THIS IS BASED ON PURELY ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
This course introduces basic concepts of quantum theory of solids and presents the theory describing the carrier behaviors in semiconductors. The course balances fundamental physics with application to semiconductors and other electronic devices.
At the end of this course learners will be able to:
1. Understand the energy band structures and their significance in electric properties of solids
2. Analyse the carrier statistics in semiconductors
3. Analyse the carrier dynamics and the resulting conduction properties of semiconductors
.
SEMICONDUCTORS,BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS,FERMI-DIRAC PROBABILITY,DISTRIBUTION FUN...A K Mishra
This PPT contains valence band,conduction band& forbidden energy gap,Free carrier charge density,intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors,Conductivity in semiconductors
THIS IS BASED ON PURELY ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
This course introduces basic concepts of quantum theory of solids and presents the theory describing the carrier behaviors in semiconductors. The course balances fundamental physics with application to semiconductors and other electronic devices.
At the end of this course learners will be able to:
1. Understand the energy band structures and their significance in electric properties of solids
2. Analyse the carrier statistics in semiconductors
3. Analyse the carrier dynamics and the resulting conduction properties of semiconductors
.
SEMICONDUCTORS,BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS,FERMI-DIRAC PROBABILITY,DISTRIBUTION FUN...A K Mishra
This PPT contains valence band,conduction band& forbidden energy gap,Free carrier charge density,intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors,Conductivity in semiconductors
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
Here is a blog on the role of electrical and electronics engineers in IOT. Let's dig in!!!!
For more such content visit: https://nttftrg.com/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
2. Some Basic Concepts
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of that element.
The nucleus consists of positively charged particles called protons and uncharged particles
called neutrons. The basic particle of negative charge are called electrons.
3. In the normal state, all atoms of a given element have the same
number of electrons as protons ; the positive charges cancel the negative
charges, and the atom has a net charge of zero.
Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom at certain distances from the
nucleus.
Each discrete distance (Orbit) from the nucleus corresponds to a
certain energy level.
In an atom, the orbits are grouped into energy bands known as shells.
A given atom has a fixed number of shells.
The differences in energy levels with in a shell are much smaller than
the difference in energy between the shells.
Shells are designated are by the letters K,L,M, and so on.
The number of electrons that can exist in any shell is 2n².
4. Electrons with the higher energy exist in the outer most shell of an atom and relatively
loosely bound to the atom.
The outer most shell is known as valance shell and electrons in this shell are called valance
electrons.
The process of loosing a valance electrons is known as ionization and resulting positive
charged atom.
The escaped valance electrons are called free electrons.
Free electrons are also called conduction electrons.
5. Energy Bands
When an electron acquires enough additional
energy, it can leave the valance shell ,become a free
electron and exist in what that is known as the
conduction band.
The difference in energy between the valance band
and conduction band is known as energy gap.
This is the amount of energy that have a valance
electron must have in order to jump from the
valance band to the conduction band.
Once in the conduction band ,the electron is free to
move throughout the material and is not tied to any
given atom.
6. Semiconductor
A semiconductor is a material that is between conductors and insulators in its ability to
conduct electrical current.
So a semiconductor is neither a good conductor nor a good insulator.
Single element semiconductors are silicon, germanium and carbon.
Compound semiconductor is gallium arsenide which is commonly used.
7. SiliconVs. Germanium
Germanium valance electrons are higher energy levels than those in silicon and, therefore,
require a smaller additional energy to escape from the atom. This property makes germanium
more unstable at higher temperatures, and this is the basic reason why silicon is the most
widely used semi conductive material.
9. Intrinsic Semiconductor
It has no impurity
At room temperature, it has a equal number of electrons and holes.
For every electron raised to the conduction band by external energy, a vacancy is left in the
valance band (hole), creating what is called an electron hole pair.
Recombination occurs when a conduction band electron loses energy and falls back into a
hole in the valance band.
10. Electron and Hole Current
When a voltage is applied across a piece of intrinsic silicon, the thermally generated free
electrons in the conduction band, which are free to move randomly in the crystal structure,
are now easily attracted toward the positive end. This movement of free electrons is one type
of current in a semi conductive material and is called electron current.
A valence electron can move into a nearby hole with little change in its energy level, thus
leaving another hole where it came from. Effectively the hole has moved from one place to
another in the crystal structure. Although current in the valence band is produced by valence
electrons, it is called hole current to distinguish it from electron current in the conduction
band.
11. So conduction in semiconductors is considered to be either the movement of free electrons in
the conduction band or the movement of holes in the valence band, which is actually the
movement of valence electrons to nearby atoms, creating hole current in the opposite
direction.
When a valence electron moves left to right to fill a hole while leaving another hole behind,
the hole has effectively moved from right to left.
12. Extrinsic Semiconductor
Semi conductive materials do not conduct current well and are of limited value in their
intrinsic state. This is because of the limited number of free electrons in the conduction band.
Their conductivity can be drastically increased by the controlled addition of impurities to the
intrinsic (pure) semi conductive material. This process, called doping.
This new semi conductive material is called Extrinsic semiconductor.
The two categories of impurities are n-type and p-type.
13. N type Semiconductor
To increase the number of conduction-band electrons in intrinsic silicon, pentavalent
impurity atoms are added such as arsenic (As),phosphorus (P), bismuth (Bi), and antimony
(Sb).
14. Four of the antimony atom’s valence electrons are used to form the covalent bonds with
silicon atoms, leaving one extra electron.
This extra electron becomes a conduction electron because it is not involved in bonding.
Because the pentavalent atom gives up an electron, it is often called a donor atom.
Since most of the current carriers are electrons, silicon (or germanium) doped with
pentavalent atoms is an n-type semi-conductor. The electrons are called the majority carriers
in n-type material.
There are also a few holes that are created when electron-hole pairs are thermally generated.
These holes are not produced by the addition of the pentavalent impurity atoms.
Holes in an n-type material are called minority carriers.
15. P type Semiconductor
To increase the number of holes in intrinsic silicon, trivalent impurity atoms are added such
as boron (B), indium (In), and gallium.
16. Each trivalent atom (boron, in this case) forms covalent bonds with four adjacent silicon
atoms.
All three of the boron atom’s valence electrons are used in the covalent bonds; and, since four
electrons are required, a hole results when each trivalent atom is added.
Because the trivalent atom can take an electron, it is often referred to as an acceptor atom.
Since most of the current carriers are holes, silicon (or germanium) doped with trivalent
atoms is called a p-type semiconductor.
The holes are the majority carriers in p-type material.
There are also a few conduction-band electrons that are created when electron-hole pairs are
thermally generated.
These conduction-band electrons are not produced by the addition of the trivalent impurity
atoms.
Conduction-band electrons in p-type material are the minority carriers.