This document discusses single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). SPECT generates transverse images depicting the distribution of gamma ray emitting nuclides in patients. Projection images are acquired from an arc of 180 or 360 degrees around the patient and transverse images are reconstructed using filtered back-projection or iterative methods. The goals of SPECT reconstruction are to estimate the true radioactivity distribution from the measured projection data while accounting for effects like attenuation, scatter, and detector response. Filtering is applied to projection images before back-projection to "deblur" the reconstructed images and improve spatial resolution.
Image reconstruction in CT is mostly a mathematical process however, this presentation tries to explain the complicated process of image reconstruction in a visual way, mainly focusing om Filtered back projection, Iterative Reconstruction and AI based image reconstruction.
brief but informative knowledge about how CT works and what are its components ... easy to understand as well as presenting during lectures and in classes . share it
Computed Tomography Dose Index, Includes various CTDI parameters and the way of calculating effective dose from various Computed Tomography procedures along with their conversion factor.
Radiation emergencies and preparedness in radiotherapyDeepjyoti saha
In a Radiotherapy Department where cancer patients are being treated with high energy photons,gamma rays,electrons; all the radiation workers should be alert regarding radiation accidents & how to face the situation.
Image reconstruction in CT is mostly a mathematical process however, this presentation tries to explain the complicated process of image reconstruction in a visual way, mainly focusing om Filtered back projection, Iterative Reconstruction and AI based image reconstruction.
brief but informative knowledge about how CT works and what are its components ... easy to understand as well as presenting during lectures and in classes . share it
Computed Tomography Dose Index, Includes various CTDI parameters and the way of calculating effective dose from various Computed Tomography procedures along with their conversion factor.
Radiation emergencies and preparedness in radiotherapyDeepjyoti saha
In a Radiotherapy Department where cancer patients are being treated with high energy photons,gamma rays,electrons; all the radiation workers should be alert regarding radiation accidents & how to face the situation.
it includes generations and advancement in CT. In generations fifth generation CT is described in detail.
UFC detector, stellar detectors and gemstone detector is also described
straton x-ray tube, MRC, LIMAX and aquillion one xray tube
different techniques used in CT
dual energy CT is also described
this slide sharer contents are basic principle of CT fluoroscopy , software and hardware parts of equipment and image aqua cation and radiation dose comparison and videos related to equipment .
CT is one of the highest contributor for medical radiation exposure to patients. Some common CT dose descriptors and dose optimizations methods are briefly described in this presentation.
https://www.snmclub.com/presentation
PET/MRI Current & Future Status
DALE BAILEY PhD , Principal Physicist
Departement of Nuclear Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital
Professor in Medical Radiation Sciences, University of Sydney
Sydney, Australia
icrm2018
it includes generations and advancement in CT. In generations fifth generation CT is described in detail.
UFC detector, stellar detectors and gemstone detector is also described
straton x-ray tube, MRC, LIMAX and aquillion one xray tube
different techniques used in CT
dual energy CT is also described
this slide sharer contents are basic principle of CT fluoroscopy , software and hardware parts of equipment and image aqua cation and radiation dose comparison and videos related to equipment .
CT is one of the highest contributor for medical radiation exposure to patients. Some common CT dose descriptors and dose optimizations methods are briefly described in this presentation.
https://www.snmclub.com/presentation
PET/MRI Current & Future Status
DALE BAILEY PhD , Principal Physicist
Departement of Nuclear Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital
Professor in Medical Radiation Sciences, University of Sydney
Sydney, Australia
icrm2018
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Basic physics of multidetector computed tomography ( CT Scan) - how ct scan works, different generations of ct, how image is generated and displayed and image artifacts related to CT Scan.
The flow of baseline estimation using a single omnidirectional cameraTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Baseline is a distance between two cameras, but we cannot get information from a single camera. Baseline is one of the important parameters to find the depth of objects in stereo image triangulation. The flow of baseline is produced by moving the camera in horizontal axis from its original location. Using baseline estimation, we can determined the depth of an object by using only an omnidirectional camera. This research focus on determining the flow of baseline before calculating the disparity map. To estimate the flow and to tracking the object, we use three and four points in the surface of an object from two different data (panoramic image) that were already chosen. By moving the camera horizontally, we get the tracks of them. The obtained tracks are visually similar. Each track represent the coordinate of each tracking point. Two of four tracks have a graphical representation similar to second order polynomial.
The flow of baseline estimation using a single omnidirectional camera
Lecture 12
1. Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
Shahid Younas
NUCLEAR IMAGING
Emission Tomography II
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
2. Introduction
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
Nuclear Medicine projection image depicts a two-dimensional projection
of the three-dimensional activity distribution.
Contribution to the image from structures at different depths overlap.
Hindering the ability to discern the image of a structure at a particular
depth.
3. Introduction
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
Tomographic imaging attempts to depict the
activity distribution in a single cross section
of the patient.
5. Types of Tomography
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
Conventional Tomography also called Geometric or Focal Plane.
Structures out of a focal plane are not removed from the resultant
image.
They are blurred by an amount proportional to their distance from
the local plane.
6. Types of Tomography
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
Computed Tomography uses mathematical methods to remove
overlying structures completely.
CT requires the acquisition of a set of projection image from at least
a 180-degree arc about the patient.
7. Types of Tomography
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
CT uses mathematical methods; do you know what instrument was
used in nuclear medicine to carry on conventional tomography?
Focused or seven pin-hole collimators
8. SPECT
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
Three Rivals of SPECT
Attenuation of photons in the patient
Compton scattered photons in the image
Degradation of spatial resolution with distance from collimator.
9. SPECT-Design and Principles of Operation
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) generates transverse
images depicting the distribution of x- or gamma ray emitting nuclides in
patients.
Standard planar projection images are acquired from an arc of 180 degrees
(most cardiac SPECT) or 360 degrees (most non-cardiac SPECT) about the
patient.
10. SPECT-Design and Principles of Operation
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
Most SPECT systems use one or more scintillation camera heads that
revolve about the patient.
Transverse images are reconstructed using either filtered back-
projection (as in CT) or iterative reconstruction methods.
11. SPECT-Design and Principles of Operation
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
If camera heads produced ideal projection images;
no attenuation by patient
no degradation of spatial resolution with distance
then projection images from opposite sides of patient would be mirror
images.
12. SPECT
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
Attenuation greatly reduces number of photons from activity in the half
of patient opposite camera head; this information is blurred by distance.
13. SPECT-Image acquisition
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
SPECT projection images usually acquired in either a 64 x 64 (60 or 64
projections) or a 128 x 128 (120 or 128 projections) pixel format.
Using too small a pixel format reduces spatial resolution of the projection
images and of the resultant reconstructed transverse images.
Using too few projections creates radial streak artifacts in the reconstructed
transverse images.
14. SPECT-Image acquisition
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
Brain SPECT are acquired over 360o whereas Cardiac SPECT are
acquired at 180o? What is reduced and what is enhanced?
Attenuation is reduced whereas contrast and resolution is enhanced
15. SPECT-Image acquisition
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
Camera heads on older SPECT systems used circular orbits
around the patient while acquiring images,
Satisfactory for imaging of the brain.
Loss of spatial resolution in body imaging because of distance
from surface.
16. SPECT-Image acquisition
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
Newer systems provide noncircular orbits that keep camera heads in close
proximity to surface of body throughout the orbit.
17. SPECT-Transverse image reconstruction
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
The goal of SPECT image reconstruction methods is to estimate
the true radioactivity distribution in vivo from the measured
projection data.
After projection images are acquired, they are usually corrected
for axis-of-rotation misalignments.
18. SPECT-Transverse image reconstruction
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
The substantial effects of attenuation, scatter , collimator and
detector response are ignored.
The Following these corrections, transverse image reconstruction
is performed using either filtered back-projection or iterative
methods.
19. SPECT-Transverse image reconstruction
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
Suppose that a simple test object containing 3 objects with different attenuation
values is scanned and views (attenuation measurements) are obtained at 3
angles.
22. SPECT-Transverse image reconstruction
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
Back-projection is efficient each measurement is processed just
once and involves relatively simple calculations but has a serious
flaw,
The resulting images are blurry- poor spatial resolution
23. SPECT-Transverse image reconstruction
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
Why resulting images are has poor spatial resolution?
The substantial effects of attenuation, scatter , collimator and detector
response are ignored.
24. SPECT-Transverse image reconstruction
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
The blurring can be reversed by a mathematic process known as
“Convolution”.
Consider a scan of a phantom containing a single cylinder with an
attenuation higher than that of its surroundings.
25. SPECT-Transverse image reconstruction
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
The attenuation of the cylinder is highest through its center
(where it is thickest) and decreases toward its edges.
Backprojection builds a cylinder image whose intensity
decreases from the maximum at the center toward the edges.
26. SPECT-Transverse image reconstruction
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
To reconstruct a ‘‘deblurred’’ image, a convolution function is
mathematically applied to each view before back-projection.
28. SPECT-Transverse image reconstruction
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
Choice of filter kernel for a particular type of study is determined by
the amount of statistical noise in the projection images
Mainly determined by injected activity, collimator, and acquisition
time per image
29. SPECT-Transverse image reconstruction
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
Their spatial resolution is,
Determined by collimator and the typical distances from the camera
head(s) from the organ being imaged
30. SPECT-Transverse image reconstruction
Lecture 13: Emission Tomography II
Their spatial resolution is,
Determined by collimator and the typical distances from the camera
head(s) from the organ being imaged