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Intro ch 09_a
This document provides an overview of computer networks and networking concepts. It defines what a network is and discusses common network types like LANs, WANs, and wireless networks. It describes how networks are structured using client-server and peer-to-peer models. The document outlines different network topologies including bus, star, ring and mesh. It also discusses network hardware, cabling, protocols and other technical aspects of computer networking. There is an assigned networking project involving the card game FreeCell.
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Intro ch 09_a
- 1. Copyright © 2006by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill Technology Education Introduction to Computers INSTRUCTOR:INSTRUCTOR: DR SHAFIULLAH SOOMRODR SHAFIULLAH SOOMRO s.soomro@quest.edu.pks.soomro@quest.edu.pk COURSE SLIDE WEB PAGE :COURSE SLIDE WEB PAGE : HTTPS://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/SAFISOOMROHTTPS://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/SAFISOOMRO TEXTBOOKS:TEXTBOOKS: UCUC -- UNDERSTANDING COMPUTERS (2000UNDERSTANDING COMPUTERS (2000 ED.)ED.)
- 2. Copyright © 2006by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill Technology Education Chapter 9A Network Basics
- 3. 9A-3 Network Definition • Setof technologies that connects computers • Allows communication and collaboration between users
- 4. 9A-4 The Uses ofa Network • Simultaneous access to data – Data files are shared • Access can be limited – Shared files stored on a server – Software can be shared • Site licenses • Network versions • Application servers
- 5. 9A-5 The Uses ofa Network • Shared peripheral device – Printers and faxes are common shares – Reduces the cost per user – Devices can be connected to the network – Print servers control network printing • Manage the print queue
- 6. 9A-6 Sharing Data File servercontains documentsFile server contains documents used by other computers.used by other computers.
- 7. 9A-7 The Uses ofa Network • Personal communication – Email • Instantaneous communication – Conferencing • Tele conferencing • Videoconferencing • Audio-conferencing • Data-conferencing – Voice over IP • Phone communication over network wires
- 8.
- 9. 9A-9 The Uses ofa Network • Easier data backup – Backup copies data to removable media – Server data backed up in one step
- 10. 9A-10 Common Network Types •Local Area Network (LAN) – Contains printers, servers and computers – Systems are close to each other – Contained in one office or building – Organizations often have several LANS
- 11. 9A-11 Common Network Types •Wide Area Networks (WAN) – Two or more LANs connected – Over a large geographic area – Typically use public or leased lines • Phone lines • Satellite – The Internet is a WAN
- 12. 9A-12 Hybrid Network Types •Campus Area Networks (CAN) – A LAN in one large geographic area – Resources related to the same organization – Each department shares the LAN
- 13. 9A-13 Hybrid Network Types •Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) – Large network that connects different organizations – Shares regional resources – A network provider sells time
- 14. 9A-14 Hybrid Network Types •Home Area Network (HAN) – Small scale network – Connects computers and entertainment appliances – Found mainly in the home
- 15. 9A-15 Hybrid Network Types •Personal Area Network (PAN) – Very small scale network – Range is less than 2 meters – Cell phones, PDAs, MP3 players
- 16. 9A-16 How Networks AreStructured • Server based network – Node is any network device – Servers control what the node accesses – Users gain access by logging in – Server is the most important computer
- 17. 9A-17 How Networks AreStructured • Client/Server network – Nodes and servers share data roles – Nodes are called clients – Servers are used to control access – Database software • Access to data controlled by server – Server is the most important computer
- 18. 9A-18 How Networks AreStructured • Peer to peer networks (P2PN) – All nodes are equal – Nodes access resources on other nodes – Each node controls its own resources – Most modern OS allow P2PN – Distributing computing is a form – Kazaa
- 19. 9A-19 Network Topologies • Topology –Logical layout of wires and equipment – Choice affects • Network performance • Network size • Network collision detection – Several different types
- 20. 9A-20 Network Topologies • Packets –Pieces of data transmitted over a network • Packets are created by sending node • Data is reassembled by receiving node – Packet header • Sending and receiving address – Packet payload • Number and size of data • Actual data – Packet error control
- 21. 9A-21 Network Topologies • Bustopology – Also called linear bus – One wire connects all nodes – Terminator ends the wires – Advantages • Easy to setup • Small amount of wire – Disadvantages • Slow • Easy to crash
- 22. 9A-22 Network Topologies • Startopology – All nodes connect to a hub • Packets sent to hub • Hub sends packet to destination – Advantages • Easy to setup • One cable can not crash network – Disadvantages • One hub crashing downs entire network • Uses lots of cable – Most common topology
- 23.
- 24. 9A-24 Network Topologies • Ringtopology – Nodes connected in a circle – Tokens used to transmit data • Nodes must wait for token to send – Advantages • Time to send data is known • No data collisions – Disadvantages • Slow • Lots of cable
- 25. 9A-25 Network Topologies • Meshtopology – All computers connected together – Internet is a mesh network – Advantage • Data will always be delivered – Disadvantages • Lots of cable • Hard to setup
- 26.
- 27. 9A-27 Network Media • Linksthat connect nodes • Choice impacts – Speed – Security – Size
- 28. 9A-28 Wire Based Media •Twisted-pair cabling – Most common LAN cable – Called Cat5 or 100BaseT – Four pairs of copper cable twisted – May be shielded from interference – Speeds range from 1 Mbps to 1,000 Mbps
- 29. 9A-29 Wire Based Media •Coaxial cable – Similar to cable TV wire – One wire runs through cable – Shielded from interference – Speeds up to 10 Mbps – Nearly obsolete
- 30. 9A-30 Wire Based Media •Fiber-optic cable – Data is transmitted with light pulses – Glass strand instead of cable – Immune to interference – Very secure – Hard to work with – Speeds up to 100 Gbps
- 31. 9A-31 Wireless Media • Datatransmitted through the air • LANs use radio waves • WANs use microwave signals • Easy to setup • Difficult to secure
- 32. 9A-32 Network Hardware • Networkinterface cards – Network adapter – Connects node to the media – Unique Machine Access Code (MAC)
- 33. 9A-33 Network Hardware • Networklinking devices – Connect nodes in the network – Cable runs from node to device – Crossover cable connects two computers
- 34. 9A-34 Network Hardware • Hubs –Center of a star network – All nodes receive transmitted packets – Slow and insecure
- 35. 9A-35 Network Hardware • Switches –Replacement for hubs – Only intended node receives transmission – Fast and secure
- 36. 9A-36 Network Hardware • Bridge –Connects two or more LANs together – Packets sent to remote LAN cross • Other packets do not cross – Segments the network on MAC addresses
- 37. 9A-37 Network Hardware • Router –Connects two or more LANs together – Packets sent to remote LAN cross – Network is segmented by IP address – Connect internal networks to the Internet – Need configured before installation
- 38. 9A-38 Network Hardware • Gateway –Connects two dissimilar networks – Connects coax to twisted pair – Most gateways contained in other devices
- 39. 9A-39 Network Cabling • Cablingspecifications – Bandwidth measures cable speed • Typically measured in Mbps – Maximum cable length – Connector describes the type of plug
- 40. 9A-40 Network Cabling • Ethernet –Very popular cabling technology – 10 Base T, 10Base2, 10Base5 – Maximum bandwidth 10 Mbps – Maximum distances100 to 500 meters
- 41. 9A-41 Network Cabling • FastEthernet – Newer version of Ethernet – Bandwidth is 100 Mbps – Uses Cat5 or greater cable • Sometimes called 100Base T – Requires a switch
- 42. 9A-42 Network Cabling • GigabitEthernet – High bandwidth version of Ethernet – 1 to 10 Gbps – Cat 5 or fiber optic cable – Video applications
- 43. 9A-43 Network Cabling • Tokenring – Uses shielded twisted pair cabling – Bandwidth between 10 and 25 Mbps – Uses a multiple access unit (MAU) – Popular in manufacturing and finance
- 44. 9A-44 Network Protocols • Languageof the network – Rules of communication – Error resolution – Defines collision and collision recovery – Size of packet – Naming rules for computers
- 45. 9A-45 Network Protocols • TCP/IP –Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol – Most popular protocol – Machines assigned a name of 4 numbers • IP address • 209.8.166.179 is the White House’s web site – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol • Simplifies assignment of IP addresses – Required for Internet access
- 46. 9A-46 Network Protocols • IPX/SPX –Internet Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange – Older protocol – Associated with Novell Netware – Replaced by TCP/IP
- 47. 9A-47 Network Protocols • NetBEUI –Network BIOS Extended User Interface – Used by Windows to name computers – Transmission details handled by TCP/IP
- 48. 9A-48 Network Protocols • Tokenring – Popular in manufacturing and finance – Nodes communicate when they have the token
- 49. Copyright © 2006by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill Technology Education Chapter 9A End of Chapter
- 50. 9A-50 Project due Nov.16 • Play the game of FreeCell. • small number on next larger number and alternating color • e.g. Heart Queen on Club King and Spade Jack on Heart Queen • goal: to throw all cards to destination pile • current smallest number of the suit: can be thrown to destination pile • any card can be moved to empty line (stack) • any card can be moved to temporary work space (TMP) • Print every step. • Your last two digits + 1000 are the game number you have to solve. • Game #617: • HQ CK, S2 TMP, SJ HQ, C10 DJ, HK TMP, HK Line8, • SK TMP, S10 TMP, SQ HK, HJ SQ, S10 HJ, H4 TMP, • D5 C6, H9 S10, C3 TMP, D9 C10, C3 throw, S3 TMP, • H4 Line4, S3 H4, D4 TMP, D3 TMP, D2 S3, C10 Line7, • H5 TMP, DJ CQ, S4 D5, C4 throw, D3 S4, CQ DK, • C10 DJ, S7 TMP, SK Line7, HQ SK, D4 throw, S3 throw, • S4 throw, H5 C6, CK TMP, C9 TMP, S9 TMP, CK Line4, • DQ CK, CJ DQ, C7 throw, H6 throw, S8 H9, H7 S8, • S6 H7, D6 throw, S8 throw, S9 throw, CQ Line2, DK TMP, • H10 TMP, D10 TMP
Editor's Notes
- #5 Teaching Tip Figure 9A.2 on page 342 visually describes the sharing process. It can be helpful to have students open a shared file that you control. Make a change then have the students open it again. Alternatively, share a document and allow your students to write in it. Then demonstrate how the shared document changes. Spend time discussing why application servers need to be so powerful.
- #6 Teaching tip Figure 9A.4 on page 344 shows a print queue. It can be helpful to demonstrate your classroom queue.
- #8 Teaching tip It is fun if you can setup a teleconference in your classroom. Students get to learn how to join or create the conference. Additionally, they learn how to participate. Finally, students have fun, especially with shared whiteboards.
- #10 Insider information The text describes needing special software to back up data from user drives. However, the backup utility that comes with Windows 2000 and XP is capable of performing this chore.
- #11 Teaching tip Use a real world example to describe an organization with interconnected LANs.
- #12 Teaching tip Blockbuster Video uses a WAN to connect it’s stores nationwide. Customers from Pittsburgh may rent videos in Hilton Head. Late fees will even be displayed!
- #14 Teaching tip An example of a regional resource is a supercomputer. For example, Pittsburgh has the Pittsburgh Super Computing center (www.psc.edu). The various colleges in Pittsburgh connect to the center through a MAN in Pittsburgh.
- #16 Insider information PAN is very new. Few devices support PAN. High end cell phones include Bluetooth technology. Once the technology matures, Bluetooth will allow the creation of a PAN.
- #17 Teaching tip Spend a few minutes here discussing password policies. Describe why it is important not to give out a password. Also describe why longer, more complicated passwords are important.
- #19 Teaching tip Discuss how users managing their own security settings can be bad.
- #20 Teaching tip Discuss how your network topology handles collisions. If your students are technical, contrast this with an inferior topology.
- #21 Teaching tip For technical students take the time to draw the packet structure on the board. The typical structure is destination address | sending address | packet number | total packets | data size | payload | error control.
- #22 Teaching tip Pages 352 and 353 have diagrams of each network topology
- #29 Insider information Interference is usually electrical. Magnets, solar flares or electronic devices generate interference.
- #31 Teaching tip Remind students that bps is bits per second. Gbps then is billion bits per second.
- #32 Teaching tip Now is the time to briefly discuss 802.11 standards. A full discussion of 802.11 is covered in the next section.
- #33 Insider Information The Xerox Corporation controls the assignment of Ethernet addresses to NIC manufacturers.
- #36 Insider information Twisted pair networks cannot achieve higher than 10 Mbps using a hub. Switches are necessary to achieve 100 Mbps or higher.
- #38 Discussion point Ask who in the class has high speed Internet. Then determine if anyone is sharing this to the rest of the house or dorm. If they are, see if they can describe the setup. Most likely, the sharing is done with a router.
- #42 Teaching tip Point out that the speed of the cable is the number before the word Base.
- #46 Teaching tip Have students determine IP addresses for the computer. On 2000/XP enter ipconfig /all. Windows 98 and back enter winipcfg.
- #48 Discussion Point Have students tell you what BIOS stands for.