The document provides information on power generation processes including boiler and steam turbine systems. It discusses the basics of boiler operation including the water and steam system, combustion requirements, air and flue gas systems, fuel preparation and firing. It also covers steam turbine fundamentals and components of the turbine steam system including governing and control. Key aspects like thermal efficiency, major equipment, and process regulation are described for the different systems.
Practical Boiler Control and Instrumentation for Engineers and TechniciansLiving Online
This document discusses the key objectives and performance indicators for boiler control systems. It provides an overview of boiler processes including elementary block diagrams of the steam/water system and combustion system. Expanded models are shown for the boiler process and heat conversion in the boiler. Basic control functions are outlined for drum level control, furnace pressure control, combustion control, and steam temperature control. Diagrams of common boiler types such as fire-tube, water-tube and fluidized bed designs are also included.
This document discusses combustion control systems used for industrial boilers. It describes the key components of a combustion control system, including actuators, valves, dampers, and electronic controllers. Maintaining the proper fuel-to-air ratio and firing rate is important for safety and efficiency. Specific burner combustion control methods are also outlined, such as oxygen trim, burner modulation, excess air regulation, air/fuel cross-limiting, and total heat control. Applications include power boilers, heaters, steam generators, and various industrial processes. The advantages and disadvantages of different combustion control schemes like jackshaft and parallel control are presented.
This document discusses instrumentation and controls for boiler plants. It describes the key inputs and outputs to a boiler control system for maintaining energy and mass balance. The document outlines several basic control loops for fuel, combustion air, and feedwater. It then provides more details on combustion control systems, including different control schemes and hardware. Finally, it discusses various feedwater control systems from single element to multi-element approaches for maintaining proper water levels over a range of boiler loads.
INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL - BOILER CONTROLno suhaila
This document provides an overview of three-element control for regulating the water level in a boiler. It discusses the shortcomings of two-element control, such as not reacting quickly enough to sudden changes in feedwater flow rate. Three-element control improves on this by adding cascade control of the feedwater flow rate based on both the water level and feedforward information from steam flow rate. The procedure outlines setting up the equipment on a training system to implement and test three-element control.
The document describes the sequence of operation for six boiler rooms. It discusses the boiler safeties, EZAutomation control panel, field devices, summer and winter control programs, and relay logic/device actuation. In the summer, the steam boiler shuts down and dampers close, while the DHW boiler and tank cycle continuously. In the winter, the steam boiler is enabled and burner run time is calculated based on outdoor air temperature to maintain indoor air temperature. Relay logic opens the damper when the burner is called to run, and closes it upon burner shutdown.
The document discusses gas turbines used at an NFL power plant in Vijaipur. It provides details on the models, ratings, and loads of three gas turbine generators (GTGs). It then discusses heavy duty gas turbines from GE in terms of their configurations, frame sizes, speeds, and applications. The rest of the document goes into extensive technical details about the components, workings, inspections, and factors that influence gas turbines, including compressors, combustion systems, turbines, bearings, and more.
The presentation is based on the discussions of starting operations of a coal based thermal power plant. This presentation is based on the in-house training to the operation engineers of the thermal power plant. It describes the activity chart for the starting of boiler, Turbine and synchronising of Generator, picking up the load etc.
Practical Boiler Control and Instrumentation for Engineers and TechniciansLiving Online
This document discusses the key objectives and performance indicators for boiler control systems. It provides an overview of boiler processes including elementary block diagrams of the steam/water system and combustion system. Expanded models are shown for the boiler process and heat conversion in the boiler. Basic control functions are outlined for drum level control, furnace pressure control, combustion control, and steam temperature control. Diagrams of common boiler types such as fire-tube, water-tube and fluidized bed designs are also included.
This document discusses combustion control systems used for industrial boilers. It describes the key components of a combustion control system, including actuators, valves, dampers, and electronic controllers. Maintaining the proper fuel-to-air ratio and firing rate is important for safety and efficiency. Specific burner combustion control methods are also outlined, such as oxygen trim, burner modulation, excess air regulation, air/fuel cross-limiting, and total heat control. Applications include power boilers, heaters, steam generators, and various industrial processes. The advantages and disadvantages of different combustion control schemes like jackshaft and parallel control are presented.
This document discusses instrumentation and controls for boiler plants. It describes the key inputs and outputs to a boiler control system for maintaining energy and mass balance. The document outlines several basic control loops for fuel, combustion air, and feedwater. It then provides more details on combustion control systems, including different control schemes and hardware. Finally, it discusses various feedwater control systems from single element to multi-element approaches for maintaining proper water levels over a range of boiler loads.
INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL - BOILER CONTROLno suhaila
This document provides an overview of three-element control for regulating the water level in a boiler. It discusses the shortcomings of two-element control, such as not reacting quickly enough to sudden changes in feedwater flow rate. Three-element control improves on this by adding cascade control of the feedwater flow rate based on both the water level and feedforward information from steam flow rate. The procedure outlines setting up the equipment on a training system to implement and test three-element control.
The document describes the sequence of operation for six boiler rooms. It discusses the boiler safeties, EZAutomation control panel, field devices, summer and winter control programs, and relay logic/device actuation. In the summer, the steam boiler shuts down and dampers close, while the DHW boiler and tank cycle continuously. In the winter, the steam boiler is enabled and burner run time is calculated based on outdoor air temperature to maintain indoor air temperature. Relay logic opens the damper when the burner is called to run, and closes it upon burner shutdown.
The document discusses gas turbines used at an NFL power plant in Vijaipur. It provides details on the models, ratings, and loads of three gas turbine generators (GTGs). It then discusses heavy duty gas turbines from GE in terms of their configurations, frame sizes, speeds, and applications. The rest of the document goes into extensive technical details about the components, workings, inspections, and factors that influence gas turbines, including compressors, combustion systems, turbines, bearings, and more.
The presentation is based on the discussions of starting operations of a coal based thermal power plant. This presentation is based on the in-house training to the operation engineers of the thermal power plant. It describes the activity chart for the starting of boiler, Turbine and synchronising of Generator, picking up the load etc.
This is a general idea discussion, how we can improve our control methods by adding some control elements in conventional control loops (specially in solid fuel boilers)
1. Boilers work by transferring heat from a fuel source like gas or coal to water to create steam, which can be used for various industrial processes.
2. There are two main types of boilers - firetube boilers where hot gases pass through tubes in the boiler shell, and watertube boilers where tubes containing water are surrounded by hot gases.
3. Boiler controls are needed to increase uptime, reduce emissions, maintain safety, and control costs. Controls regulate combustion, feedwater levels, steam pressure and temperature.
The document discusses instrumentation and controls used in boiler systems. It describes the key objectives of instrumentation including measurement, control, quality control and safety. It then provides details on various control loops used in boiler instrumentation including drum level control, steam temperature control, combustion control, furnace pressure control, deaerator pressure and level control, and soot blower pressure control. It stresses the importance of good maintenance management for instrumentation and controls.
This document provides instructions for operating a thermal power plant over the course of a day. It includes starting various systems like the coal handling plant, primary air fans, mills and coal feeders to start producing power. It also details increasing the load by bringing additional mills online and adjusting support systems. The goal is to eventually reach full load of 210 MW by following the specified procedures.
The document provides information about a Furnace Safeguard Supervisory System (FSSS) for a 210 MW boiler unit. The FSSS continuously monitors operations related to fuel firing and other vital parameters to ensure safety. It discusses key components of the FSSS including control rooms, panels, and indication and alarm systems. The FSSS also monitors for abnormal operating conditions like flame failure, pressure issues, and air/fuel problems. It controls fuel admission to protect the furnace from unsafe conditions.
P & i diagram and tagging philosphy forPrem Baboo
The document discusses Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs) which are diagrams used in process industries to show piping, equipment, instrumentation and process flow. It provides details on the components of P&IDs such as abbreviations, instrument symbols and tagging philosophies. It also includes examples of equipment lists and coding systems used for P&IDs.
Cheema Boilers Limited is hosting a national workshop on efficient operation and maintenance of boilers in Visakhapatnam on December 7-8, 2015. The document discusses various types of boilers such as water tube boilers, fire tube boilers, and biomass-fired boilers. It also covers topics like boiler efficiency calculation, flue gas emissions, dust collection systems, combustion air calculation and boiler water treatment.
ENERGY AUDIT METHODOLOGY FOR TURBINE CYCLE IN A POWER PLANTManohar Tatwawadi
This document outlines the methodology for conducting an energy audit of a turbine cycle. It discusses collecting operational data on the steam turbine and associated equipment. Key measurements of steam and water parameters throughout the cycle are described. The document explains evaluating the turbine's heat rate and efficiency using enthalpy calculations. Factors that could impact the heat rate such as equipment performance, operating conditions and maintenance issues are identified. Methods to analyze the performance of feedwater heaters and determine deviations are also provided.
The presentation is about the boiler drum's water level control, which is used on the ship for generating the steam. The presentation briefs about some controls used overboard to maintain the level inside the boiler for continuous steam supply.
The document discusses the design and configuration of a combustion control loop using cross limited control for a boiler. It explains that cross limited control works by first adjusting air combustion when increasing load and first adjusting natural gas when decreasing load. It provides details on the hardware including the boiler specifications, burner specifications, and flow transmitter ranges. It also includes diagrams of the combustion control loop, combustion curves showing operating areas, and limits for the control loops.
The document defines a steam boiler and provides examples of different types of boilers including electric boilers, fire tube boilers, water tube boilers, combi boilers, and waste heat boilers. It then discusses essential fittings required for boilers, including name plates, safety valves, gauge glasses, pressure gauges, main stop valves, low water alarms, feed pumps, and blowdown valves. It also covers boiler inspection requirements, defects to look for, and illegal boiler repairs.
This document discusses online efficiency and diagnostics of coal-fired boilers. It provides background on Steag Energy Services and Steag O&M Company. It then covers topics like power plant efficiency calculations, effects of parameters like pressure and temperature on efficiency, sources of losses in the Rankine cycle, challenges like air preheater issues, and potential areas for improvements like cleaning tubes and turbines, condenser maintenance, and installing online performance monitoring software. Finally, it outlines how Steag O&M Company can help with operations, maintenance, commissioning, and benchmarking to reduce generation costs.
GMR Warora Energy monitors boiler performance using online and offline tools to identify losses and improve efficiency. Key performance indicators like dry flue gas loss and unburnt carbon are tracked. Corrective actions include optimizing excess air, mill performance, air preheater cleaning, and chemical treatment. This approach helps reduce fuel costs and improve availability. Monitoring tools help detect issues and 1% increased efficiency saves $82 million annually for a 600 MW plant.
Fired Heaters-Key to Efficient Operation of Refineries and PetrochemicalsAshutosh Garg
Fired Heaters are a critical to successful operation of refineries and petrochemical plants. They are a major energy consumer as well as a major source of air pollution. There are also concerns about the run length of the heaters as well safety issues.
The document discusses gas turbines, which are internal combustion engines that use air and fuel as working fluids. Gas turbines convert the chemical energy of combustion into kinetic energy and pressure in the form of combustion gases, which is then converted into mechanical energy through expansion, generating power. The key components of a gas turbine discussed include the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. Various gas turbine cycles and modifications like intercooling, regeneration, and reheating are also explained.
1. The document discusses methods for assessing the energy performance of boilers through efficiency testing.
2. There are two main methods - the direct method compares energy input from fuel to useful energy output in steam. The indirect method calculates boiler efficiency by measuring all heat losses and subtracting from 100%.
3. Key advantages of the indirect method are that it provides clues to potential issues affecting efficiency and errors in measurements do not significantly impact the efficiency calculation.
The document is a presentation about boiler instrumentation and control. It discusses the basic components and functions of boilers, including generating steam through heat transfer. It also describes different types of boiler mountings, accessories, and classifications such as fire tube versus water tube boilers. The presentation covers boiler control loop systems, including single element, two element, and three element control loops. It concludes with goals of boiler control and potential future uses of microcontrollers and programmable logic controllers.
The presentation details about the Boiler Operation specifically while lightup of boiler and loading of boiler. the course participants discuss in details about the operations carried in their respective power stations
The document discusses different urea production processes, including the conventional process, stripping process, and differences between them. It provides details on the Montedison, Mitsu-toatsu, Stamicarbon, and SAIPEM processes, including typical operating parameters and unique features. It also discusses potential revamps to existing urea plants, such as changing from total recycle to stripping processes and changing the crystallization route to a concentration route, with the goal of reducing costs through lower energy requirements.
La recupercion de Energia termica que eliminan los gases de escape a la atmotfera de las turbinas o generadores de combustion interna. Pueden ser aprovechadas para producir vapor de media presion y ser utilizadas en la industria. La cogeneracion es una importante alternativa para generar grandes ahorros de combustible. Te invito a investigar y tomar las mejores decisiones para tus proyectos de ahorro energetico.
This is a general idea discussion, how we can improve our control methods by adding some control elements in conventional control loops (specially in solid fuel boilers)
1. Boilers work by transferring heat from a fuel source like gas or coal to water to create steam, which can be used for various industrial processes.
2. There are two main types of boilers - firetube boilers where hot gases pass through tubes in the boiler shell, and watertube boilers where tubes containing water are surrounded by hot gases.
3. Boiler controls are needed to increase uptime, reduce emissions, maintain safety, and control costs. Controls regulate combustion, feedwater levels, steam pressure and temperature.
The document discusses instrumentation and controls used in boiler systems. It describes the key objectives of instrumentation including measurement, control, quality control and safety. It then provides details on various control loops used in boiler instrumentation including drum level control, steam temperature control, combustion control, furnace pressure control, deaerator pressure and level control, and soot blower pressure control. It stresses the importance of good maintenance management for instrumentation and controls.
This document provides instructions for operating a thermal power plant over the course of a day. It includes starting various systems like the coal handling plant, primary air fans, mills and coal feeders to start producing power. It also details increasing the load by bringing additional mills online and adjusting support systems. The goal is to eventually reach full load of 210 MW by following the specified procedures.
The document provides information about a Furnace Safeguard Supervisory System (FSSS) for a 210 MW boiler unit. The FSSS continuously monitors operations related to fuel firing and other vital parameters to ensure safety. It discusses key components of the FSSS including control rooms, panels, and indication and alarm systems. The FSSS also monitors for abnormal operating conditions like flame failure, pressure issues, and air/fuel problems. It controls fuel admission to protect the furnace from unsafe conditions.
P & i diagram and tagging philosphy forPrem Baboo
The document discusses Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs) which are diagrams used in process industries to show piping, equipment, instrumentation and process flow. It provides details on the components of P&IDs such as abbreviations, instrument symbols and tagging philosophies. It also includes examples of equipment lists and coding systems used for P&IDs.
Cheema Boilers Limited is hosting a national workshop on efficient operation and maintenance of boilers in Visakhapatnam on December 7-8, 2015. The document discusses various types of boilers such as water tube boilers, fire tube boilers, and biomass-fired boilers. It also covers topics like boiler efficiency calculation, flue gas emissions, dust collection systems, combustion air calculation and boiler water treatment.
ENERGY AUDIT METHODOLOGY FOR TURBINE CYCLE IN A POWER PLANTManohar Tatwawadi
This document outlines the methodology for conducting an energy audit of a turbine cycle. It discusses collecting operational data on the steam turbine and associated equipment. Key measurements of steam and water parameters throughout the cycle are described. The document explains evaluating the turbine's heat rate and efficiency using enthalpy calculations. Factors that could impact the heat rate such as equipment performance, operating conditions and maintenance issues are identified. Methods to analyze the performance of feedwater heaters and determine deviations are also provided.
The presentation is about the boiler drum's water level control, which is used on the ship for generating the steam. The presentation briefs about some controls used overboard to maintain the level inside the boiler for continuous steam supply.
The document discusses the design and configuration of a combustion control loop using cross limited control for a boiler. It explains that cross limited control works by first adjusting air combustion when increasing load and first adjusting natural gas when decreasing load. It provides details on the hardware including the boiler specifications, burner specifications, and flow transmitter ranges. It also includes diagrams of the combustion control loop, combustion curves showing operating areas, and limits for the control loops.
The document defines a steam boiler and provides examples of different types of boilers including electric boilers, fire tube boilers, water tube boilers, combi boilers, and waste heat boilers. It then discusses essential fittings required for boilers, including name plates, safety valves, gauge glasses, pressure gauges, main stop valves, low water alarms, feed pumps, and blowdown valves. It also covers boiler inspection requirements, defects to look for, and illegal boiler repairs.
This document discusses online efficiency and diagnostics of coal-fired boilers. It provides background on Steag Energy Services and Steag O&M Company. It then covers topics like power plant efficiency calculations, effects of parameters like pressure and temperature on efficiency, sources of losses in the Rankine cycle, challenges like air preheater issues, and potential areas for improvements like cleaning tubes and turbines, condenser maintenance, and installing online performance monitoring software. Finally, it outlines how Steag O&M Company can help with operations, maintenance, commissioning, and benchmarking to reduce generation costs.
GMR Warora Energy monitors boiler performance using online and offline tools to identify losses and improve efficiency. Key performance indicators like dry flue gas loss and unburnt carbon are tracked. Corrective actions include optimizing excess air, mill performance, air preheater cleaning, and chemical treatment. This approach helps reduce fuel costs and improve availability. Monitoring tools help detect issues and 1% increased efficiency saves $82 million annually for a 600 MW plant.
Fired Heaters-Key to Efficient Operation of Refineries and PetrochemicalsAshutosh Garg
Fired Heaters are a critical to successful operation of refineries and petrochemical plants. They are a major energy consumer as well as a major source of air pollution. There are also concerns about the run length of the heaters as well safety issues.
The document discusses gas turbines, which are internal combustion engines that use air and fuel as working fluids. Gas turbines convert the chemical energy of combustion into kinetic energy and pressure in the form of combustion gases, which is then converted into mechanical energy through expansion, generating power. The key components of a gas turbine discussed include the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. Various gas turbine cycles and modifications like intercooling, regeneration, and reheating are also explained.
1. The document discusses methods for assessing the energy performance of boilers through efficiency testing.
2. There are two main methods - the direct method compares energy input from fuel to useful energy output in steam. The indirect method calculates boiler efficiency by measuring all heat losses and subtracting from 100%.
3. Key advantages of the indirect method are that it provides clues to potential issues affecting efficiency and errors in measurements do not significantly impact the efficiency calculation.
The document is a presentation about boiler instrumentation and control. It discusses the basic components and functions of boilers, including generating steam through heat transfer. It also describes different types of boiler mountings, accessories, and classifications such as fire tube versus water tube boilers. The presentation covers boiler control loop systems, including single element, two element, and three element control loops. It concludes with goals of boiler control and potential future uses of microcontrollers and programmable logic controllers.
The presentation details about the Boiler Operation specifically while lightup of boiler and loading of boiler. the course participants discuss in details about the operations carried in their respective power stations
The document discusses different urea production processes, including the conventional process, stripping process, and differences between them. It provides details on the Montedison, Mitsu-toatsu, Stamicarbon, and SAIPEM processes, including typical operating parameters and unique features. It also discusses potential revamps to existing urea plants, such as changing from total recycle to stripping processes and changing the crystallization route to a concentration route, with the goal of reducing costs through lower energy requirements.
La recupercion de Energia termica que eliminan los gases de escape a la atmotfera de las turbinas o generadores de combustion interna. Pueden ser aprovechadas para producir vapor de media presion y ser utilizadas en la industria. La cogeneracion es una importante alternativa para generar grandes ahorros de combustible. Te invito a investigar y tomar las mejores decisiones para tus proyectos de ahorro energetico.
A boiler is a device that produces steam or hot water for heating or industrial purposes. Boilers are used in a variety of applications, including:
Heating homes and businesses
Generating electricity
Cooking food
Sterilizing medical equipment
Processing chemicals
There are many different types of boilers, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The most common type of boiler is a water-tube boiler, which uses a series of tubes to heat water. Other types of boilers include fire-tube boilers, which use a series of tubes to heat fire, and steam generators, which use a series of tubes to heat water and produce steam.
Boilers can be powered by a variety of fuels, including natural gas, oil, coal, and wood. The type of fuel used will affect the efficiency of the boiler and the cost of operation.
Boilers require regular maintenance to ensure that they operate safely and efficiently. This maintenance typically includes cleaning the boiler, inspecting the pipes and valves, and replacing worn parts.
Boilers are a complex piece of equipment, and it is important to have them installed and maintained by a qualified professional.
Here are some of the benefits of using a boiler:
Boilers can provide a reliable and efficient source of heat for homes and businesses.
Boilers can be used to generate electricity, which can help to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
Boilers can be used to cook food, sterilize medical equipment, and process chemicals.
Here are some of the drawbacks of using a boiler:
Boilers can be expensive to install and maintain.
Boilers can be a fire hazard if not properly maintained.
Boilers can produce emissions that contribute to air pollution.
Overall, boilers can be a valuable asset for homes and businesses that need a reliable source of heat or hot water. However, it is important to weigh the benefits and drawbacks before deciding whether or not to install a boiler.
This document discusses heat rate audits in thermal power plants. It aims to identify causes of efficiency losses that increase heat rate. Some key points:
- Heat rate is the amount of heat input (fuel) required per unit of power generated and impacts generation costs. Lower heat rates reduce costs.
- Losses occur in the boiler, turbine, condenser/feedwater systems, circulating water system, and from electrical/steam auxiliaries.
- Common causes of higher heat rates include incomplete combustion, turbine erosion, condenser tube fouling, and electrical auxiliary inefficiencies.
- Tracking plant parameters and conducting monthly performance tests can identify losses and guide improvement efforts to lower heat rates.
This document provides concept notes for designing utility distribution systems for three companies - Kissan Fats Pvt. Ltd, Calibre Chemicals Pvt. Ltd, and Oswal Apparels Pvt. Ltd. It discusses the background of each plant, proposed modifications to boiler houses, steam distribution, condensate recovery, and other relevant technical details. Key considerations covered include operability, maintenance, safety, energy efficiency, and accommodating future expansion. Technical aspects like line sizing, engineering best practices, and steam trap selection are also outlined.
The document provides information about steam generators used in power plants. It discusses the key components and processes involved, including combustion causing heat generation, heat transfer through radiation and convection, steam generation through evaporation, and the historical development of water tube boilers. It also summarizes the causes of furnace explosions and the controls used to prevent them, such as burner flame safeguard systems.
This document provides an overview of steam generators used in power plants. It discusses the key components and processes involved, including:
- Steam generators use heat transfer to generate steam through combustion, with combustion causing heat generation and heat transfer processes evaporating water into steam.
- Historically, steam generators have evolved from shell-type boilers to modern water tube boilers to efficiently transfer heat from hot gases to water.
- Modern steam generators precisely control combustion and heat transfer processes to fully evaporate feedwater as it circulates through tubes, generating steam.
The document provides information about steam generators used in power plants. It discusses the key components and processes involved, including combustion causing heat generation, heat transfer through radiation and convection, steam generation through evaporation, and the historical development of water tube boilers. It also summarizes the causes of furnace explosions and the controls used to prevent them, such as burner flame safeguard systems.
This document provides an overview of steam generators used in power plants. It discusses the key components and processes involved, including:
- Steam generators use heat transfer to generate steam through combustion, with combustion causing heat generation and heat transfer processes evaporating water into steam.
- Historically, steam generators have evolved from shell-type boilers to modern water tube boilers to efficiently transfer heat from hot gases to water circulating through tubes.
- Modern steam generators precisely control combustion and heat transfer processes to fully evaporate feedwater as it circulates through tubes, generating steam.
This document provides information about a course on steam power plant engineering. It outlines the objectives of the course, which are to learn about the basic knowledge, working principles, equipment, design, costs, environmental controls, and advantages/disadvantages of steam power plants. It then discusses the key components and processes involved in steam power plants, including boilers, turbines, condensers, and the Rankine cycle.
The document discusses energy efficiency opportunities for improving steam boilers. It provides an overview of assessing boiler performance through heat balance calculations and determining thermal efficiency. Key areas covered include proper water treatment to prevent scaling, effective blowdown procedures, and maintaining optimal stack temperatures, combustion air preheating, and excess air levels to maximize efficiency. The document recommends various maintenance, control, and design upgrades to minimize heat losses and maximize boiler output.
AUXILIARY POWER SUPPLY SCHEME FOR THERMAL POWER PLANTsheikhalfiya
Auxiliary power is electric power that is provided by an alternate source
It serves as backup for the primary power source
auxiliary system power supply in large power plants is a key factor for normal operation, transient states, start-ups and shutdowns during fault conditions
Depending upon the type of fuel and environmental control system required, a thermal power plant may consume as much as 10% of its total generation for auxiliary power
This document discusses the layout and components of a steam power plant. It outlines key factors in selecting a site such as availability of land, water, and fuel. It then describes the general layout and main flow circuits including fuel/ash, air/gas, feedwater/steam, and cooling water. Each circuit is explained in terms of equipment and processes. The document also covers components like the boiler, turbines, condenser, and alternator, as well as cooling methods and advantages of hydrogen cooling.
Cb gf web in aug 2016, controls r2 8.23.16 finallorenzo Monasca
Como controlar el nivel de agua de la calderas y los metodos de control mas conveniente. Esta presentacion con los expertos de Cleaver brooks y Grundfos te dan los mejores alternativas para controlar el nivel de agua de las calderas.
This document provides an overview of power plant steam generators. It discusses the basic components and functioning of steam generators, including the causes and effects of steam generation through combustion and heat transfer processes. The document also covers the historical development of steam generators from shell-type boilers to modern water tube boilers. It describes the key differences between steam generators and conventional steam boilers and discusses design considerations like thermodynamic analysis, heat transfer design, and hydraulic design.
Schneider process automation power industry solutionsRodney Berg
This document provides an overview of components and processes in a coal-fired power plant. It describes the key components including the boiler, turbine, generator, cooling systems and emissions controls. It explains the basic process of how coal is combusted to produce steam to drive the turbine and generate electricity. It also discusses boiler and plant control systems, operating modes, and advanced process control solutions for optimization.
This document provides an overview of steam boiler basics, including:
- Low and high pressure boiler classifications
- Common firetube and watertube boiler designs
- Key boiler components like trim, blowdown equipment, and feedwater systems
- Important considerations for boiler operation like water treatment, combustion air requirements, and preventing short cycling
- Components of a steam boiler room like softeners, deaerators, and economizers
Unit-1-Coal Based Thermal Power Plants.pptdharma raja`
The document discusses coal-based thermal power plants and their components. It describes the Rankine cycle used in steam turbines and improvements like reheating and regeneration. Modern coal power plants use once-through or fluidized bed combustion boilers and supercritical conditions. Steam is expanded through turbines into a condenser. Subsystems include coal and ash handling, draught systems, and feedwater treatment. Binary cycles are also discussed as a way to improve efficiency by using a secondary working fluid like mercury.
Mechanical Maintenance Department-Balance of Power, Adani PowerNemish Kanwar
This document provides an overview of the mechanical maintenance department's balance of plant systems at a power plant. It describes the various systems including the boiler, fuel oil systems, cooling water system, and compressed air system. The boiler section describes the boiler's design and working, including its two passes, partitions, superheaters, and role in heating water to produce supercritical fluid to power the turbine. The fuel oil system provides auxiliary ignition energy to initially fire the boiler before it can sustain combustion from coal alone. The cooling water system circulates water to condense turbine exhaust and cool motor windings.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
6. Amit Prakash 6
Air
Compressor
TransmissionGenerator
GAS TURBINE
COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT
20%
Stack
100% Fuel
Combuster Exhaust Gas
Stack
Turbine
Steam Turbine
Steam
Generator
Transmission
Steam Condenser
Lake
28%
6% Aux. Power + Losses
12-15% Electricity
35-40% Electricity
Supplementary
Fuel (Optional)
Thermal Efficiency - 45-55%
7. Amit Prakash 7
UTILITY PLANT - FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
Switch Yard System
Station Electrical System
Boiler Feed Pumps &
Deaerator System
Turbine Bypass System
BOILER
TURBINE-
GENERATOR
UNIT#2
DM Plant
Fuel Handling System
Station Miscellaneous Systems
Turbine Miscellaneous Systems
Turbine Steam System
HP & LP Heaters System
Turbine Supervisory & Control
System
Generator & Electrical System
Boiler Steam & Water System
Air & Flue Gas System
Fuel Preparation System
Fuel Firing System
Boiler Miscellaneous Systems
Ash Handling System
8. Amit Prakash 8
CAPTIVE POWER PLANT - FUNCTIONAL BLOCK
DIAGRAM
Switch Yard System Station Electrical System
DM Plant
Fuel Handling System
Station Miscellaneous Systems
BFP’s & Deaerator System
UNIT#2 UNIT#3
BOILER
TG
Steam & Water
Air & Flue Gas
Fuel Preparation
Fuel Firing
Steam
HP & LP Heaters
Supervisory & Control
Generator & Electrical
Miscellaneous Systems
Ash Handling System
10. Amit Prakash 10
BASIC DIAGRAM OF A BOILER
Steam / Water System
Furnace
Heat Transfer
Surface
Mixing of
Fuel & Air
Water
Fuel
Air
Steam
Flue Gas
Ash
Blowdown
11. Amit Prakash 11
SALIENT FEATURES OF MODERN INDUSTRIAL
& UTILITY BOILER
• STEAM BOILER
• WATER TUBE
• SUPERHEATED STEAM
• HIGH PRESSURE
• WATER COOLED FURNACE
• WATER CIRCULATION
12. Amit Prakash 12
COMBUSTION REQUIREMENTS
3 T’s of Combustion
Combustion
Time
Temperature
Turbulence
Sufficient
Combustion Air
Fuel
is
Gasified
Mixing within
Flammable
Range
Temperature
above
Ignition
Point
13. Amit Prakash 13
BASIC COMBUSTION CHEMISTRY
Complete
O2 +
H2
C
Heat
(Air) Oxygen Fuel
Products
H2O
CO2
Incomplete
+
Heat
O2
H2
C
Oxygen Fuel
Flue Gas
Flue Gas
Products
H2O
CO2
CO
H2
C
• Other Combustibles - Sulphur to Sulphur Oxides
• Non-combustible - Nitrogen to Nitrogen+Nitrous Oxides
• Ash
14. Amit Prakash 14
BOILER WATER & STEAM SYSTEM
Furnace
Water Wall
Risers
Drum
Down
Comers
Economiser
Feed Water
Primary
Super
Heater
Final
Super
Heater
Primary
Re
Heater
Final
Re
Heater
Platen
Super
Heater
Attemperator
Spray
Water
Spray
Water
Main Steam
Hot Reheat
Steam
Cold
Reheat
Steam
Bottom Ring Header
Simplified Process Diagram
Flue Gas
Flue Gas
Out to
Air Heater
Attemperator
15. Amit Prakash 15
BOILER WATER & STEAM SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
• Heat Transfer by Radiation and Convection
• Boiler Water Circulation - Natural or Controlled
• Heat Transfer depends on Heat Transfer Area & Time
• Heat Transfer is affected by Fouling, Boiler Pressure, Boiler Water Quality
and % MCR Load
16. Amit Prakash 16
BOILER WATER & STEAM SYSTEM
Major Equipment
• Economiser - Pre-heats Boiler Feed water
• Boiler Drum - Separates water from steam and reduce solids in steam
• Water Walls - Absorb heat from flue gas to evaporate boiler water
• Superheaters - Heat up steam coming from boiler drum
• Reheaters - Heat up steam coming from High Pressure turbine
• Attemperators - Reduce superheat from steam
17. Amit Prakash 17
BOILER WATER & STEAM SYSTEM
Process Regulation
• Drum Level - Regulation of Feed Water flow
• Drum Water Quality - Blow down / Chemical Dozing
• Fouling of Heat Transfer Surfaces - Blowdown / Soot Blowing
• Main Steam Temperature - Attemperation / Burner Tilt
• Hot Reheat Steam Temperature - Burner Tilt / Attemperation
• Main Steam Pressure - Regulation of Combustion
18. Amit Prakash 18
AIR & FLUE GAS SYSTEM
Simplified Process Diagram
Chimney
ID Fan A
ID Fan B
ESP A
ESP B
AH A
AH B
FD FAN A
FD FAN B
PA FAN A
PA FAN B
To Cold
PA Header
To Hot
PA Header
E
C
O
L
T
S
H
FURNACE
R
H
P
T
N
S
H
F
I
N
S
H
WINDOX A
WINDBOX B
From
FD Fans
To Air Cooled
Guns
Scanner Air Fans
19. Amit Prakash 19
AIR & FLUE GAS SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
• Generation of Draft - Natural / Induced / Forced / Balanced
• Supply of Air for Transport of Pulverised Coal
• Pre-heating of Air
• Distribution of Air in Combustion Chamber
• Recirculation of Gas
• Fan capacity depends on Flow, Density & System Resistance
• Fan performance is affected by temperature, density, barometric pressure
and speed
• Flue Gas Cleaning
• Gas flow is restricted by ash deposits on boiler surfaces
20. Amit Prakash 20
AIR & FLUE GAS SYSTEM
Major Equipment
• Air Path - Forced Draft Fans, Steam Coil Air Pre-heater,
Regenerative Air Pre-heater & Wind-box
• Gas Path - Induced Draft Fans and Stack
• Gas Recirculation - Gas Recirculating Fans
• Flue Gas Cleaning - Mechanical Precipitator, Electrostatic
Precipitator and Gas Scrubber
• Dampers
21. Amit Prakash 21
AIR & FLUE GAS SYSTEM
Process Regulation
• Furnace Draft - ID Fan Inlet Vane Control and/or Variable Speed
• Secondary Air Flow - FD Fan Variable Pitch Control
• PA Header Pressure - PA Fan Inlet Vane Control
• RAPH Cold End Temperature - SCAPH Control
• Gas Recirculation - Damper Control
22. Amit Prakash 22
FUEL PREPARATION SYSTEM - COAL
Simplified Process Diagram
Hot PA
Cold PAMill A
Raw Coal Bunker
Coal Feeder
Coal+Air
to Burners
Seal Air FansTo Other Mills
To Mill Discharge
Valves
To
Other
Mills
To
Other
Mills
23. Amit Prakash 23
FUEL PREPARATION SYSTEM - GAS/OIL
Simplified Process Diagram
Fuel Gas
Supply To Burners
PRV’s
FCV FGTV
FUEL GAS
FUEL OIL
Fuel Oil
Supply
PCV
Fuel Oil Pumps
To BurnersOil Heater
Steam
FCV FOTV
Fuel Oil
Return
Short
Recirc
Long
Recirc
Atomising
Steam/Air
PCV
24. Amit Prakash 24
FUEL PREPARATION SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
• Coal Pulverizing - Direct / Indirect Firing
• Coal Transport and Drying
• Fuel Gas Pressure Regulation
• Fuel Oil Pumping & Filtering
• Fuel Oil Pressure & Viscosity Regulation
• Gas Pressure & Oil Pressure/Temperature affect Boiler
Load
25. Amit Prakash 25
FUEL PREPARATION SYSTEM
Major Equipment
• Coal Mills - Tube Ball / Bowl / Impact
• Raw Coal Feeders - Chain / Belt / Rotary / Gravimetric
• Coal / Air Dampers, Gates & Discharge Valves
• Fuel Oil Pumps & Heaters
• Seal Air Fans
• Coal Bunkers
• Vapour Fans
26. Amit Prakash 26
FUEL PREPARATION SYSTEM
Process Regulation
• Coal Flow - Raw Coal Feeder Speed
• Coal/Air Temperature & Flow - Cold & Hot PA Flows
27. Amit Prakash 27
FUEL FIRING SYSTEM
Typical Corner Arrangement
for a Tangentially Fired System
Front Wall
Plan
(Corner Designation)
(1)
(2) (3)
(4)
AA
A
AB
B
BC
C
CD
D
DE
E
EF
F
FF
Air Damper
OFA
OFA Over Fire Air
OFA
EA
EA End Air
FA
FA Fuel Air
AA
AA Aux. Air
Coal Burner
Fire Ball Scanner
LFO?HFO Burner
HFO Burner
Oil Flame Scanner
HEA Igniter
28. Amit Prakash 28
FUEL FIRING SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
• Fuel Firing - Front / Tangential
• Fuel Oil Atomisation - Mechanical / Air / Steam
• Flame Ignition
• Air Distribution
• Fuel Combustion
29. Amit Prakash 29
FUEL FIRING SYSTEM
Major Equipment
• Burners
• Ignitors
• Flame Scanners
• Burner Tilt Mechanism
• Wind Box
• Dampers
30. Amit Prakash 30
FUEL FIRING SYSTEM
Process Regulation
• Furnace to Wind Box Differential Pressure
• Fuel Air Flows
• Fuel Firing
• Emergency Shutdown
• Flame Monitoring
• Oil Support for Coal Flame Stability
31. Amit Prakash 31
BOILER MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS
Boiler Auxiliary Cooling Water System
• Ensures continuous supply of cooling water to Boiler & it’s auxiliaries
• Consists of Overhead Tank, Pumps & Heat Exchangers
Chemical Dosing System
• Prepares & supplies chemicals for treatment of Boiler Water
• Consists of Preparation Tanks, Mixers & Metering Pumps
32. Amit Prakash 32
DEAERATION & FEED PUMPING SYSTEM
Simplified Process Diagram
Deaerator
Feed Storage Tank
M
Discharge Valve
Recirculation
Valve
Boiler Feed Pumps
To HP
Heaters
To HP Bypass
Spray
T o APRDS
Spray
Hydrazine
Dosing
Ammonia
Dosing
Aux. Steam
for
Pegging
HP Heater Drains
Condensate from LP Heater
Aux. Steam
CRH Steam
IPT Extraction
Steam
33. Amit Prakash 33
DEAERATION & FEED PUMPING SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
• Boiler Water pre-heating & air removal
• Maintain positive Suction Pressure for Feed Pumps
• Feed Water Pumping to Boiler
34. Amit Prakash 34
DEAERATION & FEED PUMPING SYSTEM
Major Equipment
• Boiler Feed Pumps
• Hydraulic Coupling
• Deaerator
35. Amit Prakash 35
DEAERATION & FEED PUMPING SYSTEM
Process Regulation
• Deaerator Pressure
• Deaerator Level
• BFP Minimum Recirculation
• Feed Pump Speed
37. Amit Prakash 37
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
• Conservation of Energy - Heat may be converted in to work and
work may be converted in to heat,
in accordance with a certain natural proportionality constant
(ENERGY CAN NOT BE DESTROYED)
• Not all of a given quantity of Heat can be converted in to useful Work,
because of irreversbility in the process
(ENTROPY OF THE UNIVERSE IS INCREASING)
40. Amit Prakash 40
STEAM TURBINE TYPES
• Condensing Turbine
• Back Pressure Turbine
• Regenerative Turbine
•Controlled Extraction
• No. of Cylinders
• Speed - Constant / Variable
• Single / Double Flow
41. Amit Prakash 41
TURBINE STEAM SYSTEM
Simplified Process Diagram
Condenser
HP
Turbine
IP
Turbine LP
Turbine
Extraction
Steam
Main
Steam
Cold
Reheat
Steam
Hot
Reheat
Steam
ESV CV
IV CV
42. Amit Prakash 42
TURBINE STEAM SYSTEM
Major Equipment
• Turbine - Casing, Rotor & Blades
• Emergency Stop Valves
• Control Valves
• Condenser
43. Amit Prakash 43
TURBINE STEAM SYSTEM
Process Regulation
• Steam Admission
• Emergency Shutdown
44. Amit Prakash 44
REGENERATIVE FEED HEATING SYSTEM
Simplified Process Diagram
From BFP
Discharge
To
Boiler
HP
HTR
HP
HTR
CRH
Steam
To
Deaerator
IPT
Extrn.
Steam
Condenser
Hotwell
Condensate Extraction
Pump
LP
HTR
LP
HTR
HP
Flash
Tank
LP
Flash
Tank
To
Deaerator LPT
Extraction Steam
LPT
Extraction Steam
Minimum
Recirculation
LP
HTR
Drain
CLRGSC
To
Condenser
To
Condenser
Gland
Leakoff
Steam
LPT Extraction
Makeup
45. Amit Prakash 45
REGENERATIVE FEED HEATING SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
• Pumping of Condensate from Hotwell to Deaerator
•Gradual Heating of Feed Water Temperature
• Minimise Heat Loss from the Cycle
46. Amit Prakash 46
REGENERATIVE FEED HEATING SYSTEM
Major Equipment
• HP Heaters
• LP Heaters
• Drain Cooler
• Condensate Extraction Pumps
47. Amit Prakash 47
REGENERATIVE FEED HEATING SYSTEM
Process Regulation
• Hotwell Level
• Heater Level
• Minimum Flow through CEP & GSC
48. Amit Prakash 48
TURBINE GOVERNING & CONTROL SYSTEM
Functional Block Diagram
Gland
Steam
System
Lubricating
Oil
System
Governing
Oil
System
Turning
Gear
Jacking
Oil
System
Condenser
Vacuum
System
Turbine
Drain
System
OIL SYSTEMS
VACUUM SYSTEM WARM UP SYSTEM
49. Amit Prakash 49
TURBINE GOVERNING & CONTROL SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
• Shaft & Bearing Protection
• Electro-hydraulic Governing
• Maintain Vacuum in Condenser
• Supply Steam to Turbine Glands
• Warming up of Turbines and their Valves
• Emergency Shutdown in case of Unsafe Conditions
50. Amit Prakash 50
TURBINE GOVERNING & CONTROL SYSTEM
Major Equipment
• Oil Pumps, Turning Gear & Jacking Oil Pump
• Hydraulic Actuators for Turbine Valves
• Vacuum Pumps
• Gland Steam Pressure Regulator
• Oil Coolers & Temperature Regulator
51. Amit Prakash 51
TURBINE GOVERNING & CONTROL SYSTEM
Process Regulation
• Speed / Load / Frequency Control
• Gland Steam Pressure Control
52. Amit Prakash 52
TURBINE MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS
Condenser Cooling Water System
• Supplies Cooling Water Condensation of Turbine Exhaust Steam
Turbine Auxiliary Cooling Water System
• Ensures continuous supply of cooling water to Turbine & it’s auxiliaries
• Consists of Overhead Tank, Pumps & Heat Exchangers
Chemical Dosing System
• Prepares & supplies chemicals for treatment of Condensate
• Consists of Preparation Tanks, Mixers & Metering Pumps
53. Amit Prakash 53
TURBINE MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS
Condenser Cooling Water System
Simplified Process Diagram
Cooling
Tower
CW
Sump
CW
Makeup
Water
Condenser
A
Waterbox
B
Circulating
Water Pumps
To
Unit#2
CW Return Header
CW Supply Header
54. Amit Prakash 54
TURBINE MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS
Condenser Cooling Water System
Major Equipment
• Cooling Towers
• CW Pumps
Process Performance Highlights
• Steam Condensation
• Cooling of Condenser CW - Cooling Tower / Lake
Process Regulation
• Condenser Tube Cleaning - Online / Back flushing
55. Amit Prakash 55
TURBINE BYPASS SYSTEM
Simplified Process Diagram
Main
Steam
CRH
To HPT
From HPT
To IPTHRH
Feed
Water PRV
Spray
Control
Valve
Block
Valve
Condenser
Condensate
56. Amit Prakash 56
TURBINE BYPASS SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
• Enable Boiler Operation for Quick Re-start after Boiler Trip and
during Turbine Start-up
• Control MS Pressure after Turbine Trip or Sudden Load Throw-off
57. Amit Prakash 57
TURBINE BYPASS SYSTEM
Process Regulation
• MS Pressure Reduction & Desuperheating
• HRH Steam Pressure Reduction & Desuperheating
59. Amit Prakash 59
WORKING PRINCIPLE
• Converts Mechanical Energy in to Electrical Energy
• Based on Electro-magnetic Induction
E = 4.44 O FN volts
E - e. m. f.
O - Strength of Magnetic Field
F - Frequency
N - No. of Turns in a Stator Winding Coil
F = Pn/120
P - No. of Poles
n - Revolution per second of Rotor
60. Amit Prakash 60
GENERATOR EFFICIENCY & LOSSES
• Efficiency = Output Electrical Energy
Input Mechanical Energy
• Losses - Bearing Loss, Copper Loss & Iron Loss
• Typically Efficiency is 90-97%
61. Amit Prakash 61
GENERATOR & UNIT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Generator Functional Block Diagram
Unit
Auxiliary
Transformer
Field
Excitation
System
Generator
Synchronising
Sceme
Generator
Transformer
Metering &
Protective
Relays
Stator
Cooling Water
System
Hydrogen
Cooling
System
Seal
Oil
System
ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
62. Amit Prakash 62
GENERATOR & UNIT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Key One Line Diagram
132 KV Bus I
132 KV Bus II
Isolator
Circuit Breaker
GT
Generator
Unit
Auxiliary
Transformer
From
Station
Bus
From
Station
Bus
6.6 kV Unit Bus B6.6 kV Unit Bus A
11 kV
63. Amit Prakash 63
GENERATOR & UNIT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Process Performance Highlights
• Conversion of Mechanical Energy in to Electrical Energy
• Field Excitation
• Stator Winding Cooling by Distillate / Air
• Rotor Winding Cooling by Hydrogen / Air
• Hydrogen Sealing by Oil
• Synchronisation & Voltage Transformation
• Emergency Shutdown in case of Unsafe Conditions
64. Amit Prakash 64
GENERATOR & UNIT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Major Equipment
• Generator - Stator, Rotor, Armature Windings, Field Windings
• Field Excitation - Exciter (DC/AC), Static Rectifying Unit & AVR
• Bus Ducts & Transformers
• Circuit Breakers & Protective Relays
• H2 Cooling - Fans, Dryers & Coolers
• Stator Water Cooling - Pumps, Coolers & Overhead Tank
• Seal Oil - Pumps, Coolers & Differential Pressure Regulator
65. Amit Prakash 65
GENERATOR & UNIT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Process Regulation
• Field Excitation
• Generator Synchrinisation
• Voltage Regulation
67. Amit Prakash 67
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
Efficiency Calculations
• Boiler Efficiency - Direct / Heat Loss Method
• Turbine Heat Rate - Total Heat Supplied/ KWHR
• Plant Heat Rate - Heat Supplied/ KWHR
68. Amit Prakash 68
Factors Affecting Plant Performance
• Flue Gas Exit Temperature
• Excess Air
• Unburnt Fuel
• Steam Temperature
• Condenser Back Pressure
• FW Temperature at Eco Inlet
• Auxiliary Power Consumption
• Make up Water Flow
• Optimum Loading
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
71. Amit Prakash 71
POWER PLANT AUTOMATION & CONTROL
Burner Management System
• Furnace Purge Supervision
• Secondary Air Damper Modulation, On/Off Control and Supervision
• Light/Heavy Oil On/Off Control and Supervision
• Pulveriser and Feeder On/Off Control and Supervision
• Flame Scanning
• Overall Boiler Flame Failure Protection
• Boiler Trip Protection
72. Amit Prakash 72
POWER PLANT AUTOMATION & CONTROL
Soot Blower Sequential Control
• Wall Blowers
• Long Retractable Blowers
• Air Heater Blowers
73. Amit Prakash 73
POWER PLANT AUTOMATION & CONTROL
Automatic Turbine Run-up System
• Oil Supply Control - Turning Gear, Auxiliary Oil Pumps, Emergency Oil Pump,
Jacking Oil Pump and Lube Oil Temperature
• Condensate & Evacuation Control - Condensate Extraction Pumps, Gland Steam
Pressure, Vacuum Pumps and Vacuum Breaker Valve
• Turbine Control - Steam & Metal Temperature Matching, Warming up of HP
ESV & CV, Steam Rolling & Acceleration and Auto Synchroniser
74. Amit Prakash 74
POWER PLANT AUTOMATION & CONTROL
Turbine Stress Evaluator
• Calculation of Actual and Permissible Thermal Stress Values
• Comparison of Actual with Permissible Stress Values and Computation
of Available Margin
• Optimize Start up, Operation and Shut down
75. Amit Prakash 75
POWER PLANT AUTOMATION & CONTROL
Automatic Turbine Tester
• Safety Devices - Remote Trip, Over-speed, Low Vacuum and
Thrust Bearing
• HP/IP Valves - HP Stop and Control Valves, and IP Stop and
Control Valves
76. Amit Prakash 76
POWER PLANT AUTOMATION & CONTROL
Electro-hydraulic Governing System
• Speed Control
• Load Control
• Load Shedding
• Initial Pressure Control
77. Amit Prakash 77
CRITICAL CLOSED LOOPS
• CMC - Boiler Follow / Turbine follow / Coordinated (Utility)
• Header Pressure Control (CPP)
• Combustion - Fuel / Air Flow
• Steam Temperature
• Drum Level
• Furnace Draft
AUTOMATION & CONTROL
78. Amit Prakash 78
AUTOMATION & CONTROL
OPEN LOOP CONTROL
• Interlocking - Safe Startup / Shutdown
• Protection - Emergency Shutdown (Trip)
• Sequencial Control - Efficient Startup / Shutdown
CRITICAL OPEN LOOPS
• ID/FD /PA Fans
• BFP