The document provides an introduction to medical terminology and anatomy. It discusses the different branches of anatomy including systematic, regional and surface anatomy. It also describes the basic organization of the human body from cells to tissues to organs and systems. Specific topics covered include the integumentary system, skin structure and characteristics, bone structure and classification, fractures, and skull sutures.

1. Introduction to Medical
Terminologies
PREPARED BY
MUHAMMAD SALMAN BUTT
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2. Lecture: 1
oIntroduction to various branches of anatomy.
oWhat is an anatomical position.
oHow to study an anatomy.
oBasic Organization of human body.
oStructure and function of skin.
oDifferent types of bones and their structure.
oTypes of fractures.
oSkulls and joints present in skulls.
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3. Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy
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4. What is an Anatomy
Anatomy
oIt is concerned with the consideration of various structures which make up the human body
oIt is concerned with the investigation of the biological structures by
• Dissection
• Micro-dissection
• Light microscopy
• Electron microscopic.
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5. Systematic Anatomy
It deals with the study of various structures
systematically i.e. System wise
Example: Respiratory system
Various Divisions of Systematic Anatomy
• Osteology: Study of bones and cartilages.
• Arthrology: Study of joints.
• Myology: Study of muscles.
• Angiology: Study of blood vessels, lymph vessels.
• Neurology: Study of nerves.
• Splanchology: Study of visceral systems.
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6. Regional Anatomy
The study of anatomy based on regions or
divisions of the body and emphasizing the
relations between various structures (muscles
and nerves and arteries etc.) in that region
Example: Upper Limb
Various Division of regional anatomy
1. Head and neck
2. Trunk
3. Limbs
4. Brain
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7. Surface Anatomy
It deals with the study and identification of
various structures in the living person by
methods of inspection and palpation.
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8. Anatomical Position
•The human body is regarded as standing erect.
•Eyes looking forward to the horizon.
•Arms by the sides.
•The palms of the hands and toes directed
forwards.
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10. Planes of the body
The body can be divided into three planes:
1- Sagittal Plane: Vertical antero-posterior plane parallel to the median plane is called the
sagittal plane. It divides the body into left and right side.
2- Coronal Plane: Any vertical plane which lies at the right angle to sagittal plane. It divides the
body into anterior and posterior side.
3- Transverse Plane: Horizontal plane which divides the body into upper and lower parts.
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12. Basic Organization of human body
Cell: Basic Unit of life. e.g. Body Cells
Tissue: Cells performing similar functions
combine to form tissue e.g. epithelial tissue of
stomach.
Organs: Two or more tissues combine to form
an organ e.g. stomach.
System: Two or more organs combine to form
a system e.g. Digestive system.
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Cell Membrane

15. Chapter 2: The Integumentary system
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16. The skin and subcutaneous tissue
•Skin is the largest organ of the body.
•Skin is composed of two layers:
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis.
•Skin is composed of two types of tissues;
1. Epithelium
2. Dense Connective tissue.
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17. Epidermis of skin
There are five layers of epidermis
1. Stratum Corneum
2. Stratum Lucidum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum Spinosum
5. Stratum Bassale
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18. Characteristics of skin
COLOR OF THE SKIN
1. The yellow tinge to the skin itself is due to
the presence of carotene.
2. The reddish hue is due to the blood flowing
through the dermis.
3. Shade of brown due to the melanin
pigment.
APPENDAGES OF SKIN
Certain structures differentiate from the
epidermis called the appendages of the skin.
1. Hair: Elastic keratinous thread like structures
which develop from the epidermis.
2. Nails: Modified keratin plates lying on the
dorsal surface of the distal phalanges of the
fingers and toes.
3. Cutaneous glands:
1. Sebaceous glands: They secrete sebum which
is an oily material and act as a cold cream.
2. Sweat Galnds: Secretes sweat to maintain body
temperature.
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19. Chapter 3: Bones and cartilages
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20. Basic Definitions
Osteology: The branch of anatomy which deals with the study of bones and cartilages.
Skeleton: The framework of human body is composed of bony and cartilaginous tissue called
skeleton. Skeleton is of two types.
1. Exo-Skeleton: It is that part of skeleton which is present in relation with the skin, e.g. Enamel of tooth.
2. Endo- Skeleton: It is deeply situated and forms main skeleton of human beings. It is subdivided into
into two sub-varities.
1. Visceral Endoskeleton: It is found in certain viscera e.g. hyoid bone, ear ossicles.
2. Somatic Endoskeleton: Almost all bones of the body belongs to this variety.
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21. Structural classification of bones
1- COMPACT BONE:
Well developed harversian lamellae or
cylindrical lamellae are seen. The lamellae
consists of collagen fibers, lying in a calcified
material, adjacent lamellae are held together
by interchange of fibers.
Example: Shafts of long bone
2- SPONGY BONE
Here the lamellae are arranged flat. No typical
haversian system are seen.
Example: Ends of long bones.
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22. Regional Classification (Total 206 bones)
AXIAL BONES (TOTAL 80)
Skull
1. Cranium and facial bones = 22
2. Hyoid bone = 01
3. Ear Ossicles = 06
Vertebrae
1. Cervical = 17
2. Thoracic = 12
3. Lumbar = 5
4. Sacral = 5
5. Coccygeal = 4
Ribs = 24
Sternum = 1
APPENDICULAR BONES (TOTAL 126)
1. Bones of upper limb = 60
2. Bones of shoulder girdle = 4
3. Bones of lower limb = 60
4. Bones of hip girdle = 2
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23. Regional Classification (Total 206 bones)
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25. Classification according to size and shape
Long bones have greater length than width and consist of a shaft and a variable number of ends.
They are usually somewhat curved for strength. Long bones include those in the thigh (femur),
leg (tibia and fibula), arm (humerus), forearm (ulna and radius), and fingers and toes
(phalanges).
Short bones are somewhat cube-shaped and nearly equal in length and width. Examples of
short bones include most wrist and ankle bones.
Flat bones are generally thin, afford considerable protection, and provide extensive surfaces for
muscle attachment.
Bones classified as flat bones include the cranial bones, which protect the brain; the sternum
(breastbone) and ribs, which protect organs in the thorax; and the scapulae (shoulder blades).
Irregular bones have complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of the previous
categories. Such bones includethe vertebrae and some facial bones.
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26. Classification according to size and shape
1. Long bones Example: Humerus, Ulna, Femur
2. Long-short bones Example: Mata Carpel, Phalanges
3. Short bones Example: Carpal, tarsal bones
4. Flat bones Example: Scapulae, Sternum
5. Irregular bones Example: Vertebrae, hip bone
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27. Parts of a developing bones
A typical long bone consists of the following
seven parts:
1. The diaphysis (growing between) is the bone’s shaft
or body—the long, cylindrical, main portion of the
bone.
2. The epiphyses (growing over; singular is epiphysis) are
the distal and proximal ends of the bone.
3. The metaphyses (meta- between; singular is
metaphysis) are the regions in a mature bone where
the diaphysis joins the epiphyses.
4. The articular cartilage is a thin layer of hyaline
cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the
bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone.
5. The periosteum (peri- around) is a tough sheath of
dense irregular connective tissue and its associated
blood vessels that surrounds the bone surface
wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage.
6. The medullary cavity (medulla- marrow, pith) or
marrow cavity is a hollow, cylindrical space within the
diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in
adults.
7. The endosteum (within) is a thin membrane that lines
the medullary cavity. It contains a single layer of bone-
forming cells.
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29. Fracture
A fracture is any break in a bone. Types of fractures include the following:
•Partial: an incomplete break across the bone, such as a crack.
•Complete: a complete break across the bone; that is, the bone is broken into two or more pieces.
•Closed (simple): the fractured bone does not break through the skin.
•Open (compound): the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin.
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30. Sutures
A suture is an immovable joint in most cases in
an adult that holds skull bones together. Of the
many sutures that are found in the skull, we
will identify only four prominent ones
1. The coronal suture unites the frontal bone
and two parietal bones.
2. The sagittal suture unites the two parietal
bones.
3. The lambdoid suture unites the parietal
bones to the occipital bone.
4. The squamous sutures unite the parietal
bones to the temporal bones.
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