis indicated a SE-directed extensional stress regime prior to later block rotation. The faults interacted with deposition of shallow marine carbonate tempestite facies, providing constraints on the temporal and spatial extent of Mesozoic rifting in the region.
The document provides information about normal and abnormal bile duct anatomy and pathology as seen on various medical imaging modalities like CT, MRI, MRCP, and ultrasound. It includes images and descriptions of normal bile ducts, gallbladder anatomy, choledochal cysts, Caroli's disease, gallstones, sclerosing cholangitis, biliary hamartomas, cholangiocarcinoma, and hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Complications from gallstones like pancreatitis and suppurative cholangitis are also discussed.
C.K. Morley a,⇑, A. Alvey b
a Department of Geological Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
b Badley Geoscience Ltd., North Beck House, North Beck Lane, Hundelby, Spilsby, Lincolnshire PE23 5NB, UK
This document summarizes new insights about diapirism in the Adriatic Sea from the reinterpretation of seismic profiles in the region around the Tremiti Islands offshore of Italy. The profiles reveal a salt-anticline structure, called the Tremiti diapir, within a larger Tremiti Structure. The diapir was generated by the upward migration of Upper Triassic anhydrites due to diapirism within Mesozoic to Quaternary basin sediments. Internal patterns in the strata and shapes of Plio-Quaternary units, as well as an angular unconformity on the Tremiti Islands, suggest halokinesis began in the late Miocene and continues today.
This document provides a review of the history and concepts of sequence stratigraphy. It begins with a brief history starting from early ideas about sea level change in the 1600s and progresses to modern concepts developed in the late 20th century. It then discusses the key principles of sequence stratigraphy including accommodation space, sequence boundaries, systems tracts including lowstand, transgressive, and highstand tracts, and parasequences. The review provides definitions and diagrams to illustrate these fundamental concepts in sequence stratigraphy.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the cranial bones. It describes that the skull consists of 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones. It then provides details on the individual cranial bones, including the frontal bone, parietal bones, temporal bones, occipital bone, and their features. It notes clinical applications such as fontanelles in infants and infections in the mastoid process.
A cranium for the earliest europeans: phylogenetic position of the hominid fr...Kristian Pedersen
The document summarizes a study analyzing the cranium of a hominid fossil discovered near Ceprano, Italy in 1994. Researchers estimated its age to be between 800-900 thousand years old based on dating of surrounding rock layers. The cranium was reconstructed and compared morphologically to other early European and Asian hominin fossils. Results found it displayed a unique blend of traits linking early Homo erectus to later specimens referred to Homo heidelbergensis. The researchers concluded the Ceprano cranium represents an important transitional form between early hominin groups, filling a gap in the human fossil record in Europe between 1-0.5 million years ago.
New fossils from koobi fora in northern kenya confirm taxonomic diversity in ...Carlos Bella
1) Three new hominin fossils dated between 1.78-1.95 million years old from Koobi Fora, Kenya provide new evidence about early species of Homo.
2) KNM-ER 62000, a juvenile face, closely resembles KNM-ER 1470 but is smaller, preserving previously unknown anatomy like moderately sized teeth.
3) The nearly complete mandible KNM-ER 60000 and fragment KNM-ER 62003 have short, flat dental arcades with small incisors consistent with KNM-ER 1470 and 62000.
4) The new fossils confirm the presence of two contemporary Homo species in early Pleistocene East Africa in addition to
This document describes a peculiar specimen of Panochthus, a genus of glyptodont, found in the Bolivian Altiplano. The specimen was found at an elevation of around 4000 meters. Compared to other Panochthus species, it has a unique dorsal profile and osteoderm patterns, with each osteoderm showing a central figure surrounded by up to five rows of peripheral figures. While it shares similarities with P. hipsilis and P. intermedius, it also displays distinguishing morphological features. Further studies are needed to determine if it represents a new Panochthus species or intraspecific variation within the genus.
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Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Palaeoworld 17 (2008) 41–46
Research paper
The first described Arsinoitherium from the upper Eocene Aydim
Formation of Oman: Biogeographic implications
Abdul Razak Al-Sayigh a, Sobhi Nasir a,∗, Anne S. Schulp b,
Nancy J. Stevens c
a Department of Earth Sciences, P.O. Box 36, 123-Al-Khod, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
b Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht, De Bosquetplein 6-7, NL6211KJ Maastricht, The Netherlands
c Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, 228 Irvine Hall, Ohio University, USA
Received 4 April 2006; received in revised form 8 March 2007; accepted 18 July 2007
Available online 3 August 2007
bstract
A new fossiliferous locality is discovered from the upper Eocene Aydim Formation, in Dhofar, Southern Sultanate of Oman. A left ulna of
rsinoitherium is described, and cranial and postcranial specimens found in close proximity are referred to the same taxon. The locality is
romising for the recovery of additional fossil specimens. Moreover, the presence of Arsinoitherium in Oman is of biogeographic significance; as
he Red Sea did not exist during the late Eocene, these large-bodied animals were able to freely travel between what is now the Arabian Peninsula
nd continental Africa.
ublished by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS.
eywords: Arsinoitherium; Oman; Biogeography; Afro-Arabia; Aydim Formation
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. Introduction
Cenozoic fossil vertebrates from the Arabian Peninsula
onvey an important contribution to palaeontological under-
tanding, representing vertebrates that occupied a myriad of
cological niches, large and small in body size, aquatic and ter-
estrial in habitat. Yet despite the important geographic position
f Arabia with respect to other landmasses, relatively little is
nown about its early Paleogene large-bodied terrestrial mam-
alian fauna. Arabian fossils are meaningful for unraveling
he Tertiary migrational patterns of different vertebrate clades
mong the landmasses of Africa, Europe and Asia. During
he Paleocene and Eocene, paleobiogeographic reconstructions
redict broad similarities between the terrestrial vertebrates of
ontinental Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Subsequently,
arge-scale interchange of terrestrial faunas between Arabia and
urasia took place beginning in the early Miocene via the colli-
ion of Arabia and Asia (e.g., Whybrow and Clements, 1999).
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Nasir).
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871-174X/$ – see front matter. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Nanjing Insti
oi:10.1016/j.palwor.2007.07.005
Until recently, regional biogeographic inferences were based
argely on Arabian marine sequences, and from terrestrial faunas
ocumented in the better-known palaeontological successions
n neighboring landmasses. As evidence of Mesozoic verte-
rates has grown ra.
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Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Palaeoworld 17 (2008) 41–46
Research paper
The first described Arsinoitherium from the upper Eocene Aydim
Formation of Oman: Biogeographic implications
Abdul Razak Al-Sayigh a, Sobhi Nasir a,∗, Anne S. Schulp b,
Nancy J. Stevens c
a Department of Earth Sciences, P.O. Box 36, 123-Al-Khod, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
b Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht, De Bosquetplein 6-7, NL6211KJ Maastricht, The Netherlands
c Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, 228 Irvine Hall, Ohio University, USA
Received 4 April 2006; received in revised form 8 March 2007; accepted 18 July 2007
Available online 3 August 2007
bstract
A new fossiliferous locality is discovered from the upper Eocene Aydim Formation, in Dhofar, Southern Sultanate of Oman. A left ulna of
rsinoitherium is described, and cranial and postcranial specimens found in close proximity are referred to the same taxon. The locality is
romising for the recovery of additional fossil specimens. Moreover, the presence of Arsinoitherium in Oman is of biogeographic significance; as
he Red Sea did not exist during the late Eocene, these large-bodied animals were able to freely travel between what is now the Arabian Peninsula
nd continental Africa.
ublished by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS.
eywords: Arsinoitherium; Oman; Biogeography; Afro-Arabia; Aydim Formation
l
d
o
b
M
H
2
2
a
A
2
O
f
m
. Introduction
Cenozoic fossil vertebrates from the Arabian Peninsula
onvey an important contribution to palaeontological under-
tanding, representing vertebrates that occupied a myriad of
cological niches, large and small in body size, aquatic and ter-
estrial in habitat. Yet despite the important geographic position
f Arabia with respect to other landmasses, relatively little is
nown about its early Paleogene large-bodied terrestrial mam-
alian fauna. Arabian fossils are meaningful for unraveling
he Tertiary migrational patterns of different vertebrate clades
mong the landmasses of Africa, Europe and Asia. During
he Paleocene and Eocene, paleobiogeographic reconstructions
redict broad similarities between the terrestrial vertebrates of
ontinental Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Subsequently,
arge-scale interchange of terrestrial faunas between Arabia and
urasia took place beginning in the early Miocene via the colli-
ion of Arabia and Asia (e.g., Whybrow and Clements, 1999).
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Nasir).
h
(
E
p
e
A
871-174X/$ – see front matter. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Nanjing Insti
oi:10.1016/j.palwor.2007.07.005
Until recently, regional biogeographic inferences were based
argely on Arabian marine sequences, and from terrestrial faunas
ocumented in the better-known palaeontological successions
n neighboring landmasses. As evidence of Mesozoic verte-
rates has grown ra.
A
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t
a
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c
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o
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m
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Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Palaeoworld 17 (2008) 41–46
Research paper
The first described Arsinoitherium from the upper Eocene Aydim
Formation of Oman: Biogeographic implications
Abdul Razak Al-Sayigh a, Sobhi Nasir a,∗, Anne S. Schulp b,
Nancy J. Stevens c
a Department of Earth Sciences, P.O. Box 36, 123-Al-Khod, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
b Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht, De Bosquetplein 6-7, NL6211KJ Maastricht, The Netherlands
c Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, 228 Irvine Hall, Ohio University, USA
Received 4 April 2006; received in revised form 8 March 2007; accepted 18 July 2007
Available online 3 August 2007
bstract
A new fossiliferous locality is discovered from the upper Eocene Aydim Formation, in Dhofar, Southern Sultanate of Oman. A left ulna of
rsinoitherium is described, and cranial and postcranial specimens found in close proximity are referred to the same taxon. The locality is
romising for the recovery of additional fossil specimens. Moreover, the presence of Arsinoitherium in Oman is of biogeographic significance; as
he Red Sea did not exist during the late Eocene, these large-bodied animals were able to freely travel between what is now the Arabian Peninsula
nd continental Africa.
ublished by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS.
eywords: Arsinoitherium; Oman; Biogeography; Afro-Arabia; Aydim Formation
l
d
o
b
M
H
2
2
a
A
2
O
f
m
. Introduction
Cenozoic fossil vertebrates from the Arabian Peninsula
onvey an important contribution to palaeontological under-
tanding, representing vertebrates that occupied a myriad of
cological niches, large and small in body size, aquatic and ter-
estrial in habitat. Yet despite the important geographic position
f Arabia with respect to other landmasses, relatively little is
nown about its early Paleogene large-bodied terrestrial mam-
alian fauna. Arabian fossils are meaningful for unraveling
he Tertiary migrational patterns of different vertebrate clades
mong the landmasses of Africa, Europe and Asia. During
he Paleocene and Eocene, paleobiogeographic reconstructions
redict broad similarities between the terrestrial vertebrates of
ontinental Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Subsequently,
arge-scale interchange of terrestrial faunas between Arabia and
urasia took place beginning in the early Miocene via the colli-
ion of Arabia and Asia (e.g., Whybrow and Clements, 1999).
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Nasir).
h
(
E
p
e
A
871-174X/$ – see front matter. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Nanjing Insti
oi:10.1016/j.palwor.2007.07.005
Until recently, regional biogeographic inferences were based
argely on Arabian marine sequences, and from terrestrial faunas
ocumented in the better-known palaeontological successions
n neighboring landmasses. As evidence of Mesozoic verte-
rates has grown ra.
A
A
p
t
a
P
K
1
c
s
e
r
o
k
m
t
a
t
p
c
l
E
s
1
d
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Palaeoworld 17 (2008) 41–46
Research paper
The first described Arsinoitherium from the upper Eocene Aydim
Formation of Oman: Biogeographic implications
Abdul Razak Al-Sayigh a, Sobhi Nasir a,∗, Anne S. Schulp b,
Nancy J. Stevens c
a Department of Earth Sciences, P.O. Box 36, 123-Al-Khod, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
b Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht, De Bosquetplein 6-7, NL6211KJ Maastricht, The Netherlands
c Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, 228 Irvine Hall, Ohio University, USA
Received 4 April 2006; received in revised form 8 March 2007; accepted 18 July 2007
Available online 3 August 2007
bstract
A new fossiliferous locality is discovered from the upper Eocene Aydim Formation, in Dhofar, Southern Sultanate of Oman. A left ulna of
rsinoitherium is described, and cranial and postcranial specimens found in close proximity are referred to the same taxon. The locality is
romising for the recovery of additional fossil specimens. Moreover, the presence of Arsinoitherium in Oman is of biogeographic significance; as
he Red Sea did not exist during the late Eocene, these large-bodied animals were able to freely travel between what is now the Arabian Peninsula
nd continental Africa.
ublished by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS.
eywords: Arsinoitherium; Oman; Biogeography; Afro-Arabia; Aydim Formation
l
d
o
b
M
H
2
2
a
A
2
O
f
m
. Introduction
Cenozoic fossil vertebrates from the Arabian Peninsula
onvey an important contribution to palaeontological under-
tanding, representing vertebrates that occupied a myriad of
cological niches, large and small in body size, aquatic and ter-
estrial in habitat. Yet despite the important geographic position
f Arabia with respect to other landmasses, relatively little is
nown about its early Paleogene large-bodied terrestrial mam-
alian fauna. Arabian fossils are meaningful for unraveling
he Tertiary migrational patterns of different vertebrate clades
mong the landmasses of Africa, Europe and Asia. During
he Paleocene and Eocene, paleobiogeographic reconstructions
redict broad similarities between the terrestrial vertebrates of
ontinental Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Subsequently,
arge-scale interchange of terrestrial faunas between Arabia and
urasia took place beginning in the early Miocene via the colli-
ion of Arabia and Asia (e.g., Whybrow and Clements, 1999).
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Nasir).
h
(
E
p
e
A
871-174X/$ – see front matter. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Nanjing Insti
oi:10.1016/j.palwor.2007.07.005
Until recently, regional biogeographic inferences were based
argely on Arabian marine sequences, and from terrestrial faunas
ocumented in the better-known palaeontological successions
n neighboring landmasses. As evidence of Mesozoic verte-
rates has grown ra ...
Leonhard Euler showed that the movement of tectonic plates can be described as rotation around an axis through the Earth's center. This model allows scientists to reconstruct past plate positions and configurations. Paleomagnetic data from different rock types provides information about ancient plate locations relative to the Earth's magnetic poles over time. Integrating various lines of evidence like magnetic anomalies, transform faults, hotspot tracks, and apparent polar wander paths enables increasingly precise geometric reconstructions of past tectonic activity back to over one billion years ago, revealing the changing geography of Earth's supercontinents over its history.
Evolution of tunnel placement in ACL reconstructionDhananjaya Sabat
One of my talks at Delhi Arthroscopy Club....... this presentation provides a insight regarding the conceptual evolution in tunnel placement during ACL reconstruction.
Decoding the ancient_greek_astronomical_calculator_known_as_the_antikythera_m...Sérgio Sacani
The document summarizes research into decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism. Key findings include:
1) Researchers used high-resolution X-ray tomography and digital imaging to further decode inscriptions and reconstruct the device's functions.
2) The mechanism included geared dials to track the Metonic and Callippic lunar cycles and the Saros eclipse cycle, displaying astronomical periods with unexpected sophistication for the time.
3) Glyphs on the Saros dial were correlated with historical eclipse data, identifying the mechanism's method of predicting lunar and solar eclipses based on Babylonian arithmetic cycles.
Sedimentology of the Turonian Ezeaku Sandstone in the Afikpo Basin, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Sedimentological studies, including outcrop logging, facies analysis and paleo-environmental studies were carried out in the Ezeaku Formation outcropping in Akpoha, Ibii, and Amasiri in order to determine the original depositional environment of these sandstone and associated concretions. The sandstone occurs as ridges; four facies were observed: which include bioturbated mudstone with randomly spherical concretions; ripple laminated, heterolithic, interbedded sandstone and mudstone; planar and trough cross-bedded facies; and swaley cross-stratified facies. Such a facies suite indicates that these bars and concretions were formed under a storm-influenced shelfal to shoreface environment. The paleo-current evidenced by the cross-bedding clearly shows a NE-SW paleo-flow indicating the Abakiliki and Oban massifs as provenance sources.
This document describes two new specimens of the small theropod dinosaur Microraptor zhaoianus from the Early Cretaceous of China. The new specimens preserve anatomical details not seen in the original specimen, including aspects of the manus, pectoral girdle, dorsal vertebrae, ilium, and sacrum. Analysis finds Microraptor to be closely related to other dromaeosaurs. Small size appears primitive for the group including dromaeosaurs and troodontids, with implications for bird origins.
This document summarizes a study of Late Barremian ammonites and organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts from Boljetin Hill in eastern Serbia. Ammonites from three suborders were described including new species. The ammonite fauna indicates deposition in the Tethyan realm. Organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts confirm a Late Barremian age. The ammonite succession ranges from the Toxancyloceras vandenheckei Zone to the lower part of the Imerites giraudi Zone. The associated microfossils and composition of the ammonite fauna provide insights into the paleoenvironment and stratigraphy of the region during the Late Barremian stage of
The document summarizes a study that analyzed rib morphology in humans, great apes, and the 3.6 million year old Kadanuumuu skeleton (KSD) to understand the evolution of the hominin thorax. Key findings include:
1) Humans have wider upper ribs and a more barrel-shaped thorax compared to apes' funnel shape. KSD's ribs were wide like humans but flared at the bottom like apes, suggesting a transitional "bell shape".
2) Human ribs are more declined than ape ribs. KSD's rib angles fell within the human range, implying a human-like posture.
3) Humans have deeper spinal invagination than ap
The Imaginary Pterosaur: making of Tapejara wellnhoferiHelder da Rocha
Research, construction and assembly of a lightweight replica of a Tapejara wellnhoferi pterosaur for the Peiropolis Museum, in Brazil. Some images might not be visible in SlideShare, but you can see them if you download the PDF of this presentation.
Page 65 4.1 InTroduCTIonIn chapter one, we reviewed th.docxalfred4lewis58146
Page | 65
4.1 InTroduCTIon
In chapter one, we reviewed the scientific method and the exact meaning of a
theory, which is a well-supported explanation for a natural phenomenon that still
cannot be completely proven. A Grand Unifying Theory is a set of ideas that
is central and essential to a field of study such as the theory of gravity in physics
or the theory of evolution in biology. The Grand Unifying Theory of geology is the
theory of Plate Tectonics, which defines the outer portion of the earth as a brit-
tle outer layer that is broken into moving pieces called tectonic plates. This the-
ory is supported by many lines of evidence including the shape of the continents,
the distribution of fossils and rocks, the distribution of environmental indicators,
as well as the location of mountains, volcanoes, trenches, and earthquakes. The
movement of plates can be observed on human timescales and easily measured
using GPS satellites.
Plate tectonics is integral to the study of geology because it aids in reconstruct-
ing earth’s history. This theory helps to explain how the first continents were built,
how oceans formed, and even helps inform hypotheses for the origin of life. The
theory also helps explain the geographic distribution of geologic features such as
mountains, volcanoes, rift valleys, and trenches. Finally, it helps us assess the po-
tential risks of geologic catastrophes such as earthquakes and volcanoes across
the earth. The power of this theory lies in its ability to create testable hypotheses
regarding Earth’s history as well as predictions regarding its future.
4.1.1 learning outcomes
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain several lines of evidence supporting the movement of tectonic plates
• Accurately describe the movement of tectonic plates through time
• Describe the progression of a Hawaiian Island and how it relates to the
Theory of Plate Tectonics
4Plate TectonicsBradley Deline
Page | 66
Introductory GeoloGy Plate tectonIcs
• Describe the properties of tectonics plates and how that relates to the
proposed mechanisms driving plate tectonics
• Be able to describe and identify the features that occur at different plate
boundaries
4.1.2 Key Terms
4.2 evIdenCe of The movemenT of ConTInenTs
The idea that the continents appear to have been joined based on their shapes is
not new, in fact this idea first appeared in the writings of Sir Francis Bacon in 1620.
The resulting hypothesis from this observation is rather straightforward: the shapes
of the continents fit together because they were once connected and have since bro-
ken apart and moved. This hypothesis is discussing a historical event in the past and
cannot be directly tested without a time machine. Therefore, geoscientists reframed
the hypothesis by assuming the continents used to be connected and asking what
other patterns we would expect to find. This is exactly how turn of the century earth
scientists (.
The document summarizes a study of the seismic imaging of the Cinarcik Basin along the North Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara. Key findings from dense seismic reflection data include:
1) The basin has developed over the past few million years as a transtensional basin across strike-slip segments of the northern North Anatolian Fault.
2) Faults along the northern and southern margins of the basin are deep penetrating and have accommodated a large amount of extension over long time periods.
3) There is no evidence in the seismic data for a single through-going strike-slip fault within the basin.
The document discusses the religious beliefs and practices in Scandinavia from 600-900 AD. It describes the principal deities belonging to the Æsir and Vanir groups, which were sometimes in conflict but later reconciled. The Æsir such as Odin and Thor were more popular in western Scandinavia, while the Vanir like Njord and Freyr were predominant in the east. Lesser spiritual entities also played roles in rituals and beliefs. The text examines the distribution of cults across regions and outlines some of the major deities and myths from Old Norse sources.
The document discusses the social structure and political institutions of Scandinavian communities during the Viking Age from 700-900 AD. It analyzes the social hierarchy and divisions based on sex, age, and status using archaeological evidence, textual sources, mythical tales, and literary accounts. Women generally had high social status and equal rights to men. The sources describe distinct social classes of slaves, freemen, and rulers. Archaeological evidence like the rich Oseberg ship burial shows some women held elite aristocratic roles. Overall, the document aims to understand Viking society by examining evidence from multiple genres of sources.
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A cranium for the earliest europeans: phylogenetic position of the hominid fr...Kristian Pedersen
The document summarizes a study analyzing the cranium of a hominid fossil discovered near Ceprano, Italy in 1994. Researchers estimated its age to be between 800-900 thousand years old based on dating of surrounding rock layers. The cranium was reconstructed and compared morphologically to other early European and Asian hominin fossils. Results found it displayed a unique blend of traits linking early Homo erectus to later specimens referred to Homo heidelbergensis. The researchers concluded the Ceprano cranium represents an important transitional form between early hominin groups, filling a gap in the human fossil record in Europe between 1-0.5 million years ago.
New fossils from koobi fora in northern kenya confirm taxonomic diversity in ...Carlos Bella
1) Three new hominin fossils dated between 1.78-1.95 million years old from Koobi Fora, Kenya provide new evidence about early species of Homo.
2) KNM-ER 62000, a juvenile face, closely resembles KNM-ER 1470 but is smaller, preserving previously unknown anatomy like moderately sized teeth.
3) The nearly complete mandible KNM-ER 60000 and fragment KNM-ER 62003 have short, flat dental arcades with small incisors consistent with KNM-ER 1470 and 62000.
4) The new fossils confirm the presence of two contemporary Homo species in early Pleistocene East Africa in addition to
This document describes a peculiar specimen of Panochthus, a genus of glyptodont, found in the Bolivian Altiplano. The specimen was found at an elevation of around 4000 meters. Compared to other Panochthus species, it has a unique dorsal profile and osteoderm patterns, with each osteoderm showing a central figure surrounded by up to five rows of peripheral figures. While it shares similarities with P. hipsilis and P. intermedius, it also displays distinguishing morphological features. Further studies are needed to determine if it represents a new Panochthus species or intraspecific variation within the genus.
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Palaeoworld 17 (2008) 41–46
Research paper
The first described Arsinoitherium from the upper Eocene Aydim
Formation of Oman: Biogeographic implications
Abdul Razak Al-Sayigh a, Sobhi Nasir a,∗, Anne S. Schulp b,
Nancy J. Stevens c
a Department of Earth Sciences, P.O. Box 36, 123-Al-Khod, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
b Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht, De Bosquetplein 6-7, NL6211KJ Maastricht, The Netherlands
c Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, 228 Irvine Hall, Ohio University, USA
Received 4 April 2006; received in revised form 8 March 2007; accepted 18 July 2007
Available online 3 August 2007
bstract
A new fossiliferous locality is discovered from the upper Eocene Aydim Formation, in Dhofar, Southern Sultanate of Oman. A left ulna of
rsinoitherium is described, and cranial and postcranial specimens found in close proximity are referred to the same taxon. The locality is
romising for the recovery of additional fossil specimens. Moreover, the presence of Arsinoitherium in Oman is of biogeographic significance; as
he Red Sea did not exist during the late Eocene, these large-bodied animals were able to freely travel between what is now the Arabian Peninsula
nd continental Africa.
ublished by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS.
eywords: Arsinoitherium; Oman; Biogeography; Afro-Arabia; Aydim Formation
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. Introduction
Cenozoic fossil vertebrates from the Arabian Peninsula
onvey an important contribution to palaeontological under-
tanding, representing vertebrates that occupied a myriad of
cological niches, large and small in body size, aquatic and ter-
estrial in habitat. Yet despite the important geographic position
f Arabia with respect to other landmasses, relatively little is
nown about its early Paleogene large-bodied terrestrial mam-
alian fauna. Arabian fossils are meaningful for unraveling
he Tertiary migrational patterns of different vertebrate clades
mong the landmasses of Africa, Europe and Asia. During
he Paleocene and Eocene, paleobiogeographic reconstructions
redict broad similarities between the terrestrial vertebrates of
ontinental Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Subsequently,
arge-scale interchange of terrestrial faunas between Arabia and
urasia took place beginning in the early Miocene via the colli-
ion of Arabia and Asia (e.g., Whybrow and Clements, 1999).
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Nasir).
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871-174X/$ – see front matter. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Nanjing Insti
oi:10.1016/j.palwor.2007.07.005
Until recently, regional biogeographic inferences were based
argely on Arabian marine sequences, and from terrestrial faunas
ocumented in the better-known palaeontological successions
n neighboring landmasses. As evidence of Mesozoic verte-
rates has grown ra.
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Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Palaeoworld 17 (2008) 41–46
Research paper
The first described Arsinoitherium from the upper Eocene Aydim
Formation of Oman: Biogeographic implications
Abdul Razak Al-Sayigh a, Sobhi Nasir a,∗, Anne S. Schulp b,
Nancy J. Stevens c
a Department of Earth Sciences, P.O. Box 36, 123-Al-Khod, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
b Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht, De Bosquetplein 6-7, NL6211KJ Maastricht, The Netherlands
c Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, 228 Irvine Hall, Ohio University, USA
Received 4 April 2006; received in revised form 8 March 2007; accepted 18 July 2007
Available online 3 August 2007
bstract
A new fossiliferous locality is discovered from the upper Eocene Aydim Formation, in Dhofar, Southern Sultanate of Oman. A left ulna of
rsinoitherium is described, and cranial and postcranial specimens found in close proximity are referred to the same taxon. The locality is
romising for the recovery of additional fossil specimens. Moreover, the presence of Arsinoitherium in Oman is of biogeographic significance; as
he Red Sea did not exist during the late Eocene, these large-bodied animals were able to freely travel between what is now the Arabian Peninsula
nd continental Africa.
ublished by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS.
eywords: Arsinoitherium; Oman; Biogeography; Afro-Arabia; Aydim Formation
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. Introduction
Cenozoic fossil vertebrates from the Arabian Peninsula
onvey an important contribution to palaeontological under-
tanding, representing vertebrates that occupied a myriad of
cological niches, large and small in body size, aquatic and ter-
estrial in habitat. Yet despite the important geographic position
f Arabia with respect to other landmasses, relatively little is
nown about its early Paleogene large-bodied terrestrial mam-
alian fauna. Arabian fossils are meaningful for unraveling
he Tertiary migrational patterns of different vertebrate clades
mong the landmasses of Africa, Europe and Asia. During
he Paleocene and Eocene, paleobiogeographic reconstructions
redict broad similarities between the terrestrial vertebrates of
ontinental Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Subsequently,
arge-scale interchange of terrestrial faunas between Arabia and
urasia took place beginning in the early Miocene via the colli-
ion of Arabia and Asia (e.g., Whybrow and Clements, 1999).
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Nasir).
h
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E
p
e
A
871-174X/$ – see front matter. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Nanjing Insti
oi:10.1016/j.palwor.2007.07.005
Until recently, regional biogeographic inferences were based
argely on Arabian marine sequences, and from terrestrial faunas
ocumented in the better-known palaeontological successions
n neighboring landmasses. As evidence of Mesozoic verte-
rates has grown ra.
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Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Palaeoworld 17 (2008) 41–46
Research paper
The first described Arsinoitherium from the upper Eocene Aydim
Formation of Oman: Biogeographic implications
Abdul Razak Al-Sayigh a, Sobhi Nasir a,∗, Anne S. Schulp b,
Nancy J. Stevens c
a Department of Earth Sciences, P.O. Box 36, 123-Al-Khod, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
b Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht, De Bosquetplein 6-7, NL6211KJ Maastricht, The Netherlands
c Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, 228 Irvine Hall, Ohio University, USA
Received 4 April 2006; received in revised form 8 March 2007; accepted 18 July 2007
Available online 3 August 2007
bstract
A new fossiliferous locality is discovered from the upper Eocene Aydim Formation, in Dhofar, Southern Sultanate of Oman. A left ulna of
rsinoitherium is described, and cranial and postcranial specimens found in close proximity are referred to the same taxon. The locality is
romising for the recovery of additional fossil specimens. Moreover, the presence of Arsinoitherium in Oman is of biogeographic significance; as
he Red Sea did not exist during the late Eocene, these large-bodied animals were able to freely travel between what is now the Arabian Peninsula
nd continental Africa.
ublished by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS.
eywords: Arsinoitherium; Oman; Biogeography; Afro-Arabia; Aydim Formation
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f
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. Introduction
Cenozoic fossil vertebrates from the Arabian Peninsula
onvey an important contribution to palaeontological under-
tanding, representing vertebrates that occupied a myriad of
cological niches, large and small in body size, aquatic and ter-
estrial in habitat. Yet despite the important geographic position
f Arabia with respect to other landmasses, relatively little is
nown about its early Paleogene large-bodied terrestrial mam-
alian fauna. Arabian fossils are meaningful for unraveling
he Tertiary migrational patterns of different vertebrate clades
mong the landmasses of Africa, Europe and Asia. During
he Paleocene and Eocene, paleobiogeographic reconstructions
redict broad similarities between the terrestrial vertebrates of
ontinental Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Subsequently,
arge-scale interchange of terrestrial faunas between Arabia and
urasia took place beginning in the early Miocene via the colli-
ion of Arabia and Asia (e.g., Whybrow and Clements, 1999).
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Nasir).
h
(
E
p
e
A
871-174X/$ – see front matter. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Nanjing Insti
oi:10.1016/j.palwor.2007.07.005
Until recently, regional biogeographic inferences were based
argely on Arabian marine sequences, and from terrestrial faunas
ocumented in the better-known palaeontological successions
n neighboring landmasses. As evidence of Mesozoic verte-
rates has grown ra.
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Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Palaeoworld 17 (2008) 41–46
Research paper
The first described Arsinoitherium from the upper Eocene Aydim
Formation of Oman: Biogeographic implications
Abdul Razak Al-Sayigh a, Sobhi Nasir a,∗, Anne S. Schulp b,
Nancy J. Stevens c
a Department of Earth Sciences, P.O. Box 36, 123-Al-Khod, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
b Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht, De Bosquetplein 6-7, NL6211KJ Maastricht, The Netherlands
c Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, 228 Irvine Hall, Ohio University, USA
Received 4 April 2006; received in revised form 8 March 2007; accepted 18 July 2007
Available online 3 August 2007
bstract
A new fossiliferous locality is discovered from the upper Eocene Aydim Formation, in Dhofar, Southern Sultanate of Oman. A left ulna of
rsinoitherium is described, and cranial and postcranial specimens found in close proximity are referred to the same taxon. The locality is
romising for the recovery of additional fossil specimens. Moreover, the presence of Arsinoitherium in Oman is of biogeographic significance; as
he Red Sea did not exist during the late Eocene, these large-bodied animals were able to freely travel between what is now the Arabian Peninsula
nd continental Africa.
ublished by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, CAS.
eywords: Arsinoitherium; Oman; Biogeography; Afro-Arabia; Aydim Formation
l
d
o
b
M
H
2
2
a
A
2
O
f
m
. Introduction
Cenozoic fossil vertebrates from the Arabian Peninsula
onvey an important contribution to palaeontological under-
tanding, representing vertebrates that occupied a myriad of
cological niches, large and small in body size, aquatic and ter-
estrial in habitat. Yet despite the important geographic position
f Arabia with respect to other landmasses, relatively little is
nown about its early Paleogene large-bodied terrestrial mam-
alian fauna. Arabian fossils are meaningful for unraveling
he Tertiary migrational patterns of different vertebrate clades
mong the landmasses of Africa, Europe and Asia. During
he Paleocene and Eocene, paleobiogeographic reconstructions
redict broad similarities between the terrestrial vertebrates of
ontinental Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Subsequently,
arge-scale interchange of terrestrial faunas between Arabia and
urasia took place beginning in the early Miocene via the colli-
ion of Arabia and Asia (e.g., Whybrow and Clements, 1999).
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Nasir).
h
(
E
p
e
A
871-174X/$ – see front matter. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Nanjing Insti
oi:10.1016/j.palwor.2007.07.005
Until recently, regional biogeographic inferences were based
argely on Arabian marine sequences, and from terrestrial faunas
ocumented in the better-known palaeontological successions
n neighboring landmasses. As evidence of Mesozoic verte-
rates has grown ra ...
Leonhard Euler showed that the movement of tectonic plates can be described as rotation around an axis through the Earth's center. This model allows scientists to reconstruct past plate positions and configurations. Paleomagnetic data from different rock types provides information about ancient plate locations relative to the Earth's magnetic poles over time. Integrating various lines of evidence like magnetic anomalies, transform faults, hotspot tracks, and apparent polar wander paths enables increasingly precise geometric reconstructions of past tectonic activity back to over one billion years ago, revealing the changing geography of Earth's supercontinents over its history.
Evolution of tunnel placement in ACL reconstructionDhananjaya Sabat
One of my talks at Delhi Arthroscopy Club....... this presentation provides a insight regarding the conceptual evolution in tunnel placement during ACL reconstruction.
Decoding the ancient_greek_astronomical_calculator_known_as_the_antikythera_m...Sérgio Sacani
The document summarizes research into decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism. Key findings include:
1) Researchers used high-resolution X-ray tomography and digital imaging to further decode inscriptions and reconstruct the device's functions.
2) The mechanism included geared dials to track the Metonic and Callippic lunar cycles and the Saros eclipse cycle, displaying astronomical periods with unexpected sophistication for the time.
3) Glyphs on the Saros dial were correlated with historical eclipse data, identifying the mechanism's method of predicting lunar and solar eclipses based on Babylonian arithmetic cycles.
Sedimentology of the Turonian Ezeaku Sandstone in the Afikpo Basin, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Sedimentological studies, including outcrop logging, facies analysis and paleo-environmental studies were carried out in the Ezeaku Formation outcropping in Akpoha, Ibii, and Amasiri in order to determine the original depositional environment of these sandstone and associated concretions. The sandstone occurs as ridges; four facies were observed: which include bioturbated mudstone with randomly spherical concretions; ripple laminated, heterolithic, interbedded sandstone and mudstone; planar and trough cross-bedded facies; and swaley cross-stratified facies. Such a facies suite indicates that these bars and concretions were formed under a storm-influenced shelfal to shoreface environment. The paleo-current evidenced by the cross-bedding clearly shows a NE-SW paleo-flow indicating the Abakiliki and Oban massifs as provenance sources.
This document describes two new specimens of the small theropod dinosaur Microraptor zhaoianus from the Early Cretaceous of China. The new specimens preserve anatomical details not seen in the original specimen, including aspects of the manus, pectoral girdle, dorsal vertebrae, ilium, and sacrum. Analysis finds Microraptor to be closely related to other dromaeosaurs. Small size appears primitive for the group including dromaeosaurs and troodontids, with implications for bird origins.
This document summarizes a study of Late Barremian ammonites and organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts from Boljetin Hill in eastern Serbia. Ammonites from three suborders were described including new species. The ammonite fauna indicates deposition in the Tethyan realm. Organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts confirm a Late Barremian age. The ammonite succession ranges from the Toxancyloceras vandenheckei Zone to the lower part of the Imerites giraudi Zone. The associated microfossils and composition of the ammonite fauna provide insights into the paleoenvironment and stratigraphy of the region during the Late Barremian stage of
The document summarizes a study that analyzed rib morphology in humans, great apes, and the 3.6 million year old Kadanuumuu skeleton (KSD) to understand the evolution of the hominin thorax. Key findings include:
1) Humans have wider upper ribs and a more barrel-shaped thorax compared to apes' funnel shape. KSD's ribs were wide like humans but flared at the bottom like apes, suggesting a transitional "bell shape".
2) Human ribs are more declined than ape ribs. KSD's rib angles fell within the human range, implying a human-like posture.
3) Humans have deeper spinal invagination than ap
The Imaginary Pterosaur: making of Tapejara wellnhoferiHelder da Rocha
Research, construction and assembly of a lightweight replica of a Tapejara wellnhoferi pterosaur for the Peiropolis Museum, in Brazil. Some images might not be visible in SlideShare, but you can see them if you download the PDF of this presentation.
Page 65 4.1 InTroduCTIonIn chapter one, we reviewed th.docxalfred4lewis58146
Page | 65
4.1 InTroduCTIon
In chapter one, we reviewed the scientific method and the exact meaning of a
theory, which is a well-supported explanation for a natural phenomenon that still
cannot be completely proven. A Grand Unifying Theory is a set of ideas that
is central and essential to a field of study such as the theory of gravity in physics
or the theory of evolution in biology. The Grand Unifying Theory of geology is the
theory of Plate Tectonics, which defines the outer portion of the earth as a brit-
tle outer layer that is broken into moving pieces called tectonic plates. This the-
ory is supported by many lines of evidence including the shape of the continents,
the distribution of fossils and rocks, the distribution of environmental indicators,
as well as the location of mountains, volcanoes, trenches, and earthquakes. The
movement of plates can be observed on human timescales and easily measured
using GPS satellites.
Plate tectonics is integral to the study of geology because it aids in reconstruct-
ing earth’s history. This theory helps to explain how the first continents were built,
how oceans formed, and even helps inform hypotheses for the origin of life. The
theory also helps explain the geographic distribution of geologic features such as
mountains, volcanoes, rift valleys, and trenches. Finally, it helps us assess the po-
tential risks of geologic catastrophes such as earthquakes and volcanoes across
the earth. The power of this theory lies in its ability to create testable hypotheses
regarding Earth’s history as well as predictions regarding its future.
4.1.1 learning outcomes
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain several lines of evidence supporting the movement of tectonic plates
• Accurately describe the movement of tectonic plates through time
• Describe the progression of a Hawaiian Island and how it relates to the
Theory of Plate Tectonics
4Plate TectonicsBradley Deline
Page | 66
Introductory GeoloGy Plate tectonIcs
• Describe the properties of tectonics plates and how that relates to the
proposed mechanisms driving plate tectonics
• Be able to describe and identify the features that occur at different plate
boundaries
4.1.2 Key Terms
4.2 evIdenCe of The movemenT of ConTInenTs
The idea that the continents appear to have been joined based on their shapes is
not new, in fact this idea first appeared in the writings of Sir Francis Bacon in 1620.
The resulting hypothesis from this observation is rather straightforward: the shapes
of the continents fit together because they were once connected and have since bro-
ken apart and moved. This hypothesis is discussing a historical event in the past and
cannot be directly tested without a time machine. Therefore, geoscientists reframed
the hypothesis by assuming the continents used to be connected and asking what
other patterns we would expect to find. This is exactly how turn of the century earth
scientists (.
The document summarizes a study of the seismic imaging of the Cinarcik Basin along the North Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara. Key findings from dense seismic reflection data include:
1) The basin has developed over the past few million years as a transtensional basin across strike-slip segments of the northern North Anatolian Fault.
2) Faults along the northern and southern margins of the basin are deep penetrating and have accommodated a large amount of extension over long time periods.
3) There is no evidence in the seismic data for a single through-going strike-slip fault within the basin.
Similar to A re appraisal of ceprano calvaria affinities (ascenzi et al.) (20)
The document discusses the religious beliefs and practices in Scandinavia from 600-900 AD. It describes the principal deities belonging to the Æsir and Vanir groups, which were sometimes in conflict but later reconciled. The Æsir such as Odin and Thor were more popular in western Scandinavia, while the Vanir like Njord and Freyr were predominant in the east. Lesser spiritual entities also played roles in rituals and beliefs. The text examines the distribution of cults across regions and outlines some of the major deities and myths from Old Norse sources.
The document discusses the social structure and political institutions of Scandinavian communities during the Viking Age from 700-900 AD. It analyzes the social hierarchy and divisions based on sex, age, and status using archaeological evidence, textual sources, mythical tales, and literary accounts. Women generally had high social status and equal rights to men. The sources describe distinct social classes of slaves, freemen, and rulers. Archaeological evidence like the rich Oseberg ship burial shows some women held elite aristocratic roles. Overall, the document aims to understand Viking society by examining evidence from multiple genres of sources.
The document discusses the origins of Viking culture in Scandinavia during the Bronze Age and Iron Age. It describes how aspects of culture developed over this period, including ship building, domestic architecture like longhouses, religious practices, and economic activities like agriculture, fishing, and trade. Society was stratified with evidence of wealthier individuals. Overall, the foundations for the expansion of the Viking Age were established through cultural developments spanning many centuries prior.
This document provides an overview of a course on the Vikings between AD 700-1100. It discusses the sources used to study the Vikings, including historical accounts, sagas, runic inscriptions and place names. It also outlines advances in archaeological techniques that have improved understanding of Viking sites, settlements, trade and environment. Interpretive paradigms have shifted from seeing Vikings as pirates to appreciating their social structure and role in state formation, trade and assimilation into other cultures.
Dna sequence of the mitochondrial hypervariable region ii (krings et al.)Kristian Pedersen
1) The authors determined the DNA sequence of the second hypervariable region (HVRII) of mitochondrial DNA from the Neandertal type specimen.
2) When combined with the previously published HVR1 sequence, phylogenetic analysis found the Neandertal mtDNA to fall outside the variation of contemporary human mtDNA sequences.
3) The estimated date of divergence between Neandertal and modern human mtDNA sequences was 465,000 years before present, with a confidence interval of 317,000 to 741,000 years. This supports the Neandertals having a separate evolutionary history from modern humans.
Detecting ancient admixture in humans using sequence polymorphism data (wall)Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study that examines how much genetic data would be needed to determine if archaic human populations like Neanderthals interbred with and contributed to the modern human gene pool. The study introduces a model of ancient population structure involving mixing between groups. It then determines how many unlinked nuclear loci from sequencing data would be required to distinguish between scenarios of single origin vs. multiregional origin of modern humans. The study finds that 50-100 loci would be needed if plausible parameter estimates are used, and that the amount of available data is not yet sufficient to support one model over the other. However, with more sequencing in coming years, the required data should become available to help resolve the debate.
Close correspondence between quantitative and molecular-genetic divergence t...Kristian Pedersen
This document presents a new method for estimating divergence times between populations based on quantitative traits like cranial measurements. The authors develop a phenotypic divergence time (PTD) estimator modeled after genetic divergence time estimators. They apply their PTD estimator to cranial measurements from over 2,500 modern humans and 20 Neandertals. Their analysis estimates the Neandertal-modern human divergence at either 311,000 years ago or 435,000 years ago, depending on assumptions. These dates are similar to estimates from ancient DNA, implying cranial and genetic divergence largely track population history through neutral evolution.
This document reanalyzes ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences recovered from Neandertal bones. Previous studies placed Neandertals at the base of the modern human phylogenetic tree, suggesting they did not contribute to the modern human gene pool. However, these analyses did not account for high substitution rate variation among sites in the human mitochondrial D-loop region or estimate nucleotide substitution model parameters. The authors reanalyze the Neandertal sequences using maximum likelihood methods that account for these factors to provide a more accurate phylogenetic reconstruction.
Anterior tooth growth periods in neandertals were comparable to those of mode...Kristian Pedersen
This document analyzes the duration of enamel formation in anterior teeth of Neanderthals compared to three modern human groups. It finds that while Neanderthal formation times were likely faster than Inuit, they were not faster than those of an English sample and were clearly slower than a southern African sample. This suggests Neanderthal tooth growth, and by extension somatic growth, falls within the range of modern human variation.
Ancient dna. would the real neandertal please stand up (cooper et al.)Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study that analyzed mitochondrial DNA sequences recovered from Neandertal specimens and early modern human fossils. The study found:
1) Neandertal mtDNA sequences were not present in early modern humans or contemporary humans, suggesting a limited genetic contribution from Neandertals to modern humans.
2) However, the results depend on assumptions like the fossils actually containing ancient DNA, and more data is needed to definitively resolve the genetic relationship between Neandertals and modern humans.
3) Future studies using more specimens and nuclear DNA may provide more powerful tests of the extent of genetic exchange between Neandertals and early modern humans.
A modern human pattern of dental development in lower pleistocene hominids fr...Kristian Pedersen
This document summarizes a study of dental development patterns in hominid fossils from the Gran Dolina site in Spain. The fossils are dated to around 0.8 million years ago. Three individuals provided information about their dental development:
1) Hominid 1 showed signs of stress during childhood in dental enamel and dentine.
2) Hominid 2 and 3 died during early childhood before their third molars erupted.
3) Analysis of tooth mineralization stages in the fossils showed more similarity to patterns in modern humans than chimpanzees. This supports the view that by 0.8 million years ago, Homo species had a prolonged developmental pattern like humans.
A calvarium of late homo erectus from ceprano, italy (ascenzi et al.)Kristian Pedersen
The document summarizes the discovery and context of a late Homo erectus calvarium found in Ceprano, Italy. Key points:
- The calvarium was discovered in 1994 during highway construction in a clay layer dated to around 700,000 years ago.
- The shape and size of the calvarium (capacity of 1185 ml) show it possesses some, but not all, features of Homo erectus.
- A geological survey found the remains in a colluvial-alluvial paleosol originating from an ancient slope, indicating the site was a marshy pool within the Ceprano basin.
The feeding biomechanics and dietary ecology of australopithecus africanus (s...Kristian Pedersen
1) The feeding biomechanics and craniofacial morphology of Australopithecus africanus were analyzed using finite element analysis informed by comparative data.
2) The results suggest that the facial skeleton of A. africanus was well-adapted to withstand loads applied during premolar biting, including stresses along the nasal margins and zygomatic root.
3) However, neither the mastication of small hard objects nor large volumes of food alone can fully explain the evolution of the robust facial features in A. africanus. Rather, key aspects are more likely related to ingesting and processing large mechanically protected foods like nuts and seeds.
The carbon isotope ecology and diet of australopithecus africanus at sterkfon...Kristian Pedersen
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the carbon isotope ratios in tooth enamel from 10 specimens of Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein in South Africa, dating to between 2.5-2.0 million years ago. The results show that A. africanus had a varied diet incorporating both C3 forest foods and C4 savanna foods to a greater degree than other early hominins. This suggests A. africanus was a highly adaptable and opportunistic feeder. The isotope data also indicates the individuals exhibited more dietary variation than other early hominin species, arguing against suggestions that multiple species are represented in the A. africanus taxon.
Ontogeny of australopithecines and early homo: evidence from carnial capacity...Kristian Pedersen
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Cosmogenic Nuclide Dating Of Sahelanthropus Tchadensis And Australopiethcus B...Kristian Pedersen
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A re appraisal of ceprano calvaria affinities (ascenzi et al.)
1. News and Views A re-appraisal of Ceprano calvaria affinities
with Homo erectus, after the new
reconstruction
A. Ascenzi, Italian Institute of Human Paleontology, Piazza Mincio 2, 00198
Rome, Italy. E-mail: bonucci@axrma.uniroma1.it
F. Mallegni,
G. Manzi,
A. G. Segre &
E. Segre Naldini
Keywords: Homo erectus, Journal of Human Evolution (2000) 39, 443–450
cranial morphology, Lower doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0425
Paleolithic, Ceprano, Italy. Available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on
Introduction Research in the Priverno Basin provides a
Following the reconstruction of the Ceprano chronological outline for the lower part of
calvaria by Clarke (2000), additional minor the stratigraphic series in the central
improvements were made by M. A. de Ceprano Basin, including sediments that
Lumley (with the assistance of C. Lanoux) contain a chopper industry hypothesized
and by one of us (F.M., with the assistance to be broadly contemporaneous with the
of S. Ricci). The present paper provides a hominid. A lagoon deposit, considered to
brief account of these modifications, to- be equivalent to the limnic series at
gether with a reassessment of the mor- Ceprano, includes thin layers of volcani-
phology and morphometrics of the Ceprano clastic augite-biotite sands, identical to
calvaria. This allows an opportunity to those in the Ceprano Basin. During the
critically evaluate some of the Homo erectus Early Pleistocene both basins were con-
characteristics that have been previously re- nected through a common paleohydro-
ported (Ascenzi et al., 1996, 1998; Ascenzi graphic drainage system. This volcaniclastic
& Segre, 1997a,b). We also introduce new layer has an Ar/Ar date, based on biotite, of
data on the geochronology of the site. 1060 110 ka (Rammelzwaal, 1978; Sevink
et al., 1984). The outcrop that contained the
fossil hominid, which was subsequently
Further consideration of the enclosed in a paleocolluvial clay layer
geochronology (Ascenzi et al., 1996; Ascenzi & Segre,
The circumstances of recovery of the speci- 1997a), must be younger than these dates.
men and the geological and archaeological An age of 800–900 ka provides a reasonable
context of the site have been described else- estimate, and one that corresponds closely
where (Ascenzi et al., 1996, 1998; Ascenzi & to the previous correlation of the hominid
Segre, 1997a,b, 2000). These papers report with the lower part of the Cromerian
K/Ar dates obtained from strata overlying complex (Azzaroli, 1951; Turner, 1996).
the horizon from which the calvaria was
recovered. Further geological investigations
Further modifications to the calvaria
in the Priverno Basin, situated about 25 km
from Ceprano, provide independent evi- Having been invited to prepare a mould
dence for estimating the age of the calvaria for casting, M. A. de Lumley removed
and its associated sediments. dental plaster from the calvaria. During the
0047–2484/00/100443+08$35.00/0 2000 Academic Press
2. 444 . ET AL.
Figure 1. The new reconstruction of the Ceprano calvaria as viewed in right norma lateralis.
Figure 2. The new reconstruction of the Ceprano calvaria as viewed in left norma lateralis.
process, she realized that a large fragment of bone (Figures 1 and 2). Identification of
parietal was incorrectly oriented, and that bregma has allowed us to establish the mid-
it represented the medio-anterior corner of sagittal plane of the cranial vault. In
the right parietal joining the frontal bone addition, de Lumley added two previously
along the first third of the coronal suture. unidentified bone fragments to the recon-
Its correct placement, later refined by F. struction that represent the frontal processes
Mallegni, served to verify the connection of the zygomatic bones (Figures 1 and 2).
between the right parietal and the frontal The modification was carried out by
3. 445
Mallegni, who also recognized that a further maximum breadth at the level of the crista
fragment completed the occipital along supramastoidea.
the sutural margin with the right parietal In superior view, the frontal has a massive
(Figure 1). and continuous supraorbital torus, and
With the current reassembling of the the calvaria appears bursoidal in shape.
calvaria, all available portions of each This latter feature was described by von
bone connect directly to others. In this way, Koenigswald Weidenreich (1939) and
the cranial structure can be confidently Weidenreich (1943) as being characteristic
reconstructed. Evidence on this point of H. erectus skulls from Java, and is con-
has been provided by the final touches of sidered distinctive with respect to the
Mallegni, who was able to show that only a material from Zhoukoudian. In contrast,
few drops of glue are sufficient to join the a frontal trait that distinguishes Ceprano
cranial portions, and only small plaster from the more typical representatives of
reinforcements are necessary to support the H. erectus, both from Asia and Africa, is
assembled calvaria. the rather limited extent of the post-
orbital constriction. The index of minimum
frontal breadth/biorbital breadth is 84·8,
which is relatively high in comparison to
New insights into the morphology and
OH9 (81·3), for example. The enlargement
taxonomy of the Ceprano hominid
of the frontal bone (minimum/maximum
Tables 1 and 2 provide an assessment, both frontal breadth) gives a value of 89·8, which
metrical and descriptive, of the morphologi- is the highest value reported in Table 1.
cal affinities of the Ceprano calvaria. Data By looking at the coronal section of the
reported in the tables can be compared with best preserved right side in posterior view,
those available in the literature, in order to the maximum breadth of the skull occurs
ascertain its affinities to H. erectus. Obvi- at the level of crista supramastoidea, after
ously, additional comparisons will need to which it narrows slightly towards the
be made with other European taxa, particu- angled parietal (nearly 105 ) at the level
larly H. heidelbergensis (Rightmire, 1998) of the superior temporal line. The reduc-
and H. antecessor (Bermudez de Castro et al., tion in width then increases rapidly as the
1997). profile approaches the sagittal suture,
Morphologically and metrically, the where there is no evidence of sagittal
Ceprano calvaria approaches the mor- keeling.
phology in H. erectus, but the degree of The temporal squama rises superiorly,
variation has to be enlarged if the specimen with its parietal margin following a high
is included in the hypodigm. For example, if curve that is somewhat anteriorly elongated.
we consider the features listed in Table 2, The form of the squama is quite differ-
only two-thirds of the character states corre- ent from the Zhoukoudian sample
spond (and not always unequivocally) with (Weidenreich, 1943). It looks more like a
the list of distinctive features generally rec- right-angled triangle, with the sphenoid
ognized as typical of H. erectus (Wood, margin forming the shorter cathetus, the
1991). H. erectus is characterized by a long parietal margin the longer one, and the
and low cranial vault, whereas the Ceprano zygomatic process and its continuation
specimen shows a distinctive profile in along the supramastoid crest the hypo-
which the cranial vault is low (compare data tenuse. The remaining components of the
in Table 1) but relatively short, with a temporal bone are badly damaged. Only
conspicuous medio-lateral expansion and the roof of the auditory canal is intact on
5. Table 1 Continued
Ceprano Sang.2 Sang.17 Sambung. Zkd.X Zkd.XI Zkd.XII ER 3733 ER 3883 OH 9
Parietal and temporal bones
M.8 Biparietal maximum breadth 156 137 144 146 137 136 140 127 132 138
M.27 Parietal sagittal arc (98) (103) 109 102 113 92 102 (83) 93
M.30 Parietal sagittal chord 95 (98) 106 96 106 86 91 (79) 86
M.27(3) Lambda–asterion arc (L) 112 (92) 91 93 (99) 92 83 85
Lambda–asterion arc (R) 103 98 82
M.30(3) Lambda–asterion chord (L) 98 (82) 87 (79) 85 (84) 87 78 76
Lambda–asterion chord (R) 92 88 77
W.7 Mastoid height (R) (27) 12 25 20 (23) 30
Occipital bone
M.12 Biasterionic breadth 128 122 142 (111) 113 115 124 121 123
M.31(1) Lambda–inion chord 62 (45) 58 48 52·5 61 49 (54)
Upper scale inclination (l–i g–i/op)* 58 62·5 68 57 61
Inion–endinion distance 22 38 34 35
Occipital upper-scale index (M.31·1/M.12 100) 48·4 (36·9) 40·8 42·5 45·7 49·2 40·5 (43·9)
All measurements were made by three different authors on separate occasions on the Clarke’s reconstruction, after the minor additional improvements were
carried out; averages are reported where appropriate (differences less than 10 mm); definitions and numbering follow Martin Saller (1957; M.n) or,
alternatively, Wood (1991; W.n); measurements of length are in mm and those of angles in degrees; measurements involving an evaluation of the exact position
of the reference point/s are enclosed in parentheses; L=left; R=right; Sang.=Sangiran; Sambung.=Sambungmachan; Zkd.=Zoukoudian; ER=East Turkana;
OH=Olduvai; comparative data as reported by Weidenreich (1943), Rightmire (1990) and Wood (1991).
* Denotes the angle formed by the two chords. Inion and opisthocranion are coincidental in Homo erectus.
447
6. Table 2 Character states of the Ceprano calvaria according to the list of distinctive features of Homo erectus by Wood (1991: Table 2.11, p. 37)
448
State Comments
Cranial shape and size
Overall 1a Long cranial vault No See metrical comparisons in Table 1
1b Low cranial vault Yes See metrical comparisons in Table 1
2 Maximum breadth across the angular torus or supramastoid crest Yes Supramastoid crest
3 Thick vault bones Yes e.g., 16 mm at parietal eminence (R)
4 Pronounced postorbital constriction No Slightly expressed
Individual bones
Frontal 6 Frontal keel or ridge (No) Distinct median bump of the frontal squama in spite of a flat,
receding forehead
7 Straight junction of torus and frontal squama No Given the presence of a supratoral sulcus, the plane above the torus
is concave, particularly above glabella
8 Coronal ridge No
Parietal 9 Flattened and rectangular parietal (No) Gently curved; square in shape
Temporal 11 Low temporal squama No Estimated height
12 Small mastoid process No
Occipital 13 Opisthocranion coincident with inion Yes
14 Sharply angulated Yes
16 Discrepancy between inion and endinion Yes
Nasals 17 Broad nasal bones (Yes) Probable, given the massive aspect of the fronto-nasal suture (L)
Specific morphological features
. ET AL.
Frontal 18 Large, continuous supraorbital ridges with a supratoral sulcus Yes
19 Lateral wing to supraorbital torus (Yes) Not anteriorly projected
Parietal 20 Prominent angular torus at mastoid angle Yes Well expressed, although not particularly prominent
Temporal 21a Marked supramastoid crests Yes
21b Marked mastoid crests No Little relief of the surface of the mastoid process is visible, without a
clear supramastoid sulcus
22 Occipitomastoid ridge (Yes) A ridge medial to the digastric fossa on both sides of the occipito-
mastoid suture is present
23 Juxtamastoid ridge absent Yes
24 Marked suprameatal tegmen (Yes) Present, but not particularly marked
Occipital 26a Occipital torus, with supratoral sulcus Yes
26b Occipital torus continuous with angular torus and supramastoid No Torus confirmed to the occipital
crest
27 Supernumerary bones at lambda No
Endocranial 31 Large posterior branch of middle meningeal artery and vein Yes
Parentheses indicate observation uncertain or equivocal. Note that some traits (1, 21 and 26) have been divided with respect to the original list by Wood (1991), in order
to better describe the features encountered in the Ceprano calvaria, and others (5, 10, 15, 25 and 28–30) have been omitted because of the state of preservation of the
specimen (absence of the region involved). R=right; L=left.
7. 449
the right side, while the tympanic plates of of the braincase. Nevertheless, the geo-
both sides have been lost. The severely dam- graphical provenience has to be taken into
aged petrous portions are short stumps, and consideration when evaluating distinctive
their orientation is difficult to discern. traits, such as the bursoidal shape of the
The general form of the occipital squama skull, the limited extent of the postorbital
is defined by the relationship between its constriction, and the absence of a connec-
maximum (biasterionic) breadth and the tion between torus occipitalis and crista
lambda–inion chord. The index furnished supramastoidea.
by these two dimensions is 49·2, and this
indicates a relatively short length for the
upper scale of the occipital. Furthermore, Acknowledgements
the bone is clearly angled in lateral view (see We are greatly indebted to R. J. Clarke and
Table 1), with a prominent torus occipitalis M. A. de Lumley for their valuable and
and a nuchal plane that faces backward and generous help. We also wish to thank A.
inferiorly. Inion and endinion are not posi- Benvenuti, P. Cassoli, F. Di Baldo, C.
tioned at the same level, with endinion lying Lanoux, S. Ricci, and L. Virgilii for their
as much as 22 mm below inion. skilful technical assistance.
In addition, one important observation
that has not been given sufficient attention is
the thickness of the vault bones in the References
Ceprano specimen. Thickness varies from Ascenzi, A. Segre, A. G. (1997a). Resti di cranio
8·0 mm (measured at lambda on the occipi- umano del Pleistocene medio-inferiore a Ceprano.
tal, following Wood, 1991:n. 113) to 24 mm Rend. Sc, Fis. Nat., Accad. Naz. Lincei S 9, 8, 39–67.
Ascenzi, A. Segre, A. G. (1997b). Discovery of a
(at the external occipital protuberance, Homo erectus calvarium at Ceprano, Central Italy.
Wood n. 115), while the figure obtained in Anthropologie (Brno) 35, 241–246.
the right parietal eminence region (Wood n. Ascenzi, A. Segre, A. G. (2000). The fossil hominid
from Ceprano, Central Italy. In (M. Aloisi, B.
111) is 16 mm. The exceptional thickness of Battaglia, E. Carafoli G. A. Danieli, Eds) The
the bone at the base of the calvaria is noted Origin of Humankind. IVSLA series, vol. II. Venice
by Clarke (2000). Examination of the inter- and Amsterdam: IVSLA IOS.
nal structure of the cranial thickening, as Ascenzi, A., Biddittu, I., Cassoli, P. F., Segre, A. G.
Segre-Naldini, E. (1996). A calvarium of late
observed directly on the broken ones or by Homo erectus from Ceprano, Italy. J. hum. Evol. 31,
X-rays, yielded ambiguous results because 409–423.
fossilization made the boundaries between Ascenzi, A., Biddittu, I., Cassoli, P. F., Segre, A. G.
Segre-Naldini, E. (1998). A calvaria of a Lower
the tables and the diploe difficult to discern.
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