A lecture on privacy, confidentiality and medical records delivered to Alfarabi Medical College undergraduate medical students in the week starting 27.11.2016
SCHS Topic 5: Privacy, Confidentiality and Medical RecordsDr Ghaiath Hussein
Series of lectures I gave for the PEER (Professionalism and Ethics Education for Residents) Project sponsored and organized by the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties (SCHS).
OUTLINE:
Definitions and differences
How to maintain the privacy of our patients?
How to maintain the confidentiality of our patients’ information?
When to disclose medical information
Confidentiality can be defined as the
ethical principle or legal right that a
physician or other health professional will
hold secret all information relating to a
patient, unless the patient gives consent
permitting disclosure.
The presentation explains the principles of medical ethics and describes important terms on the subject. Brief descriptions of codes of medical ethics are covered but for details actual documents may be referred.
Medical Ethics is what every physician and healthcare worker should know. We need to understand Ethics and its application in various cultures, societies and its changes according to norms and values. Once society will be given health education regarding Medical Ethics many issues can be resolved in a decent manner. It ultimately gives a very positive impression of all the actions which a healthcare worker performs otherwise at times seems inappropriate by society. This is not for the sake of healthcare worker or for the patients it is primarily for the whole community.
What are the rights of patient? role of ethical committee and parameters of a physician all need to be addressed properly.
A lecture on patients' rights delivered to the staff of King Fahad Medical City in Riyadh on Monday 18/9/2017. It given an overview on patients' rights then focus on three of them: shared decision-making, privacy, and confidentiality
SCHS Topic 5: Privacy, Confidentiality and Medical RecordsDr Ghaiath Hussein
Series of lectures I gave for the PEER (Professionalism and Ethics Education for Residents) Project sponsored and organized by the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties (SCHS).
OUTLINE:
Definitions and differences
How to maintain the privacy of our patients?
How to maintain the confidentiality of our patients’ information?
When to disclose medical information
Confidentiality can be defined as the
ethical principle or legal right that a
physician or other health professional will
hold secret all information relating to a
patient, unless the patient gives consent
permitting disclosure.
The presentation explains the principles of medical ethics and describes important terms on the subject. Brief descriptions of codes of medical ethics are covered but for details actual documents may be referred.
Medical Ethics is what every physician and healthcare worker should know. We need to understand Ethics and its application in various cultures, societies and its changes according to norms and values. Once society will be given health education regarding Medical Ethics many issues can be resolved in a decent manner. It ultimately gives a very positive impression of all the actions which a healthcare worker performs otherwise at times seems inappropriate by society. This is not for the sake of healthcare worker or for the patients it is primarily for the whole community.
What are the rights of patient? role of ethical committee and parameters of a physician all need to be addressed properly.
A lecture on patients' rights delivered to the staff of King Fahad Medical City in Riyadh on Monday 18/9/2017. It given an overview on patients' rights then focus on three of them: shared decision-making, privacy, and confidentiality
A talk delivered by Prof Faisal Ghani for 3rd year medical students at Alfarabi Medical College about the patients' confidentiality, the measures to protect them, and when it is ethical to breach it.
Reading the Report: Over 120 UCLA Hospital Staff Saw Celebrity Health Records article, what training could you as a manager put into place to avoid this situation? Present your training idea using any Web 2.0 tools. How can this training on confidentiality be effective for the employees? Respond to at least two of your classmates’ postings.
Lecture 17 ethical issues in medical reports, sick-leaves & medical rec...Dr Ghaiath Hussein
A talk delivered by Dr Ghaiath Hussein for 3rd-year medical students at Alfarabi Medical College about the ethical issues in filling of documents related to the clinical condition of the patient.
Similar to Lecture 13 privacy, confidentiality and medical records (20)
نظرية التطور عند المسلمين (بروفيسور محمد علي البار
ويقدم فيها سردا تاريخيا لنظريات نشأة الخلق وخلق آدم وكيف ان نظرية التطور هي نظرية علمية وليس دينية لكن تم استغلالها لمحاربة الكنيسة
Ethical considerations in research during armed conflicts.pptxDr Ghaiath Hussein
My talk @AUBMC Salim El-Hoss Bioethics Webinar Series. In this webinar, we have discussed the following points:
1- How armed conflicts affect the planning and conduct of research?
2- What is ethically unique about research during armed conflicts?
3- How did my doctoral project approach these ethical issues both at the normative and the empirical levels?
4- What are the lessons learned from the conflicts in the middle east (Sudan, Syria, Yemen, etc.) and how do they differ from the situation in Ukraine?
Acknowledgement: This talk is based on my doctoral thesis (http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/8580/), which was fully funded by Wellcome Trust, UK.
Research or Not Research? This Is Not the Question for Public Health Emergencies
November 17, 2021 @ 4:00 pm - 5:00 pm EST
Speaker:
Ghaiath Hussein, Assistant Professor, Medical Ethics and Law, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
About this Seminar:
Public health emergencies, whether natural or man-made, local or global, in peacetime or during armed conflicts are always associated with the need to collect data (and sometimes biological samples) about and from those affected by these emergencies. One of the central questions in the relevant literature is whether the activities that involve the collection of data and/or biological samples are considered ‘research’, with the subsequent endeavour to define what ‘research’ is and whether they should be submitted for ethical approval or not. In this seminar, I will argue that this is not the central question when it comes to research/public health/humanitarian ethics. Using the findings of a systematic review on the research conducted in Darfur and findings from a qualitative project that aimed at defining what constitutes ‘research’ in public health emergencies I will, alternatively, present what I refer to as the ‘ethical characterization’ of these research-like activities and how they can be ethically guided.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lecture 13 privacy, confidentiality and medical records
1. Professionalism and Ethics Education for Residents (PEER)
Privacy, Confidentiality and
Medical Records
Dr. Ghaiath M. A. Hussein
Asst. Prof., Dept. of Medical Ethics
Alfarabi Colleges (Riyadh)
2. Disclaimer
• This presentation is based on a presentation I
gave for the SCHS as part of its
Professionalism and Ethics Education for
Residents (PEER), available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-
7DOqRPqx0
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcQYe99
SwSo
3. Outline
Definitions and differences
How to maintain the privacy of our patients?
How to maintain the confidentiality of our patients’
information?
When to disclose medical information
5. Confidentiality :
- Is the right of an individual
to have personal,
identifiable medical
information kept out of
reach of others.
Privacy:
- A right or expectation to
not be interfered with
- Be free from surveillance
- A moral right to be left
alone.
RESPECTS PATIENT’S
BODY
RESPECTS PATIENT’S
INFORMATION
7. Measures to Protect Privacy
(KSA guidelines)
1. Make sure examination takes place in isolation from other
patients, unauthorized family members, and/or staff
2. Provide gender-sensitive waiting and examination rooms
3. Provide proper clothing for the admitted patients
4. Make sure patients are well covered when transferred from
one place to another in the hospital
5. Make sure your patient’s body is exposed ONLY as much as
needed by the examination or investigation
6. Patients should have separate lifts and be given priority
8. Measures to Protect Privacy
(KSA guidelines)
1. Make sure there is another person (nurse) of the same sex as the
patient present all the time of the examination
2. Always take permission from the patient before examination
3. Insure privacy when taking information from patients
4. Avoid keeping patients for periods more than required by the
procedure.
5. It’s prohibited to examine the patient in the corridors or in the
waiting area.
6. During examination, no foreign person unrelated to the patient
allowed
7. Give patients enough time to expose the part with pain
8. Only relevant personnel are allowed to enter the examination
room
10. Why is there a Duty for Confidentiality?
• Trust between patients and health
professionals.
• Patients give information about their health in
confidence.
• Individuals will be encouraged to seek
appropriate treatment and share information
relevant to it.
11. Proficiency (Medical) Secret
• Medical secret is defined as “Any medical information that
comes to the knowledge of the practitioners as a result of
their work whether directly obtained from the patient, or
otherwise”
• It includes any information that the doctor (or treatment
team) knows about the patient (alive or dead), directly or
indirectly that a patient may deem its disclosure undesirable
or harmful to his/her health, reputation, financial, social or
professional status.
• It includes any information about the patient’s identity,
condition, diagnosis, investigations’ results, treatment, and/or
prognosis (whether chances of cure, disability, or death)
(Source: https://sites.google.com/site/ghaiathme/medicaleducation/practitioner-1/practitioner)
12. What is Confidential?
• All identifiable patient information, whether written,
computerised, visually or audio recorded or simply held in the
memory of health professionals, is subject to the duty of
confidentiality.
It covers:
– The individual’s past, present or future physical or mental health or
condition,
– Any clinical information about an individual’s diagnosis or treatment;
– A picture, photograph, video, audiotape or other images of the patient;
– Who the patient’s doctor is and what clinics patients attend and when;
– Anything else that may be used to identify patients directly or indirectly
– The past, present, or future payment for the provision of health care to
the individual,
13. Confidentiality Measures
1. Limit the accessibility to the medical records
2. Do not discuss the patient’s medical information with
unauthorized family members
3. Do not disclose patient’s information without his/her
consent, or in established exceptions (below)
4. Do NOT collect information not related to the provision
of care
5. Set policies that regulate access to medical information
and how any breach to confidentiality is managed
6. Limit sharing of information with other staff, unless in
cases of consultations and second opinion
14. Confidentiality Measures …cont.
All records
• Never inappropriately access records;
• Shut/lock doors, offices and filing cabinets;
• Query the status of visitors/strangers;
Manual records
• Hold in secure storage;
• Tracked if transferred, with a note of their current location
within the filing system;
• Returned to the filing system as soon as possible after use;
• Stored closed when not in use so that the contents are not
seen by others;
• Kept on site unless removal is essential.
15. Confidentiality Measures …cont.
Electronic records
• Always log out of any computer system or application when
work is finished;
• Do not leave a terminal unattended and logged in;
• Do not share Smartcards or passwords with others;
• Change passwords at regular intervals;
• Always clear the screen of a previous patient’s information
before seeing another.
Email and fax
• Whenever possible, clinical details should be separated from
demographic data;
• All data transmitted by email should be encrypted
16. Conditions to Disclose Medical Secret
1. Approval from the patients or their SDM, within the limit
given in the approval
2. If the information are required by judiciary {الشهداء يأب وال
دعوا ما إذا{ }قلبه آثم فإنه يكتمها ومن}
3. Consultation or second opinion
4. Notification of events of public health interest/threats
(birth, death, notifiable diseases, etc.)
5. Prevent individual/personal threats (e.g. prevent crimes)
6. If needed by the doctor to defend him/herself before
judges, or discipline committee
7. If the patient consciously and truly admits committing a
crime on which another person was accused/punished
Remember: Disclosure should be only to the concerned
party & not beyond the needed limits
أوضحفي الضابط أن الشريعة فقهاءكشف أو سترمنع هو المريض سر عن الطبيبالمفسدة ظهور
17. Fiqhi & Legal Aspects
•"َلوُسَّالر َو َ َّاَّلل واُنوُخَت ََل واُنَمآ َِينذَّال اَهُّيَأ اَيَت ُْتنَأ َو ُُِْتَاناَمَأ واُنوُخَت َوَونُمَلع(27")
•قال ،ْوسل عليه هللا صلى بيَّنال عن عنه هللا رضي جابر عن:((َّدح إذاالرجل ث
ة أمان فهي التفت ْث بالحديث))اَللباني وحسنه والترمذي داود أبو رواه
• To consider the disclosure of medical secret a crime, there are 4
conditions: الطبي السر افشاء جريمة أرُان
1. Medical secret الطبي السر , i.e. what was disclosed was a secret
2. The actual disclosure اإلفشاء فعل regardless the way of
disclosure
3. To be the person trusted to keep the secret يكون أنالمفشيًاأمين
السر على.
4. The intention to disclose (الجنائي القصد.) , e.g. not out of
negligence or forgetting, e.g. leaving the records open or
accidently dropping a medical information sheet
19. Ethics of Documentation and
Authentication (Saudi Code of Ethics)
• They should document each procedure that he/she
follows with the patient in accurate records, and strive
to be accurate when writing medical reports, in a way
that achieves the interest of the patient.
• They should write what is the true reality without
exaggeration or underestimation and should not be
taken astray by the bonds of kinship, passion, fear or
desire of benefit to write a medical report that is
untrue.
20. In Saudi Code of Ethics, the medical record
should contain:
• Appropriate clinical findings,
• Decisions and procedures made,
• The information given to the patient,
• Prescriptions or medications, as well as
• All the patient’s investigations
21. (A) Medical Record
1. There should keep clear and precise paper and electronic
records for the patients.
2. The medical record should be kept in a safe place, and
should not be accessed or handled unless by those who are
professionally-related (to the patients) persons,
3. All the procedures related to professional confidentiality
apply to all its contents.
4. All the contents of the medical record are the property of
the institution in which the patient is receiving his/her
treatment, but
5. The patient can have access to the record and have a copy of
it upon his/her request.
22. (A) Medical Record
4. In the event of referring a patient to another doctor,
the healthcare practitioner should provide for the
referred healthcare practitioner all the information
needed about the patient’s condition precisely and
objectively.
5. When writing the data and information, scientific
and administrative standards should be followed
when writing, and have every document related to
the medical record signed and dated.
23. (B) Certificates and Reports
• Doctors enjoy the authority to sign a variety of
documents that lead to grave consequences if they are
abused, including:
– death certificates,
– medical reports,
– sick leaves,
– certificates of patients’ attendance and others.
• Therefore, doctors have to ensure the correctness of
the information before signing any document.
• Documents that are thought to be fake, false, or
misleading should not be signed, instead follow the
recognized scientific and administrative standards.
24. Have You Ever Witnessed...?
• A patient fully exposed in front of a dozen eyes and
pairs of hands (rounds)?
• A patient being photographed without consent?
• A Couple of doctors chatting about their patients
over lunch?
• A doctor, who is a relative of the patient “having a
look” in his relative's medical record?
• A student approaching patients with questionnaires
without consent or institutional approval?