GAIT ANALYSIS

1. By
Dr Salihi Abdulmalik
National Orthopaedic Hospital Dala-Kano
19th March, 2021

2.  Introduction
 Definition of terms
 Evaluation
 Types of analysis
 The gait cycle
 Uses of gait cycle
 Prerequisites for normal gait
 Changes in gait
 Causes of abnormal gaits
 Abnormal gaits
 Conclusion
 References

3.  Gait is the characteristic body motion during
walking or running
 Gait cycle is the period of time between the
initial contact of one foot with the ground
and its next contact with the ground
 Single gait cycle = stride

4.  Running
◦ Absence of double
support
◦ Double float period

5.  Stride
 Stride length
 Stride time
 Step
 Step length
 Base width
 Limp = abnormal
gait
 Cadence:
steps/minute

6.  History
◦ Onset
◦ Birth
◦ Milestones
◦ Progression
◦ intervention
 Examination
◦ Gait
◦ Walking
aid/orthosis/shoe
raise
◦ Standing
posture/spine
◦ LLD/scars/wasting/fi
xed deformity
◦ Tone/power

7.  Observational
 Video
 Specialized
 Kinematics
 Kinetics

8.  Based on the limb support
◦ Single support
◦ Double support
 Crutch gait
 Based on phases of the cycle; divided by Perry
into divisions
◦ Stance phase (60%)
◦ Swing phase (40%)

9.  Initial contact (=? Heel strike)
◦ Hip flexed, knee extension, ankle dorsiflexion
◦ First rocker
 Foot flat (loading response)
◦ First double limb support
◦ Hip flexed, knee flexion, plantar flexion
◦ Eccentric contracture of gastrecnemius-solius

10.  Mid stance
◦ Weigh of the body passes forward
◦ Second rocker
 Terminal stance
◦ Heel about leaving the ground, dorsiflexion
◦ Initial contact of contralateral foot
◦ 3rd rocker
 Pre-swing
◦ 2nd double limb support

12.  Initial swing
◦ Knee flexed, hip flexed, dorsiflexion
 Mid swing
◦ Tibia swings forward under tibia
 Terminal swing
◦ Dorsiflexion

13.  Acceleration =
initial swing
 Deceleration =
terminal swing

14.  Heel rocker (initial contact)
 Ankle rocker (mid stance)
 Forefoot rocker (terminal stance)

15.  Newton’s 3rd law of
motion
 GRF is anterior to the
hip and knee until
before toe-off
 Terminal stance and
pre-swing; GRF –
flexors
 Energy expenditure

16.  Gage’s 5 pre requisites
◦ Stability in stance phase
◦ Sufficient foot clearance
◦ Appropriate swing phase prepositioning of the foot
◦ Adequate step length
◦ Energy conservation

17.  Total points of contact bearing the weight at
a time.
1. 4 points crutch gait
2. 3 points crutch gait
3. 2 point crutch gait

19.  Evaluating the effectiveness of prosthetic
limbs
 Assessing orthotic devices
 Assessing the function of hip/knee
arthroplasties
 Assessing rehabilitation after sport injuries
 Assessing clinical conditions

20. 1. Neurological
a. Motor. CVA, CP
b. Sensory. Tabes Dorsalis, blindness
c. Cerebellum. Friedrich’s Ataxia
d. Basal ganglia. Parkinson’s disease.
2. Systemic disease
a. Joint disease. RA, OA,
b. Crystal arthropathies. Gout
c. Muscle disease. DMD
d. Bone disease. Rickets, paget’s dx

21. 3. Structural
a. LLD. DDH, PPRP, femur/tibial #s
b. Alignment disorders. Coxa valga/vara, genu
valga/vara, tibial/ femoral torsion

22.  Short limb gait
 Antalgic gait
 Trendenlenburg gait
 Scissoring gait
 Wide base gait

23.  Gait analysis is important in making a
diagnosis, preparing for surgery and
monitoring patient post

24.  Louis Solomon, David Warwick, Selvadurai
Nayagam, Apley’s System of Orthopaedics and
Fractures, 9th edition p.587
 Paul A. B, Delary F.K, Nicola M.Postgraduate
orthopaedic 1st edition p.494-495
 Emeka Kesieme, Viva in surgical principles and
operative surgery, 1st edition, p.181-183
 Mutaleeb Shobode, Gait and clinical
biomechanics, WACS 2019 update
 Youtube video