This document discusses operating systems and their core functions. It describes different types of operating systems including real-time, single-user/single-tasking, single-user/multitasking, and multi-user/multitasking. The key functions of operating systems are providing a user interface, running programs, managing hardware devices, and organizing file storage. Graphical user interfaces and command line interfaces are discussed. Utilities that enhance operating systems like backup software, anti-virus software, firewalls, and intrusion detection are also outlined.