1. The document discusses the components of developing a theoretical framework for research, including identifying variables, relationships between variables, and formulating hypotheses. 2. It defines key terms like dependent and independent variables, and directional and non-directional hypotheses. Examples are provided to illustrate different types of variables and hypotheses. 3. Developing a theoretical framework is important as it provides the logical foundation for a research study and determines what will be measured and relationships explored.

1. 1
Theoretical Framework,
Variables and Hypothesis
Development

2. Chapter Objectives
●The need for theoretical framework
●Components of theoretical framework
●Variables and its types
●Identify and label variables associated with any given situation.
●Defining hypothesis
●Directional and Non directional Hypothesis
●Null and alternative hypothesis

3. Knowledge……………(i)
3

4. Knowledge……………(ii)
4

5. *
The Steps for Research process –Step 4-5

6. Theoretical Framework
A theoretical framework represents your
beliefs on how certain phenomena
(or variables or concepts) are related to
each other (a model) and an explanation on
why you believe that these variables are
associated to each other (a theory).

7. A framework is a model of how one
theorizes or makes logical sense of the
relationships among several factors that
have been identified as important to the
problem. (Sekaran, 2001)
Theoretical Framework

8. ● Identify and label the variables correctly.
● State the relationships among the variables:
known as formulate hypotheses.
● Explain how or why you expect these
relationships.
Components of Theoretical Framework

9. A mechanism that helps to clarify a big idea.
A means through which you can explore the
multiple dimensions of a big idea.
An instrument for judgment.
A filter through which you can consider various
ideas in order to further clarify a position.
So, Theoretical Framework is ?

10. A guides to your research, determining what
things you will measure, and what statistical
relationships you will look for.
A simply the structure of the idea or concept and
how it is put together.
An essay that interrelate the theories involved in
the question.
So, Theoretical Framework is?

11.  So it is the foundation to proceed with the research, and
involve nothing more than identifying the network of
relationship among the variables. So it is vital to
understand, what a variable mean and what are its
different types.
Theoretical Framework

12. Variables
“Any concept or construct that
varies or changes in value is called
variable.”
Cases are objects whose behavior or characteristics we study.
Usually, the cases are persons, but they can also be groups,
departments, organizations, Job satisfaction, etc.
Variables are characteristics of cases. Qualities of the
cases that we measure or record. For example, if the case is a person,
the variables could be sex, age, height, weight, feeling, ability
(Physical/ Intellectual), etc.

13. Cases
Variables

14. Types of Variables
1. Dependent variable (DV)
2. Independent variable (IV)
3. Moderating variable
4. Mediating variable (or intervening)

15. ●1-Dependent variable (DV)(Criterion Variable)
●DV is a primary interest to the researcher. The goal of the research project
is to understand, predict or explain the variability of this variable.
●What is been observed.
●What is been measured.
●2-Independent variable (IV) (Or Predictor)
●Something that is changed by the scientist/researcher is called IV.
●Influences that DV have, either positive/negative way, on a variable is IV.
●What is tested.
●What is manipulated.
Types of Variables

16. ● Example 1:
● An applied researcher wants to increase the performance
of organizational members in particular bank.
● Answer:
● The dependent variable is organizational performance
because it is the primary variable of interest to the applied
researcher. Independent variables could be Wages, bonuses,
Organizational culture, etc
● Example 2: A marketing manager wonders why the
recent advertisement strategy does not work. What would be
the dependent variable here?
● Answer:
● The dependent variable is advertisement strategy
because the marketing manager is interested in knowing why
the recent strategy does not work. And IV could be advertising
channel, distributer, market segment, etc.
Examples for Dependent Variables

17. Example 3:
• Research studies indicate that successful new product development has
an influence on the stock market price of the company. That is, the more
successful the new product turns out to be, the higher will be the stock market
price of the firm.
• Answer:
• Dependent Variable is the stock market price. And new product
success is independent variable. Exercise: If in above example if New product
• success is dependent variable (DV) then what could be Independent
variables (IVs)?
17

18. Types of Variables
3-Moderating Variable (Through Example)
It has been found that there is a relationship between the availability of
Reference Manuals that manufacturing employees have access to, and
the Product rejects. That is, when workers follow the procedures laid
down in the manual, they are able to manufacture products that are
flawless. So,
Dependent Variable: Number of Rejects/faulty products.
Independent Variable: Availability of Reference
Manuals.

19. ●Moderating Variable (Example Continued)
●Although this relationship is true in general for all workers, but it is not
true for workers who are not using the manual every time they need it.
●Thus, the interest and inclination of the workers is a Moderating
Variable.
●Definition:
●So, moderator is qualitative (e.g., gender, race, class) or quantitative
(e.g., level of reward) variable that affects the direction and/or
strength of relation between independent and dependent variable.

20. ●Moderating Variable- (Example-2)
●A prevalent theory is that the diversity of the workforce
(according to different ethnic origins, races, and nationalities)
contributes more to organizational effectiveness because each
group brings it own special expertise and skills to the workplace.
This synergy can be exploited, however, only if managers know
how to harness the special talents of the diverse work group;
otherwise, they will remain untapped.

21. ●4-Intervening Variable Is one that surfaces
between the time the independent variables start
operating to influence the dependent variable and
the time their impact is felt on it.
●Follow the Last Example:
●A prevalent theory is that the diversity of the workforce (according to
different ethnic origins, races, and nationalities) contributes more to
organizational effectiveness because each group brings it own special
expertise and skills to the workplace. This synergy can be exploited,
however, only if managers know how to harness the special talents of the
diverse work group; otherwise, they will remain untapped.
●Dependent variable: The organizational effectiveness.
●independent variable: The workforce diversity.
●The intervening variable: That surfaces as a function of the
● diversity in the workforce is creative synergy.
Types of Variables

22. ●This creative synergy results from the "diverse" workforce interacting and
bringing together their expertise in problem solving.
●Note that creative synergy, the intervening variable, surfaces at time t2, as
a function of workforce diversity, which was in place at time t1, to bring
about organizational effectiveness in time t3. The dynamics of these
relationships are illustrated in Figures 6 and 7.
The Intervening Variable

23. The Relationship Between the Literature Survey and the
Theoretical Framework
The literature survey provides a solid foundation for developing
the theoretical framework.
The literature survey identifies the variables that might be
important, as determined by previous research findings.
The theoretical framework elaborates the relationships among
the variables, explains the theory underlying these relations, and
describes the nature and direction of the relationships.
The theoretical framework provides the logical base for
developing testable hypotheses.

24. Example:
DEFINE THE PROBLEM AND DEVELOP THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.
The probability of cancer victims successfully
recovering under treatment was studied by a
medical researcher in a hospital. She found three
variables to be important for recovery:
1.Early and correct diagnosis by the doctor.
2.The nurse’s careful follow-up of the doctor’s instructions.
3.Peace and quit in the vicinity.

25. Example(Cont…)
In a quiet atmosphere, the patient rested well and recovered sooner.
Patients who were admitted in advanced stages of cancer did not
respond to treatment even though the doctor’s diagnosis was
performed immediately on arrival, the nurses did their best, and there
was plenty of peace and quit in the area.
●Thus, Stage of cancer is a moderating variable.
●Also, we could use the patient rest as an intervening variable.

26. Hypothesis
Definition of Hypotheses:
A logical relationship between two or more
variables (DV & IV)
expressed in the form of a testable statement.
(e.g.) Women are more motivated than men.
Good hypothesis:
● Must be adequate (sufficient/satisfactory) for its purpose
● Must be testable
● Must be better than its rivals
Can be:
● Directional
● Non-directional

27. Directional and No-directional Hypotheses
DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES:
The direction of the relationship between the
variables (positive/negative) is indicated.
Example:
●The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower
the job satisfaction of employees.
● Women are more motivated than men.

28. Directional and Nondirectional
Hypotheses
NONDIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESES:
…are those which shows no indication of the
direction of the relationships between variables.
Example:
●There is a relationship between age and Job satisfaction.
●There is a differences between the work ethic values of
American and Arabian employees.

29. Null and Alternate Hypotheses
Null Hypotheses:
…is a proposition that states a definitive, exact relationship between
two variables.
●In general, the null statement is expressed as no (significant) difference
between two groups.
H0: µM = µw
●It can also be stated as the population correlation between two variables
is equal to zero (or some definite number).
H0: µM - µw = 0
Where H0 represents the null hypotheses,
µM is the mean motivational level of the men,
µw is the mean motivational level of women.

30. ●Alternate Hypotheses
●…is a statement expressing a relationship between two variables or indicating
differences between groups.
●(e.g.) Women are more motivated than men.
●The alternate hypotheses for the above example is
● HA : µM < µw
●If we reverse the above statement like
●Men are more motivated than women.
● HA : µM > µw
● Where HA represents the alternate hypotheses.
Null and Alternate Hypotheses

31. Examples for the Non directional relationship
●There is a difference between the work ethic of American and Arabian
employees.
●The null hypotheses would be:
● Ho: µAM = µAR
● Or
● Ho: µAM - µAR = 0
● Where,
●µAM is the mean work ethic value of Americans
●µAR is the mean work ethic value of Arabs.
●The alternate hypotheses for the above example would statistically be
set as: HA: µAM ≠ µAR where HA represents the alternate hypotheses.