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Reproductive Physiology and Breeding Management in Bitch
- 1. Reproductive Physiology and Breeding Management in Bitch Speaker :Dr Subhash Chand Gahalot Animal Reproduction Gynaecology & Obstetrics Sashastra Seema Bal Training On Post Graduate Institute Of Veterinary Education & Research
- 2. Physiology of the Ovarian Cycle in the Bitch Puberty: Age at which animal start to show cyclicity •The average age of onset of puberty is 10 to 12 months, but anywhere from 6 to 24 months is normal. •Small breed dogs come into heat at a younger age than do bitches of the large or giant breeds. •But breeding is not advisable untill she attains sexual maturity Ovarian Cycle: Monoestrous means---One estrus during breeding season Range: 4 to 13 Months Average: 7 Months Post Graduate Institute Of Veterinary Education & Research
- 3. Bitch ANATOMY Post Graduate Institute Of Veterinary Education & Research
- 4. ESTROUS CYCLE Post Graduate Institute Of Veterinary Education & Research
- 5. ESTROUS CYCLE CONTD…. Proestrus (9 days)---- --------not sign of actual heat, show the bitch is gradually coming in heat Vulva swollen Bloody discharge and licking of her rear part Increase in urination---to secrete more quantity of pheromones Attracted to male but does not allow male to mate Show play full activity with male Tail tucking Mood changes and swings Post Graduate Institute Of Veterinary Education & Research
- 6. Tail Tucking Playfull activity and Sometimes fight Post Graduate Institute Of Veterinary Education & Research
- 7. ESTROUS Estrus (9 days, ovulation day 2) Previously bright red, the discharge now lightens to a pinkish-tan stain. Softening of the vulva: Initial swelling subsides just enough to make the vulva soften enough for penetration. Tail flagging and flirting: Now tucking of tail turn in to flagging of tail begins to behave flirtatiously. Inviting the male to mount by turning her rear toward him and holding the tail high and out of the way. She will fan it lightly to make sure he catches her scent. Stand to be mounted Post Graduate Institute Of Veterinary Education & Research
- 8. Tail flagging or deviation to one side Post Graduate Institute Of Veterinary Education & Research
- 9. As diestrus takes over, the fertile portion of the heat cycle comes to an end. Signs of the end of the cycle include: Gradual disappearance of vulva swelling: Most of the swelling is gone within one week's time, but the vulva may remain slightly enlarged after the first heat cycle has taken place. Cessation of flirting: Whether bred or not, the bitch now lacks the conditions to mate and is no longer interested in flirting. Metestrus or Diestrus (60 days) Providing no pregnancy results from a breeding during the heat cycle, the bitch goes back into anestrus. This is the five to eleven month period of inactivity that eventually cycles back into proestrus to begin the cycle a new The Resting Stage: Anestrus (150 Days) Post Graduate Institute Of Veterinary Education & Research
- 10. Anestrus / Noncycling Bitch Cycling bitch
- 11. Dog ANATOMY Post Graduate Institute Of Veterinary Education & Research
- 12. Occurs during estrus Length of courtship by male is variable Licks vulva Bitch stands with tail to one side---- Flagging Mounting Male mounts without erection and penetrates -Os penis In vagina, male bulbus glandis engorges, thrusting Male dismounts and turns around but penis remains in vagina “the tie” Ejaculation Tie last 5 min to 1 hour MATING Post Graduate Institute Of Veterinary Education & Research
- 13. • Intromission by vigorous thrusting of the hindquarters. • Swelling of bulbus glandis swells (6X4 cm) in the vagina • Vulva sphincter muscles contract around the penis forming • the copulatory “tie”.
- 15. Optimum mating time in bitches…… 1. Vaginal Cytology Post Graduate Institute Of Veterinary Education & Research
- 16. Optimum mating time in bitches…… 1. Vaginal Cytology A D C B A. Proestrus B. Estrus C. Diestrus D. Anestrus
- 17. 2. Vaginal Endoscopy A. Early Proestrus B. Pro Estrus C. Estrus D. Diestrus A DCB Angulations and shrinkage of vaginal mucosa
- 18. 3. Hormonal Measurements-by Progesterone concentration 1 ng/ml 1-2 ng/ml 2-4 ng/ml 6-10 ng/ml Post Graduate Institute Of Veterinary Education & Research
- 19. BREEDING MANAGEMENT Canine sperm survive up to 7 days (3-7) Canine ova (M II) survive up to 72 hr Fertile time of breeding :>90% cornification(EVC) :4th -6th day after LH surge :6-10 ng/ml P4 :Angulation and shrinkage of vaginal mucosa Starting from bleeding:11th ,13th &15th day
- 20. PREGNANCY If breeding dates are used to measure gestation, then gestation can be as variable as 57-71 days. This is because estrus is 9 days long and breeding can take place during any day of estrus. The most accurate day to measure from is the day of ovulation. In fact, gestation lasts 63 days from ovulation. Ovulation is however, hard to determine in many cases. If the LH peak is known, gestation can be measured as lasting 65 days from the LH peak. Gestation can be accurately measured from the first day of cytologic diestrus. Up to 80% of bitches whelp 57 days from the first day of cytologic diestrus. Post Graduate Institute Of Veterinary Education & Research
- 21. EARLY SIGNS OF PREGNANCY Post Graduate Institute Of Veterinary Education & Research
- 22. Pregnancy Diagnosis in Bitch 1. Abdominal Palpation Optium time— From day 26-30 fetuses are spherical in outline From day 35---They become elongated –less easy to palpate at this time 2. Identification of Fetal Heart Beat A veterinarian can listen to heat beats of puppies by stethoscope beyond 25 days of pregnancy. 3. Relaxin Assay The level of relaxin hormone is raised in a pregnant bitch and can be detected by relaxin test by veterinarian between 21 to 25 days
- 23. 3. Ultrasonography It is very useful and reliable technique. A skilled person can diagnose pregnancy of even 16 days accurately but most commonly at 25-30 days. 4. Radiography Mineralization of fetal skeleton can only be detected after 45 days of pregnancy By counting of fetal skull ---Number of puppies can be obtained Post Graduate Institute Of Veterinary Education & Research
- 24. • Nest building • Restlessness and seeking quiet, out of sight areas. • Relaxation of pelvic and abdominal muscles is a consistent sign of impending parturition. • Decrease in body temperature from 38 to 37oC just before parturition—will whelp with in 24 hr • Mammary gland turgidity, milk secretion Signs of Impending Parturition
- 25. Parturition—Whelping First Stage of Labor • Averages 4 hours but can last 6-12 hours and in primiparous bitches it can be last up to 24 Hrs • Bitch will be uneasy, refuse food, pant, vomiting • Constantly stand up and lying down • Frequently looking at flank. • Cervix dilates during this stage • Uterine contraction not detected (Mild) Post Graduate Institute Of Veterinary Education & Research
- 26. • Visible straining of bitch in the sitting position • Placental membrane will break and there will be fluid discharge from vulva • Membrane will rupture spontaneously or through licking of dam • Stage 2 labor should be complete within 12 to 24 hours, with a fetus produced every 0.5 to 4 hours • Usually interval between puppies is about 30 minutes. • A recent case report described the delivery of a healthy puppy after a 34-hour interval between puppies and 37-hour duration of stage 2 labor. Second Stage of Labor
- 27. Characteristic Posture--straining Appearance of water bag—Stage 2
- 28. Third Stage of Labor Symptoms Strong and persistent labor for 20 minutes without delivery of fetus. Weak and infrequent contractions for 2 to 3 hours More than 4 hours from delivery of last fetus (if not last one) Abnormal fetal presentation, position or posture . Dystocia: Any problem with delaying normal birth of fetus. Passage of fetal membranes should take place with in 5 to 15 minutes of each fetus expulsion Most common problem is uterine inertia (weak contractions), size of fetus and birth canal
- 29. Maternal Dystocia Due To Uterine Inertia-- Primary vs Secondary Primary---Pregnant female dog is unable to birth her fetuses due to uterine muscle's inability to contract and expel the puppies from the uterus -- Secondary –In this initially uterine contraction are present but laterally they become absent due to exhaustion of uterine muscle because of dystocia.. Medial treatment can be attempted ---Oxytocin, Calcium gluconate and Dextrose if fail---caserean section •Fetal oversize--- Prolonged gestation in abnormally small litters •Fetal anomalies--- Fetal anomalies such as anasarca and hydrocephalus (abnormalities of body fluid distribution) •Abnormal fetal position, presentation or posture. Because both an anterior (head first) and posterior (breech) presentation are normal in the bitch, only a transverse (sideways) presentation is associated with dystocia, and is rare. Fetal Dystocia Due To-----
- 30. Some Common Reproductive Problems Silent Heat. A bitch that is in estrus but is not exhibiting vulvar swelling and vaginal bleeding Dystocia. Prolonged or difficult labor caused by a physical blockage or uterine inertia. Prolonged Heat. A bitch that remains in estrus for more than 21 days. This condition is usually the result of excessive levels of estrogen due to ovarian tumors or follicular cysts Vaginitis. This infectious disease occurs when pathogenic bacteria invade the vagina and cause infection Pyometra. This disease occurs when the uterus has been under the sustained effect of high levels of progesterone and ideal conditions for bacterial growth. False Pregnancy A nonpregnant bitch acting as if she was pregnant. The condition is caused by progesterone produced by corpora luteal cysts in the ovaries.
- 31. Pyometra Defination---Accumalation of pus with in uterus in the presence of corpus luteium (Progesterone dominance phase) Signs –abdominal enlargement, vomition, discharge may or may not be, polydypsia, polyurea, inappetance, lethargy Diagnosis --By clinical signs, history, laboratory finding (BUN elevated, leukocytosis, ALT & AP elevated ), USG Treatment- Spaying is treatment of choice but medical therapy can be done in valuble animal
- 32. False/Pseudo/Phantom Pregnancy The signs include— Physical signs such as mammary development and lactation Psychological signs such as nesting, mothering, and adopting inanimate objects The cause is the rapid decline in progesterone at the end of a normal diestrus, coupled with a rise in prolactin Not treating is best!! Remove all physical causes such as self nursing by the bitch, massage of the mammary glands by the owner, hot packs of the mammary glands, and milking the glands out
- 33. Take message at home •Puberty ranges---6 -24 month (Lower in small breed) •Estrous cycle---4 stages (Proestrus, Estrus, Diestrus, Anestrus) •Copulatory tie---Normal phemomena don’t disturb it •Thumb rule for breeding----11 and 13 days after onset of proestrus But vaginal cytology and progesterone assay is most coorect method •Don’t rely on physical sign of pregnancy---It may be pseudo pregnancy Go for ultrasound •Sign of parturition—1st stage--restlessness, nest building, lying down & up 2nd stage--vaginal discharge, delivery of fetus 3 rd stage--expulsion of placenta • Most common reproductive problem—Pyometra, uterine inertia, false pregnancy
Editor's Notes
- The heat cycles of the female (bitch) are caused and controlled by hormones that are produced and released by the ovaries and other glandular structures within the body. The ovaries are paired structures that become increasingly active when the animal passes through puberty, at the first heat cycle. This ranges from between five and eighteen months of age depending on the individual and the size of the animal. In the toy and small breeds, heat cycles occur as early as five months of age, while in the giant breeds, this may not occur until the animal is fourteen to eighteen months old. Typically, these cycles will occur every six to nine months throughout the life of the animal. In the very young and very old, there may be 'silent heats' with no outward signs that are detectable by the owner or sometimes even other dogs. Dogs do not undergo any form of menopause. There have been rare cases of heat cycles resulting in pregnancies at fifteen years of age
- The reproductive system of dogs and humans are very similar. In the female, the reproductive system is composed of the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, and vagina. The ovaries are the site of production of the unfertilized eggs, and many of the hormones responsible for heat cycles and the maintenance of pregnancy. The eggs pass from the ovaries into the oviducts. These small finger-like tubes are the site of fertilization by the sperm. From there the eggs pass into the uterus, which is composed of the left and right horn and uterine body. The developing embryos mature within the uterus, attached to its walls by the placenta which also surrounds them.
- The first stage of a heat cycle is a preparatory period referred to as proestrus. This follows a period in which the reproductive system, was from all outward appearances, inactive. Proestrus typically lasts five to nine days. On the first day of proestrus, the vagina becomes swollen and a bloody discharge is soon observed. During this stage males show an interest in the female, but she will be unreceptive to them
- The next stage is referred to as estrus. This is the active breeding phase, and will usually last from five to nine days. Bleeding from the vagina is very slight or completely absent at this point. Eggs are released from the ovary and travel down the oviduct. During estrus males will definitely be attracted to and attempt to mate with the female. The female will allow them to mount her, resulting in intercourse. In the dog, a 'tie' usually occurs in which the male and female are held together physically, with the vagina tightly enclosed around the glans penis. Ejaculation will occur and sperm cells will enter the uterus and make their way to the oviduct, where their union with the egg will result in fertilization. A tie, however, is not necessary for conception to take place. The union of the egg and sperm results in the formation of a fertilized egg, which is referred to as a zygote. This matures further, developing into an embryo and then a fetus
- Diestrus: Following estrus is the diestrus period. This extends from the time when the female dog is no longer receptive to the male to the end of pregnancy. In cycles in which a pregnancy did not occur, diestrus will last for a period of up to 80 days. In early diestrus, the embryos and their placentas attach to the wall of the uterus, from which they will derive their oxygen and nutrients. Anestrus: Following diestrus is anestrus. This is the quiescent period between heat cycles characterized by no outward physical or behavioral signs of sexuality.
- Angulation and shrinkage of vaginal mucosa
- Reduced appetite—3-4 weeks of mating Increase in appetite—second half of gestation Body weight increases---35 days ownward , 50 % of normal Mammary gland devlopment---40 days onward
- After the start of labor first fetus cannot be expected to survive more than 6 hours in the uterus.