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Generations of Computer
By:
Dr S.Soomro
Generations of Computer
 The computer has evolved from a large-sized simple
calculating machine to a smaller but much more powerful
machine.
 The evolution of computer to the current state is defined in
terms of the generations of computer.
 Each generation of computer is designed based on a new
technological development.
 Currently, there are five generations of computer.
First Generation (1940 to 1956): Using Vacuum Tubes
 The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes for
circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
 The input to the computer was through punched cards. The
output was displayed as printouts.
 The first generation computers used a large number of vacuum
tubes and thus generated a lot of heat.
 They consumed a great deal of electricity and were expensive to
operate.
 The machines required constant maintenance.
Continue ………….
 These computers were huge in size and required a large room for
installation.
 Examples UNIVersal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC), &
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC),
Second Generation (1956 to 1963): Using
Transistors
 In hardware Technology Transistors replaced the vacuum tubes of the
first generation of computers.
 Transistors are smaller in size compared to vacuum tubes, thus, the size
of the computer was also reduced.
 Transistors allowed computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper,
energy efficient and reliable.
 The second generation computers used magnetic core technology for
memory. They used magnetic tapes and magnetic disks for secondary
storage.
 The input was still through punched cards and the output using
printouts.
Continue………..
 Second generation computers generated a lot of heat but much less
than the first generation computers.
 They required less maintenance than the first generation
computers.
 Examples PDP-8, IBM 1401 and CDC 1604.
Third Generation (1964 to 1971): Using Integrated
Circuits
 The third generation computers used the Integrated Circuit (IC).
 In an IC chip, multiple transistors are placed on a silicon chip.
 The use of IC chip increased the speed and the efficiency of
computer
 The keyboard and monitor were used to interact with the third
generation computer, instead of the punched card and printouts.
 The third generation computers used less power and generated less
heat than the second generation computers.
Continue………..
 The maintenance cost of the computers was also less compared to
second generations.
 The size of these computers was quite small compared to the
second generation computers.
 Examples IBM 370, PDP 11.
Fourth Generation (1971 to present): Using
Microprocessors
 Hardware Technology uses the Large Scale Integration (LSI) and the Very
Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technology.
 Thousands of transistors are integrated on a small silicon chip using LSI
technology.
 VLSI allows hundreds of thousands of components to be integrated in a
small chip.
 This period is marked by the development of microprocessor.
 Microprocessor is a chip containing millions of transistors and
components, and, designed using LSI and VLSI technology.
 The fourth generation computers are also portable and more reliable.
Continue………..
 They generate much lesser heat and require less maintenance compared
to their previous generations.
 This generation of computers gave rise to Personal Computer (PC).
 The linking of computers is another key development of this period.
 The computers were linked to form networks that led to the
appearance of the Internet.
 This generation also saw the development of pointing devices like
mouse, and handheld devices.
Continue………..
 Several new operating systems like the MS-DOS and MS-Windows
developed during this time.
 This generation of computers supported Graphical User Interface (GUI).
GUI is a user-friendly interface that allows user to interact with the
computer via menus and icons.
 Computers became widely available for commercial purposes. Personal
computers became available to the home user.
 Examples The Intel 4004 chip was the first microprocessor.
 In 1981, IBM introduced the first computer for home use.
 In 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh.
Continue………..
Fifth Generation (Present and Next): Using Artificial
Intelligence
 The fifth generation computers are based on Artificial Intelligence
(AI). They try to simulate the human way of thinking and reasoning .
 The fifth generation computers use Super Large Scale Integrated
(SLSI) chips that are able to store millions of components on a single
chip.
 Artificial Intelligence includes areas like
 Expert System (ES),
 Natural Language
 Neural Networks
 Robotics, etc.
Key words:
 Vacuum tube: A vacuum tube (also called a valve) is a
device used to amplify electronic signals or control
electric current.
 Punch card: A card with holes that have been punched in
different positions to represent information.
 Or A piece of paper which store information in earlier
days.
 Magnetic drum: It is a metal cylinder coated with
magnetic iron-oxide material on which data and programs
can be stored.
Thank You

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Lecture 2 generations

  • 2. Generations of Computer  The computer has evolved from a large-sized simple calculating machine to a smaller but much more powerful machine.  The evolution of computer to the current state is defined in terms of the generations of computer.  Each generation of computer is designed based on a new technological development.  Currently, there are five generations of computer.
  • 3. First Generation (1940 to 1956): Using Vacuum Tubes  The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.  The input to the computer was through punched cards. The output was displayed as printouts.  The first generation computers used a large number of vacuum tubes and thus generated a lot of heat.  They consumed a great deal of electricity and were expensive to operate.  The machines required constant maintenance.
  • 4. Continue ………….  These computers were huge in size and required a large room for installation.  Examples UNIVersal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC), & Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (ENIAC),
  • 5. Second Generation (1956 to 1963): Using Transistors  In hardware Technology Transistors replaced the vacuum tubes of the first generation of computers.  Transistors are smaller in size compared to vacuum tubes, thus, the size of the computer was also reduced.  Transistors allowed computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, energy efficient and reliable.  The second generation computers used magnetic core technology for memory. They used magnetic tapes and magnetic disks for secondary storage.  The input was still through punched cards and the output using printouts.
  • 6. Continue………..  Second generation computers generated a lot of heat but much less than the first generation computers.  They required less maintenance than the first generation computers.  Examples PDP-8, IBM 1401 and CDC 1604.
  • 7. Third Generation (1964 to 1971): Using Integrated Circuits  The third generation computers used the Integrated Circuit (IC).  In an IC chip, multiple transistors are placed on a silicon chip.  The use of IC chip increased the speed and the efficiency of computer  The keyboard and monitor were used to interact with the third generation computer, instead of the punched card and printouts.  The third generation computers used less power and generated less heat than the second generation computers.
  • 8. Continue………..  The maintenance cost of the computers was also less compared to second generations.  The size of these computers was quite small compared to the second generation computers.  Examples IBM 370, PDP 11.
  • 9. Fourth Generation (1971 to present): Using Microprocessors  Hardware Technology uses the Large Scale Integration (LSI) and the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technology.  Thousands of transistors are integrated on a small silicon chip using LSI technology.  VLSI allows hundreds of thousands of components to be integrated in a small chip.  This period is marked by the development of microprocessor.  Microprocessor is a chip containing millions of transistors and components, and, designed using LSI and VLSI technology.  The fourth generation computers are also portable and more reliable.
  • 10. Continue………..  They generate much lesser heat and require less maintenance compared to their previous generations.  This generation of computers gave rise to Personal Computer (PC).  The linking of computers is another key development of this period.  The computers were linked to form networks that led to the appearance of the Internet.  This generation also saw the development of pointing devices like mouse, and handheld devices.
  • 11. Continue………..  Several new operating systems like the MS-DOS and MS-Windows developed during this time.  This generation of computers supported Graphical User Interface (GUI). GUI is a user-friendly interface that allows user to interact with the computer via menus and icons.  Computers became widely available for commercial purposes. Personal computers became available to the home user.  Examples The Intel 4004 chip was the first microprocessor.  In 1981, IBM introduced the first computer for home use.  In 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh.
  • 13. Fifth Generation (Present and Next): Using Artificial Intelligence  The fifth generation computers are based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). They try to simulate the human way of thinking and reasoning .  The fifth generation computers use Super Large Scale Integrated (SLSI) chips that are able to store millions of components on a single chip.  Artificial Intelligence includes areas like  Expert System (ES),  Natural Language  Neural Networks  Robotics, etc.
  • 14. Key words:  Vacuum tube: A vacuum tube (also called a valve) is a device used to amplify electronic signals or control electric current.  Punch card: A card with holes that have been punched in different positions to represent information.  Or A piece of paper which store information in earlier days.  Magnetic drum: It is a metal cylinder coated with magnetic iron-oxide material on which data and programs can be stored.