Reproductive Physiology and Breeding Management in Bitchsubhash gahlot
The document discusses reproductive physiology and breeding management in bitches. It covers topics like the ovarian cycle, signs of estrus, optimum mating times determined by vaginal cytology and hormones, pregnancy diagnosis and signs of impending parturition. Common reproductive problems mentioned include pyometra, dystocia from uterine inertia, prolonged heat and false pregnancy. Guidelines are provided for breeding management including timing of matings based on the estrous cycle and evaluating pregnancy through ultrasound rather than physical signs alone.
The document discusses transition cow management, which refers to the three weeks before and after calving. This is an important period as the cow's metabolism and nutrient demands dramatically increase. How the cow copes during this transition period will impact her performance for the rest of the lactation cycle. The document outlines the goals, stages, and feeding recommendations for transition cows. It emphasizes the importance of meeting calcium and energy demands through close-up rations with proper DCAD levels to minimize health issues in fresh cows.
The document discusses feeding strategies for young stock and cows. For young stock, proper feeding and care pre-weaning is critical. Growth must be balanced across development, condition, and size. For cows, feeding varies by lactation stage. During dry periods, cows should maintain condition without overfeeding. In early lactation, high-quality feed maximizes peak yield and fertility. Feeding is adjusted in mid-late lactation based on individual production levels.
A good poultry health management is an important component of poultry production. Infectious disease causing agents will spread through a flock very quickly because of the high stocking densities of commercially housed poultry.
For poultry health management to be effective a primary aim must be to prevent the onset of disease or parasites, to recognize at an early stage the presence of disease or parasites, and to treat all flocks that are diseased or infested with parasites as soon as possible and before they develop into a serious condition or spread to other flocks. To be able to do this it is necessary to know how to recognize that the birds are diseased, the action required for preventing or minimising disease and how to monitor for signs that the prevention program is working.
This document discusses feeding systems and nutrient requirements for swine. It describes the three main feeding systems for pigs as extensive/scavenging, semi-intensive/semi-scavenging, and intensive. It outlines the nutrient requirements for pigs at different growth phases according to sources like NRC and BIS. The document provides recommended ingredient compositions for starter, grower, and finisher diets. It also discusses feeding recommendations for different pig stages like creep feeding, weaning, gestating and lactating sows, and use of unconventional feedstuffs in pig rations.
Goat milk has several advantages over cow milk such as being more compatible and nourishing for people with cow milk allergies. It is also non-mucus forming and helps neutralize mucus. Goat milk is similar to human breast milk in composition and contains healing enzymes and a superior form of calcium. Keeping accurate farm records is important for sheep and goat farms for management, performance evaluation, genetic selection, and health purposes. Developing countries contain the majority of the world's small ruminant populations and production.
Reproductive Physiology and Breeding Management in Bitchsubhash gahlot
The document discusses reproductive physiology and breeding management in bitches. It covers topics like the ovarian cycle, signs of estrus, optimum mating times determined by vaginal cytology and hormones, pregnancy diagnosis and signs of impending parturition. Common reproductive problems mentioned include pyometra, dystocia from uterine inertia, prolonged heat and false pregnancy. Guidelines are provided for breeding management including timing of matings based on the estrous cycle and evaluating pregnancy through ultrasound rather than physical signs alone.
The document discusses transition cow management, which refers to the three weeks before and after calving. This is an important period as the cow's metabolism and nutrient demands dramatically increase. How the cow copes during this transition period will impact her performance for the rest of the lactation cycle. The document outlines the goals, stages, and feeding recommendations for transition cows. It emphasizes the importance of meeting calcium and energy demands through close-up rations with proper DCAD levels to minimize health issues in fresh cows.
The document discusses feeding strategies for young stock and cows. For young stock, proper feeding and care pre-weaning is critical. Growth must be balanced across development, condition, and size. For cows, feeding varies by lactation stage. During dry periods, cows should maintain condition without overfeeding. In early lactation, high-quality feed maximizes peak yield and fertility. Feeding is adjusted in mid-late lactation based on individual production levels.
A good poultry health management is an important component of poultry production. Infectious disease causing agents will spread through a flock very quickly because of the high stocking densities of commercially housed poultry.
For poultry health management to be effective a primary aim must be to prevent the onset of disease or parasites, to recognize at an early stage the presence of disease or parasites, and to treat all flocks that are diseased or infested with parasites as soon as possible and before they develop into a serious condition or spread to other flocks. To be able to do this it is necessary to know how to recognize that the birds are diseased, the action required for preventing or minimising disease and how to monitor for signs that the prevention program is working.
This document discusses feeding systems and nutrient requirements for swine. It describes the three main feeding systems for pigs as extensive/scavenging, semi-intensive/semi-scavenging, and intensive. It outlines the nutrient requirements for pigs at different growth phases according to sources like NRC and BIS. The document provides recommended ingredient compositions for starter, grower, and finisher diets. It also discusses feeding recommendations for different pig stages like creep feeding, weaning, gestating and lactating sows, and use of unconventional feedstuffs in pig rations.
Goat milk has several advantages over cow milk such as being more compatible and nourishing for people with cow milk allergies. It is also non-mucus forming and helps neutralize mucus. Goat milk is similar to human breast milk in composition and contains healing enzymes and a superior form of calcium. Keeping accurate farm records is important for sheep and goat farms for management, performance evaluation, genetic selection, and health purposes. Developing countries contain the majority of the world's small ruminant populations and production.
Techniques of Artificial Insemination in Cow, Doe, Ewe and ChickenAbdullah Al Mubin
This document discusses techniques for artificial insemination in various animal species. It begins by defining artificial insemination as the introduction of semen into the female reproductive tract by means other than sexual intercourse. Advantages include genetic improvement and disease control, while limitations include needing skilled personnel and lower conception rates than natural breeding. The techniques described include recto-vaginal insemination in cows, intravaginal or transcervical insemination in does, and various methods like intravaginal, transcervical, or laparoscopic intrauterine insemination in ewes. For chickens, semen is deposited into the vagina with the bird restrained and its abdomen pressed.
This document discusses different methods for detecting pregnancy in animals. It covers clinical methods like rectal palpation, ultrasonography, radiography, and ballottement. It also discusses laboratory tests detecting hormones like progesterone and estrogens. Accuracy and time of detection for each method varies by species, from as early as day 18 for fetal fluid by ultrasonography in some species, to day 70-120 for visibility of the fetus by radiography in others. The goals of pregnancy detection methods are outlined as 100% accuracy, no false positives or negatives, and determining pregnancy as early as possible.
Moulting is the periodic replacement of feathers by shedding old feathers while producing new ones. Adult birds moult at least once per year, and some moult twice or three times per year. The main factors that cause moulting are physical exhaustion, completion of the laying cycle, and reduction in day length. Moulting is a gradual process where birds rarely shed all feathers at once to maintain temperature regulation and repel moisture. Forced moulting of commercial hens involves withdrawing food and water for 7-14 days to cause weight loss and stimulate feather loss to restart egg production, while natural moulting is slower and more erratic.
Presetation on rumen impaction lactic acidosis final osrHarshit Saxena
1. Rumen impaction occurs when there is a blockage of the rumen due to excessive or improper feeding, leading to conditions like rumen atony, diarrhea, and abdominal distension.
2. Grain overload/lactic acidosis is a common cause of rumen impaction in ruminants, occurring when large quantities of grains are consumed rapidly. This lowers rumen pH and favors growth of lactic acid producing bacteria, causing metabolic acidosis.
3. Clinical signs of rumen impaction/grain overload include depression, incoordination, diarrhea, dehydration, and potentially death. Post-mortem examination reveals porridge-like rumen contents, hemorrhages on
This document discusses reproductive disorders of farm animals. It describes anatomical, functional, and infectious causes of infertility and sterility. Anatomical defects can be congenital, such as freemartins in cattle twins, or acquired, like ovarian cysts. Functional disorders include anestrus, subestrus, and ovulatory defects. Infectious causes lead to conditions like pyometra and fetal maceration. The document provides details on various disorders and their symptoms, causes, and treatment options.
This document discusses rearing guinea fowl, a bird native to Africa that is raised for both meat and eggs. It describes guinea fowl's hardiness and disease resistance compared to other poultry. There are three main varieties - pearl, lavender, and white - as well as hybrids. Guinea fowl reach sexual maturity later than chickens, lay fewer eggs per year, and have lower productivity overall but richer meat. Their management requires less intensive housing and feeding than other poultry due to their foraging ability but still benefits from standard brooding and feeding practices. Guinea fowl have higher innate disease resistance than other poultry.
Pregnancy diagnosis in dogs is important for owners and veterinarians to allow appropriate care and scheduling. The most reliable methods are abdominal palpation between 24-35 days, ultrasound from 24 days which is 99% accurate by 28 days, and radiography after 45 days when bones have mineralized. Less reliable methods include physical exams, hormone assays, and metabolic changes. Ultrasound allows assessment of viability while radiography determines fetal positioning and number. Hormonal relaxin assays confirm pregnancy but not litter size.
This document discusses infertility in sows and rabbits. For sows, infertility can be caused by anoestrus (lack of estrus), conception failure, or pregnancy failure. Seasonal infertility is also common in sows during summer and autumn. In rabbits, non-infectious factors like nutrition (pregnancy toxemia) and infectious diseases (syphilis, pasteurellosis) can cause infertility. Proper management and early detection of infertility can help reduce costs for farmers.
Restrain and Immobilization of wildlife ravikant1977
This document provides guidance on safely rescuing and immobilizing wild animals. It discusses managing different rescue scenarios for animals trapped in wells, houses, or traps. It emphasizes controlling crowds, examining animals for injuries, and following standard operating procedures. The document also covers capturing techniques, caring for rescued animals, reunifying animal families, and principles of chemical immobilization. In all cases, it stresses having a veterinarian present, ensuring safety, and properly handling tranquilized animals according to protocols.
Methods of pregnancy diagnosis in sheep and goatSulake Fadhil
The document discusses several methods for determining pregnancy in ewes. Physical examination methods including checking for signs of estrus and palpating the fetus through the abdominal wall can provide reliable results after 100 days of gestation. Laboratory tests such as examining vaginal biopsy samples for changes in epithelial layers by day 26, measuring progesterone levels in plasma and milk after 18-22 days, and detecting early pregnancy factor 24 hours after mating can also diagnose pregnancy. Radiography allows detection of fetuses from 70 days of gestation, with accuracy increasing with further gestation. Additionally, palpating the caudal uterine artery and using peritoneoscopy between 17-28 days achieve over 90% accuracy.
This document discusses factors that affect reproductive efficiency in dairy cows. It notes that as milk production has increased over the past 20-30 years, conception rates have decreased due to negative energy balance in early lactation. The document recommends a goal of 75-85 calves per 100 cows annually for good reproductive performance. Higher pregnancy rates lead to shorter calving intervals and increased lifetime milk production. Proper nutrition and body condition scoring are important to minimize negative energy balance effects on fertility.
This document discusses the management of chickens during summer heat. It notes that chickens are sensitive to high temperatures, which can negatively impact their growth, production and health. During heat stress, chickens struggle to maintain balance between body heat loss and production. The document outlines various effects of heat on chickens like reduced feed intake and efficiency. It recommends management strategies like proper housing ventilation, cooling systems, increasing water intake, adjusting feed composition and electrolyte supplementation to help chickens cope with summer heat stress.
This document summarizes key aspects of managing the transition period for high-yielding dairy cows. The transition period is 4 weeks before and after calving and is a time of increased health risks. Feeding a balanced transition diet is important to reduce risks of diseases like milk fever and ketosis. The transition diet should gradually increase energy and protein while decreasing fiber to support intake and metabolism without disrupting the rumen. Minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium and the dietary cation-anion difference must be carefully managed to prevent milk fever. Commercial transition supplements can help achieve these nutrient balances and support a smooth transition to lactation.
Layer poultry farming means raising egg laying poultry birds for the purpose of commercial egg production. Layer chickens are such a special species of hens, which need to be raised from when they are one day old. They start laying eggs commercially from 18-19 weeks of age.
The document provides guidance on caring for piglets from birth through weaning. Key points include:
- Ensuring piglets receive colostrum within the first day to acquire immunity and nutrients.
- Maintaining warm temperatures in the creep area and providing supplemental iron if needed.
- Performing procedures like tail docking, teeth clipping, and castration within the first week.
- Starting creep feeding around 2-3 weeks and monitoring for common diseases prior to weaning between 4-8 weeks of age.
Molting is the natural process where birds shed and renew their feathers. It allows the reproductive system to rest and the bird to rebuild nutrients. Chicks go through one complete molt and three partial molts before sexual maturity, after which adult birds molt completely each autumn. Molting is advantageous because it makes birds hardier and better producers in the second year, but it also means lower egg production during the molting period itself. The molting process involves four phases - pre-molt, initiating molt through fasting, a resting phase, and bringing the flock back to production.
Pregnancy diagnosis in dogs is important for owners and veterinarians to allow appropriate care and scheduling. The most reliable methods are abdominal palpation between 24-35 days, ultrasound from 24 days which is 99% accurate by 28 days, and radiography after 45 days when bones have mineralized. Less reliable methods include hormone assays, metabolic changes, and physical exams. Ultrasound allows assessment of viability while radiography determines fetal positioning and number. Hormonal relaxin assays confirm pregnancy but not litter size.
Techniques of Artificial Insemination in Cow, Doe, Ewe and ChickenAbdullah Al Mubin
This document discusses techniques for artificial insemination in various animal species. It begins by defining artificial insemination as the introduction of semen into the female reproductive tract by means other than sexual intercourse. Advantages include genetic improvement and disease control, while limitations include needing skilled personnel and lower conception rates than natural breeding. The techniques described include recto-vaginal insemination in cows, intravaginal or transcervical insemination in does, and various methods like intravaginal, transcervical, or laparoscopic intrauterine insemination in ewes. For chickens, semen is deposited into the vagina with the bird restrained and its abdomen pressed.
This document discusses different methods for detecting pregnancy in animals. It covers clinical methods like rectal palpation, ultrasonography, radiography, and ballottement. It also discusses laboratory tests detecting hormones like progesterone and estrogens. Accuracy and time of detection for each method varies by species, from as early as day 18 for fetal fluid by ultrasonography in some species, to day 70-120 for visibility of the fetus by radiography in others. The goals of pregnancy detection methods are outlined as 100% accuracy, no false positives or negatives, and determining pregnancy as early as possible.
Moulting is the periodic replacement of feathers by shedding old feathers while producing new ones. Adult birds moult at least once per year, and some moult twice or three times per year. The main factors that cause moulting are physical exhaustion, completion of the laying cycle, and reduction in day length. Moulting is a gradual process where birds rarely shed all feathers at once to maintain temperature regulation and repel moisture. Forced moulting of commercial hens involves withdrawing food and water for 7-14 days to cause weight loss and stimulate feather loss to restart egg production, while natural moulting is slower and more erratic.
Presetation on rumen impaction lactic acidosis final osrHarshit Saxena
1. Rumen impaction occurs when there is a blockage of the rumen due to excessive or improper feeding, leading to conditions like rumen atony, diarrhea, and abdominal distension.
2. Grain overload/lactic acidosis is a common cause of rumen impaction in ruminants, occurring when large quantities of grains are consumed rapidly. This lowers rumen pH and favors growth of lactic acid producing bacteria, causing metabolic acidosis.
3. Clinical signs of rumen impaction/grain overload include depression, incoordination, diarrhea, dehydration, and potentially death. Post-mortem examination reveals porridge-like rumen contents, hemorrhages on
This document discusses reproductive disorders of farm animals. It describes anatomical, functional, and infectious causes of infertility and sterility. Anatomical defects can be congenital, such as freemartins in cattle twins, or acquired, like ovarian cysts. Functional disorders include anestrus, subestrus, and ovulatory defects. Infectious causes lead to conditions like pyometra and fetal maceration. The document provides details on various disorders and their symptoms, causes, and treatment options.
This document discusses rearing guinea fowl, a bird native to Africa that is raised for both meat and eggs. It describes guinea fowl's hardiness and disease resistance compared to other poultry. There are three main varieties - pearl, lavender, and white - as well as hybrids. Guinea fowl reach sexual maturity later than chickens, lay fewer eggs per year, and have lower productivity overall but richer meat. Their management requires less intensive housing and feeding than other poultry due to their foraging ability but still benefits from standard brooding and feeding practices. Guinea fowl have higher innate disease resistance than other poultry.
Pregnancy diagnosis in dogs is important for owners and veterinarians to allow appropriate care and scheduling. The most reliable methods are abdominal palpation between 24-35 days, ultrasound from 24 days which is 99% accurate by 28 days, and radiography after 45 days when bones have mineralized. Less reliable methods include physical exams, hormone assays, and metabolic changes. Ultrasound allows assessment of viability while radiography determines fetal positioning and number. Hormonal relaxin assays confirm pregnancy but not litter size.
This document discusses infertility in sows and rabbits. For sows, infertility can be caused by anoestrus (lack of estrus), conception failure, or pregnancy failure. Seasonal infertility is also common in sows during summer and autumn. In rabbits, non-infectious factors like nutrition (pregnancy toxemia) and infectious diseases (syphilis, pasteurellosis) can cause infertility. Proper management and early detection of infertility can help reduce costs for farmers.
Restrain and Immobilization of wildlife ravikant1977
This document provides guidance on safely rescuing and immobilizing wild animals. It discusses managing different rescue scenarios for animals trapped in wells, houses, or traps. It emphasizes controlling crowds, examining animals for injuries, and following standard operating procedures. The document also covers capturing techniques, caring for rescued animals, reunifying animal families, and principles of chemical immobilization. In all cases, it stresses having a veterinarian present, ensuring safety, and properly handling tranquilized animals according to protocols.
Methods of pregnancy diagnosis in sheep and goatSulake Fadhil
The document discusses several methods for determining pregnancy in ewes. Physical examination methods including checking for signs of estrus and palpating the fetus through the abdominal wall can provide reliable results after 100 days of gestation. Laboratory tests such as examining vaginal biopsy samples for changes in epithelial layers by day 26, measuring progesterone levels in plasma and milk after 18-22 days, and detecting early pregnancy factor 24 hours after mating can also diagnose pregnancy. Radiography allows detection of fetuses from 70 days of gestation, with accuracy increasing with further gestation. Additionally, palpating the caudal uterine artery and using peritoneoscopy between 17-28 days achieve over 90% accuracy.
This document discusses factors that affect reproductive efficiency in dairy cows. It notes that as milk production has increased over the past 20-30 years, conception rates have decreased due to negative energy balance in early lactation. The document recommends a goal of 75-85 calves per 100 cows annually for good reproductive performance. Higher pregnancy rates lead to shorter calving intervals and increased lifetime milk production. Proper nutrition and body condition scoring are important to minimize negative energy balance effects on fertility.
This document discusses the management of chickens during summer heat. It notes that chickens are sensitive to high temperatures, which can negatively impact their growth, production and health. During heat stress, chickens struggle to maintain balance between body heat loss and production. The document outlines various effects of heat on chickens like reduced feed intake and efficiency. It recommends management strategies like proper housing ventilation, cooling systems, increasing water intake, adjusting feed composition and electrolyte supplementation to help chickens cope with summer heat stress.
This document summarizes key aspects of managing the transition period for high-yielding dairy cows. The transition period is 4 weeks before and after calving and is a time of increased health risks. Feeding a balanced transition diet is important to reduce risks of diseases like milk fever and ketosis. The transition diet should gradually increase energy and protein while decreasing fiber to support intake and metabolism without disrupting the rumen. Minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium and the dietary cation-anion difference must be carefully managed to prevent milk fever. Commercial transition supplements can help achieve these nutrient balances and support a smooth transition to lactation.
Layer poultry farming means raising egg laying poultry birds for the purpose of commercial egg production. Layer chickens are such a special species of hens, which need to be raised from when they are one day old. They start laying eggs commercially from 18-19 weeks of age.
The document provides guidance on caring for piglets from birth through weaning. Key points include:
- Ensuring piglets receive colostrum within the first day to acquire immunity and nutrients.
- Maintaining warm temperatures in the creep area and providing supplemental iron if needed.
- Performing procedures like tail docking, teeth clipping, and castration within the first week.
- Starting creep feeding around 2-3 weeks and monitoring for common diseases prior to weaning between 4-8 weeks of age.
Molting is the natural process where birds shed and renew their feathers. It allows the reproductive system to rest and the bird to rebuild nutrients. Chicks go through one complete molt and three partial molts before sexual maturity, after which adult birds molt completely each autumn. Molting is advantageous because it makes birds hardier and better producers in the second year, but it also means lower egg production during the molting period itself. The molting process involves four phases - pre-molt, initiating molt through fasting, a resting phase, and bringing the flock back to production.
Pregnancy diagnosis in dogs is important for owners and veterinarians to allow appropriate care and scheduling. The most reliable methods are abdominal palpation between 24-35 days, ultrasound from 24 days which is 99% accurate by 28 days, and radiography after 45 days when bones have mineralized. Less reliable methods include hormone assays, metabolic changes, and physical exams. Ultrasound allows assessment of viability while radiography determines fetal positioning and number. Hormonal relaxin assays confirm pregnancy but not litter size.
Sheep Abortions: What Causes Them & What Can We Do About It?
Dr. Jocelyn Jansen, Disease Prevention Veterinarian—Small Ruminants, OMAF
The presentation will cover the reasons for abortions in sheep but will focus on the 3 most common infectious causes in Ontario. Prevalence of disease in Ontario, diagnosis, management of the aborting flock and prevention will also be discussed.
This document summarizes a webinar on preventative health management for sheep and goats. It discusses vaccination protocols for various diseases like clostridial diseases, soremouth, caseous lymphadenitis, and abortion. It also covers internal parasite control through management practices, anthelmintic drugs, copper boluses, and natural options like sericea lespedeza. Coccidiosis prevention focuses on management and the use of coccidiostats in feed. Clinical cases should be treated with amprolium or sulfa drugs.
Brucellosis is a contagious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella that mainly infects cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs. It is characterized by abortion in late pregnancy and subsequent infertility in animals. The disease is transmitted through contact with aborted fetuses or birth tissues and causes significant economic losses. Diagnosis involves isolating the bacteria from infected tissues and testing for antibodies. Vaccination with Brucella abortus strain 19 is used for prevention in cattle.
Rift Valley Fever is a viral disease that affects sheep, goats, cattle and humans. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause high rates of abortion and death in young animals. In humans, it typically causes an influenza-like illness but can sometimes lead to more serious complications. The virus was first identified in Kenya in 1931 after an outbreak with many sheep abortions and sick or dead young lambs. Vaccination and vector control are important for controlling the spread of the disease.
Dairy cattle terminology and industry facts were provided. Key points included definitions of terms like cow, bull, calf and heifer. The average milk production per cow is 18,200 lbs over a 305 day lactation period. Main dairy breeds discussed were Holstein, Jersey, Ayrshire and Guernsey. Body condition scoring was also summarized to monitor cow health and productivity. Several zoonotic diseases transmissible from cattle to humans like anthrax, brucellosis, rabies, ringworm and salmonellosis were outlined.
Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a viral disease that affects livestock and humans. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause high rates of abortion and death in young animals. In humans, it typically causes flu-like symptoms but can sometimes lead to more serious complications. The virus was first identified in Kenya in 1931 after an outbreak with many sheep abortions and sick or dead young lambs. Vaccination and vector control are important for controlling the disease.
1) Johne's disease, also known as paratuberculosis, is a chronic, infectious disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
2) It is characterized by chronic diarrhea and weight loss. Young calves are most susceptible to infection through ingestion of contaminated feces or milk.
3) The disease has a long incubation period, usually 2-5 years, before clinical signs appear. It causes thickening of the intestinal wall and infiltration of the intestine by macrophages containing acid-fast bacilli.
This document summarizes key information on several species of roundworms and pinworms that infect birds and horses. It covers their definitive and intermediate hosts, geographic distribution, morphology, life cycles, sites of infection, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and other control measures. The roundworm species described that infect birds are Ascaridia spp. and Heterakis gallinarum. The roundworm of horses is Parascaris equorum. The pinworm of horses is Oxyuris equi. Their life cycles are generally direct, with eggs passed in feces and infecting the host when ingested. Clinical signs vary depending on the parasite but can include diarrhea, weight loss and poor condition.
Ascariasis is caused by ascarid worms of the family Ascaridae, including Ascaris, Parascaris, Toxascaris and Toxocara genera. Ascaris suum infects pigs worldwide, causing damage during larval migration and intestinal obstruction in heavy infections. Parascaris equorum infects horses, donkeys and mules. Toxocara species infect cattle (T. vitulorum), dogs (T. canis) and cats (T. cati). Clinical signs include coughing, diarrhea, poor growth, and intestinal obstruction or perforation. Diagnosis is made through history, clinical signs and identifying thick-shelled eggs in feces. Treatment
Brucellosis is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by Brucella bacteria, which are small, non-motile, gram-negative coccobacilli. It is transmitted to humans through direct contact with infected animals or consumption of contaminated dairy products. In Nepal, brucellosis was first reported in 1977. For simple infections, doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 6 weeks is recommended. For more severe cases, combinations of doxycycline, rifampin, and streptomycin are used. High-risk groups include those working with livestock like cattle, pigs, and goats. Prevention involves vaccination of animals and pasteurization of dairy products.
This document discusses repeat breeding in cattle. It defines repeat breeding as a cow that does not conceive after three or more services. It is a syndrome caused by multiple factors related to the female, male, environment, and management. The main causes of repeat breeding are failure of fertilization (28-44% of cases) due to issues like abnormal ovulation or defective sperm, and early embryonic death (major cause of embryonic loss between days 8-19) due to chromosomal abnormalities or an unfavorable uterine environment. The document provides recommendations for managing repeat breeding cows through improving nutrition, estrus detection, reproductive techniques, intrauterine treatments, and hormonal therapies.
This document discusses causes of abortion in large animals. It describes infectious causes such as bacterial (e.g. Brucella abortus, Campylobacter fetus, Listeria monocytogenes), fungal (e.g. Aspergillus sp.), and protozoal (e.g. Neospora caninum, Tritrichomonas foetus) agents. It also discusses non-infectious causes including genetic factors, nutritional deficiencies, heat stress, and various toxins. The document provides details on abortion rates, timing, lesion presentation, and samples needed for diagnosis for many of the common infectious causes. It emphasizes the importance of rapid and proper sample collection and handling for determining the etiology of abortion
this is short and descriptive ppt on trichomoniasis covering every small point of disease from causing agent to diagnosis and treatment and prevention with sign and symptoms.
This document summarizes a webinar on disease management in sheep and goats. It discusses several chronic wasting diseases including caseous lymphadenitis (CL), ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP), caprine arthritic encephalitis (CAE), Johne's disease, and scrapie. For each disease, it covers causative agents, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, control/management, and eradication. CL is caused by bacteria and causes abscesses while OPP and CAE are viral diseases. Johne's disease is caused by Mycobacterium and may have zoonotic potential. Proper testing, isolation, culling and hygiene are emphasized for control and eradication of these
Prevention and Control of diseases transmitted through semenAswiniSivan
This document summarizes several infectious diseases that can be transmitted through bovine semen, including their causative agents and risks of transmission. It discusses diseases like foot and mouth disease, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhea, brucellosis, leptospirosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, trichomoniasis, and others. For each disease, it provides details on symptoms, transmission through semen, and recommended prevention and control measures according to international organizations like OIE. The document emphasizes the importance of regularly testing bulls and semen for these diseases to ensure the health of cattle herds.
The mechanism of action of reproductive hormones and their clinical use is explained as useful for students, practitioners, and aspirants of competitive exams.
The document discusses the reproductive anatomy of female animals, focusing on the tubular structures and external genitals. It describes the embryonic origin, structure, and features of the oviducts, uterus, cervix, and vagina in various species. Key points covered include the layers of the uterus, shapes and attachments of the uterus and uterine horns, cervical rings and folds, and differences in reproductive anatomy between species like cows, sheep, sows, mares, bitches and camels. Diagrams and images supplement the detailed explanatory text.
The document discusses the anatomy and embryonic origin of female reproductive organs, specifically the ovaries. It describes how ovaries form from the embryonic genital ridges and migrate to different locations in different species during fetal development. The structure of ovaries is explained as having an outer epithelial layer, inner cortex and medulla layers, and a connective tissue stroma. Functional ovarian structures like primordial and primary follicles are also discussed. Location of ovaries in various animal species is outlined.
The document discusses optimizing dog mating for pregnancy. It recommends checking dogs for hereditary health problems before breeding and preparing them by ensuring they are the right age, weight, and temperament. The ideal environment for mating is outside at the stud's home without distractions. Supervision is important to ensure safety, and multiple matings may be needed over the bitch's estrus cycle, which can be determined through vaginal cytology. Proper timing of breeding in relation to the bitch's ovulation cycle is important for achieving pregnancy.
This document discusses infertility in male domestic animals. It covers various congenital and acquired causes of infertility affecting the testes, epididymis, and accessory sex glands. Congenital issues discussed include testicular hypoplasia, freemartinism, cryptorchidism, and hermaphroditism. Acquired causes include testicular degeneration due to thermal, vascular, infectious, chemical, autoimmune, and neoplastic factors. Specific diseases covered are orchitis and testicular fibrosis. Diagnosis involves semen analysis, ultrasound, and biopsy, with treatment focusing on removing causal factors and antibiotics.
The document discusses infertility in male domestic animals. It identifies several potential causes of infertility including infectious diseases like brucellosis, leptospirosis, and trichomoniasis. Inherited sperm defects are also discussed, such as the knobbed acrosome defect. Prevention methods for infectious diseases include quarantining animals and regularly testing semen. The author is identified as Prof. Dr. G.N. Purohit, who provides contact information to learn more about infertility in male domestic animals.
The document discusses infertility in male domestic animals. It begins by defining infertility as a temporary loss of fertility characterized by a reduced number of viable sperm. It then describes Nils Lagerlof's classification of infertility which includes impotentia coeundi (inability to copulate), impotentia generandi (inability to fertilize), and miscellaneous forms. The majority of the document provides details on causes, diagnosis, and treatment of various conditions that can cause impotentia coeundi such as injuries, diseases of the penis/prepuce, environmental factors, and more. It focuses on conditions like low sex drive, inflammation, tumors, deviations and injuries of the penis.
Andrology lecture 16 Semen collection from male animals and its evaluationDrGovindNarayanPuroh
This document discusses techniques for collecting and evaluating semen from male animals. There are three main techniques for collecting semen: using an artificial vagina, digital manipulation, or electro-ejaculation. The artificial vagina uses thermal and mechanical stimulation and comes in different models for various species. Semen is evaluated based on volume, sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and other characteristics to assess fertility potential. Abnormal color, consistency or presence of flakes could indicate health issues.
In this lecture, the approaches for breeding soundness evaluation of bulls are explained for veterinary students, practitioners, and aspirants of IAS, RAS, and other examinations.
Andrology lecture 14 semen and its composition in male animals (1)DrGovindNarayanPuroh
This lecture explains the semen and its components in domestic animals useful for veterinary graduates, clinicians and aspirants of IAS, RAS and other examinations.
Puberty and sexual maturity in male animals is defined as the period when accessory organs and secondary sexual characteristics develop under the influence of the testes and the animal first becomes fertile. Puberty is brought about by the release of gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland stimulating the testes to secrete steroid hormones, causing growth of genital organs and secondary sex characteristics. Puberty is characterized by the first appearance of spermatozoa in the ejaculate between 6-18 months depending on the species. Sexual maturity follows puberty and is the age at which males attain full reproductive capacity, usually several months after the onset of puberty. Factors like nutrition, genetics, environment, and disease can influence the
The document summarizes sexual behavior in male domestic animals. It discusses libido and mating ability as two components of sexual behavior in males. It describes the three stages of mating behavior as pre-copulatory, copulatory, and post-copulatory. Pre-copulatory behavior involves searching, courtship, and sexual arousal leading to penile erection. Copulatory behavior includes mounting, intromission, and ejaculation. Post-copulatory behavior is when the male dismounts and enters a refractory period. The document provides details on the behaviors that fall within each stage for various species of domesticated animals.
The mechanism of puberty and age of puberty in domestic animals is explained in this lecture useful for students, practitioners and aspirants of examinations
The functional physiology of the female genital organs of domestic animals are explained in this lecture useful for students, practitioners and aspirants of examinations.
Carrer goals.pptx and their importance in real lifeartemacademy2
Career goals serve as a roadmap for individuals, guiding them toward achieving long-term professional aspirations and personal fulfillment. Establishing clear career goals enables professionals to focus their efforts on developing specific skills, gaining relevant experience, and making strategic decisions that align with their desired career trajectory. By setting both short-term and long-term objectives, individuals can systematically track their progress, make necessary adjustments, and stay motivated. Short-term goals often include acquiring new qualifications, mastering particular competencies, or securing a specific role, while long-term goals might encompass reaching executive positions, becoming industry experts, or launching entrepreneurial ventures.
Moreover, having well-defined career goals fosters a sense of purpose and direction, enhancing job satisfaction and overall productivity. It encourages continuous learning and adaptation, as professionals remain attuned to industry trends and evolving job market demands. Career goals also facilitate better time management and resource allocation, as individuals prioritize tasks and opportunities that advance their professional growth. In addition, articulating career goals can aid in networking and mentorship, as it allows individuals to communicate their aspirations clearly to potential mentors, colleagues, and employers, thereby opening doors to valuable guidance and support. Ultimately, career goals are integral to personal and professional development, driving individuals toward sustained success and fulfillment in their chosen fields.
This presentation by Nathaniel Lane, Associate Professor in Economics at Oxford University, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Thibault Schrepel, Associate Professor of Law at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam University, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Suzanne Lagerweij - Influence Without Power - Why Empathy is Your Best Friend...Suzanne Lagerweij
This is a workshop about communication and collaboration. We will experience how we can analyze the reasons for resistance to change (exercise 1) and practice how to improve our conversation style and be more in control and effective in the way we communicate (exercise 2).
This session will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
Abstract:
Let’s talk about powerful conversations! We all know how to lead a constructive conversation, right? Then why is it so difficult to have those conversations with people at work, especially those in powerful positions that show resistance to change?
Learning to control and direct conversations takes understanding and practice.
We can combine our innate empathy with our analytical skills to gain a deeper understanding of complex situations at work. Join this session to learn how to prepare for difficult conversations and how to improve our agile conversations in order to be more influential without power. We will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
In the session you will experience how preparing and reflecting on your conversation can help you be more influential at work. You will learn how to communicate more effectively with the people needed to achieve positive change. You will leave with a self-revised version of a difficult conversation and a practical model to use when you get back to work.
Come learn more on how to become a real influencer!
XP 2024 presentation: A New Look to Leadershipsamililja
Presentation slides from XP2024 conference, Bolzano IT. The slides describe a new view to leadership and combines it with anthro-complexity (aka cynefin).
This presentation by Professor Alex Robson, Deputy Chair of Australia’s Productivity Commission, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity • a micro report by Rosie WellsRosie Wells
Insight: In a landscape where traditional narrative structures are giving way to fragmented and non-linear forms of storytelling, there lies immense potential for creativity and exploration.
'Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity' is a micro report from Rosie Wells.
Rosie Wells is an Arts & Cultural Strategist uniquely positioned at the intersection of grassroots and mainstream storytelling.
Their work is focused on developing meaningful and lasting connections that can drive social change.
Please download this presentation to enjoy the hyperlinks!
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This presentation by Yong Lim, Professor of Economic Law at Seoul National University School of Law, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Juraj Čorba, Chair of OECD Working Party on Artificial Intelligence Governance (AIGO), was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
2. Litter bearing species
• 20 piglets weaned every year Average 9.5-11
• 2 litters every year
• No of teats 12-14 5% sows have 16 teats
• Puberty- 6-8 months Yorkshire/Landrace
mature earlier
• 200 days age and 110-125 kg weight optimal
• Mating after 2nd or 3rd estrus
3.
4. • Uterus very long 2-3 feet lies in abdomen dorsal to intestines
• Cervix 6-8 inches has no fornix. Cervix has a spiral pathway with five
interdigitating pods
• Vagina 12-18 inches long
• Ovaries mulberry shaped
• Oviduct 6-10 inches. The infundibulum is very large almost surrounding the
ovary
5. Estrous cycle
• Polyestrus throughout the year
• Estrous cycle length 18-24 days Average 21
days
• Estrus 40-60 h (1-4 days) shorter in gilts
• Number of ovulations 10-20
• Ovulation 36-42 h after onset of standing
estrus (10-85h) sows breed many times.
6. • One LH peak occurs
• Prolactin is luteotrophic in pigs
• Pregnancy establishment
• At least 2 embryos required in each horn
• Pig conceptus secrete interferon-delta but have no
role in maternal recognition of pregnancy
• Estrogens are luteotrpic and secreted from Day 11-
15
• Gestation 115 days (112-118 days)
7. Breeding
• 1 boar for 20-30 females
• One adult boar 10 breedings/week (5 females
bred twice)
• Younger boars 2-3 females/week
• 1st mating in sows 4-7 days of weaning
• Mate animals of equal size
• Put sows in boar pens
8. Signs of estrus
• Heat detection-twice daily avoid feeding time
• Boar exposure daily 5-10 min
• Nose to nose contact if boar housed near gilts
• Back pressure test (lordosis)
• Secondary signs Red swollen vulva
Altered vocalization
Mucus discharge
10. • Mycotoxin contamination in feed and
bedding
• Mycotoxins caused by moulds and fungi are
present in grain and straw bedding.
• Zeralenone –Repeat breeding/prolapse
• Deoxynivanol- vomition, loss of appetite
• Ergot alkaloids- Rye, oats, wheat
• Agalactia, low piglet survival
• Feed bins should be routinely emptied and
washed and dried before they are refilled.
11. • Poor management at mating
• Incorrect body condition score
• Poor or excess body condition score not good
• Breeding gilts at too young age
• Temperature extremes --Seasonal infertility
• Ovarian cysts – large cysts reduce fertility
• Small cysts reduce litter size
12. INFERTILITY
• Fertility at swine herds high 90%
The parameters in fertility evaluation include
herd size, age profile, weaning to estrus
interval, conception rate, farrowing rate,
lactation length and total piglets born live or
still born.
Fertility problems in pigs are
1) Anestrus, 2)Conception failure and
3)Pregnancy failure
13. ANESTRUS
Puberty, pregnancy and lactation commonest
problem is lactation
Subestrus Prevalent in summer
Evaluate estrus detection 50-60% in gilts
Detect ovarian activity by P4. Detect estrus once
daily in the presence of boar from the day of
weaning. Post mortem examination of ovaries in
culled sows.
In large groups inadequate space, inadequate
diet, photo-stimulation, boar stimulation or poor
flooring can lead to anestrus.
14. CONCEPTION FAILURE
Total and Partial (reduced piglets born). Normal
conception rate 90%. Returns higher than 10% are
abnormal/unacceptable
Timing of service Most important should be given
on the day of standing estrus and 18-24 h later.
Sperms survive for 40 h
Improper intromission
Poor semen quality: Rotate boars for optimum
fertility
Poor grouping of animals.
15. PREGNANCY FAILURE
Failure to establish pregnancy : this is difficult to
establish and it is suggested to avoid stress at day
12 of conception. Embryos that die before Day 35
are reabsorbed and after Day 36 result in
mummification
Failure of an established pregnancy
Reduction in numbers born- infectious disease
fetal death after day 35 result in mummified fetus
common in viral infections like porcine
parvovirus, aujeskeys disease, swine fever,
PRRS
16. Infectious Infertility
Group1 Infection with organisms present in majority of pig
population include organisms like E.Coli, Listeria,
Mycoplasma, Pasteurella, Salmonella, Klebsiella and
Corynebacterium these result into conception failure/abortion
and still births
Group 2 Contagious microorganisms include Porcine
enterovirus and porcine parvovirus result into mummification
and still births
Group 3 relatively infrequent but they result into severe
reproductive loss and include Leptospirosis, aujeskeys
disease, PRRS
17. Porcine Parvo Virus (PPV) DNA virus and Porcine
Enterovirus(PEV) are similar Worldwide 60% prevalence
They are a common cause of fetal deaths in litters produced
by gilts and immunologically compromised sows
Transmission: Fecal-oronasal route as pigs shed the virus
in feces. Trans-placental transmission is also present. The
virus is resistant to cold, heat and disinfectants and hence
infected premises act as reservoir
Primarily a Gilt disease there is mummification of many
fetuses in 1st parity gilts and there is decrease in litter size
and increase in the services per conception.
Diagnosis: Serological tests for diagnosis.
Control: After one infection there is life long immunity
Gilts must be vaccinated before 1st breeding.
18. Porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome (PRRS)
Disease of pigs caused by RNA virus transmitted by intranasal
route and characterized by systemic illness in sows, abortions
in sows and chronic respiratory problems in nursery age pigs.
Clinical signs : Anorexia, fever, abortion at 107 for 112 days,
vaginal discharge, urinary infection, increased number of still
born piglets. New born piglets show coughing, sneezing and a
rough hair coat. Boars show listlessness and inappetance
Diagnosis: Clinical findings and virus isolation.
Control: Remove older piglets every 10-14 days to distant
places
Vaccinate 3-18 week piglets and gilts 7-10 days before
breeding.
Natural herd immunity in 4 months
19. Hog Cholera (Swine fever)
An important cause of fetal mummification and abortion in
pigs caused by a RNA virus, transmitted by oronasal route
and characterized by multiple hemorrhages in lymph nodes,
kidneys, spleen and infarction of spleen. The disease has
been eradicated from the USA.
Clinical signs: Aborted pigs show subcutaneous edema,
hydrops and ascites
Diagnosis: Demonstration of viral antigens in tonsils and
other fetal tissues.
20. Pseudorabies (PRV)
Clinical signs
Abortions may follow fever and respiratory disease in
susceptible gilts and sows. Live-born pigs are weak.
Pneumonia in growing pigs.
Preventive measures
Vaccination will reduce the severity of clinical
disease.
21. Mixed bacterial
infections
Clinical signs
Increased return-to-service. Mild to profuse vaginal discharges. Sows with
metritis will have a fever and go off feed.
Preventive measures
Do not house gilts or sows in overcrowded, unsanitary conditions. Provide
ample amounts of fresh water.
Comments
A discharge for one to three days after farrowing is normal.
Leptospirosis
interrogans pomona
Clinical signs
Few clinical cases in previously exposed herd. Susceptible breeding females
may abort or deliver weak or dead pigs.
Preventive measures
Vaccinate breeding animals two to four times each year. Protect feed and
water from urine contamination.
Comments
Rodent numbers should be controlled because they also contribute to the
spread of this disease.
Brucella suis Clinical signs
Abortions during any stage of pregnancy.
Preventive measures
Prompt removal of all aborted tissues. Routine testing for maintenance of
brucellosis-free herd.
Comments
Potential for human infection.
Bacterial causes of infertility
22. Urogenital infections and vulvar discharge
syndrome
Predisposing factors
High humidity
Restricted movement
Poor hygeine
Common complaints
Vaginal discharge- dried deposits on perineum/floor
Low grade fever/ weight loss
Increase in weaning to estrus interval
Decrease in the number of litters per sow per year
Endometritis/cystitis/pyelonephritis
Discharge rates of greater than 3& should be considered serious
Therapy Parentral and oral antibiotics inefficacious/ residue issues.
23. Mastitis Metritis Agalactia (MMA)
• Etiology poorly known- presumed E Coli
• Prevention
• Avoid sows to become overweight
• Clean floors daily –good hygiene
• Increase feed gradually after farrowing
• Scrub sows before entry to farrowing crates
• Maintain farrowing temp 18-20 degrees C
24. Diagnostic approaches for infertility
• Transrectal palpation- must be done carefully
• Transcutaneous USG- Above stifle lateral to
mammary glands- 3.5 MHz Sector probe
• Post slaughter examination of genitals
• Blood collection- saphenous vein of hind leg.
25. • The above lectures are also explained in video
lectures at my YouTube Channel Govind
Narayan Purohit
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