Introduction to metal recycling scrap metal ppt HarshJoshi166
Botany Scrap Metal comes with an innovative copper scrap recycling technology. We provide the best-rated service in this Industry. Our service is spread in several areas, and we collect all the small and bid budget products. And visit our website https://botanyscrapmetal.net/
Introduction to metal recycling scrap metal ppt HarshJoshi166
Botany Scrap Metal comes with an innovative copper scrap recycling technology. We provide the best-rated service in this Industry. Our service is spread in several areas, and we collect all the small and bid budget products. And visit our website https://botanyscrapmetal.net/
Reheating Furnace in Rolling Mill IndustriesVikas Yadav
In steel plants reheating furnaces are used in hot rolling mills to heat the steel stock (Billets, blooms or slabs) to temperatures of around 1200 deg C which is suitable for plastic deformation of steel and hence for rolling in the mill.
This presentation explains how to improve energy efficiency of industrial furnaces. It was prepared for energy auditor training in Nepal in the context of GIZ/NEEP programme. For further information go to EEC webpage: http://www.eec-fncci.org
Dear Readers,
In this presentation, I have tried to explain main raw material sources of iron making process. Also, with my experience, I have tried to give a concept about the plant engineering related to raw material. I hope that, this presentation will be helpful for young engineers. With this presentation they will get a broad idea about the raw material, based on which they can study more on the subject.
Regards,
Nirjhar.
You already know from this post that I have an addiction to meatballs. Well even though my aunts’ recipe for American style meatballs is fantastic, I also love different varieties of the mince balls and this recipe is another of my favourites.
Reheating Furnace in Rolling Mill IndustriesVikas Yadav
In steel plants reheating furnaces are used in hot rolling mills to heat the steel stock (Billets, blooms or slabs) to temperatures of around 1200 deg C which is suitable for plastic deformation of steel and hence for rolling in the mill.
This presentation explains how to improve energy efficiency of industrial furnaces. It was prepared for energy auditor training in Nepal in the context of GIZ/NEEP programme. For further information go to EEC webpage: http://www.eec-fncci.org
Dear Readers,
In this presentation, I have tried to explain main raw material sources of iron making process. Also, with my experience, I have tried to give a concept about the plant engineering related to raw material. I hope that, this presentation will be helpful for young engineers. With this presentation they will get a broad idea about the raw material, based on which they can study more on the subject.
Regards,
Nirjhar.
You already know from this post that I have an addiction to meatballs. Well even though my aunts’ recipe for American style meatballs is fantastic, I also love different varieties of the mince balls and this recipe is another of my favourites.
ABSTRACT
Heat/light/electrical energy is out today’s necessity and has scarcity also. Energy conservation is key requirement of any industry at all times.
In general, industries use heat energy for conservation of raw material to finished product. The source of heat energy is generally saturated or super heated steam. The steam generation is common use one boiler with carity of fuels. Whatever may be the fuel the generation should be as economy as possible which adds to the product cost. Further the usage of steam and recycling steam condensate back to boiler is an art depending on plant layouts.
In this project the steam generator is water tube boiler fired with rice husk. The steam is transferred to the tyre/tube moulds where tyres/tubes are cured while the heat is rejected to the tyres the condensate forms and this condensate is put back to the boiler. While doing so the steam is also stopped back to boiler without rejecting complete heat to the product. This gets flashed into atmosphere at feed water tank. The science of separation of condensate from steam saves energy. Better the separation more the fuel conservation.
In the steam generator the fuel is burnt to heat the water and form steam. This fuel burnt flue gas carries lot of energy, out through chimney. Prior to exhausting through the heat left in flue need to be recovered, through heat recovery mechanisms’. In this project an air-preheater condensate heat recovery unit is the major energy consuming station.
Stop by for great deals on jewelry, supplies, magnets, purses, and much, much more!
Auction starts at 8pm EST and lobby opens 15 minutes prior to auction start.
Link for auction: https://www.anymeeting.com/680-925-166
On distingue deux types de déficit immunitaire : le primitif quand il est inné (dès la naissance) et le secondaire (ou acquis) quand il est provoqué par un facteur extérieur (comme par exemple une chimiothérapie, la malnutrition, des brûlures, des produits chimiques…).
Les déficits immunitaires primitifs regroupent plus 200 maladies d’origine génétique dont la recherche a pu identifier la majorité des gènes responsables (plus de 140 à l’heure actuelle).
Cb gf web in sep 2016, feeding chemicals to boilers sfc r3lorenzo Monasca
La dosificacion de aditivos en una calderas de vapor es muy importante. Previene la corrosion y incrustameinetos. Por eso esta presentacion te ayuda a eleigir la bomba adecuada para la dosificacion.
A boiler is a device that produces steam or hot water for heating or industrial purposes. Boilers are used in a variety of applications, including:
Heating homes and businesses
Generating electricity
Cooking food
Sterilizing medical equipment
Processing chemicals
There are many different types of boilers, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The most common type of boiler is a water-tube boiler, which uses a series of tubes to heat water. Other types of boilers include fire-tube boilers, which use a series of tubes to heat fire, and steam generators, which use a series of tubes to heat water and produce steam.
Boilers can be powered by a variety of fuels, including natural gas, oil, coal, and wood. The type of fuel used will affect the efficiency of the boiler and the cost of operation.
Boilers require regular maintenance to ensure that they operate safely and efficiently. This maintenance typically includes cleaning the boiler, inspecting the pipes and valves, and replacing worn parts.
Boilers are a complex piece of equipment, and it is important to have them installed and maintained by a qualified professional.
Here are some of the benefits of using a boiler:
Boilers can provide a reliable and efficient source of heat for homes and businesses.
Boilers can be used to generate electricity, which can help to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
Boilers can be used to cook food, sterilize medical equipment, and process chemicals.
Here are some of the drawbacks of using a boiler:
Boilers can be expensive to install and maintain.
Boilers can be a fire hazard if not properly maintained.
Boilers can produce emissions that contribute to air pollution.
Overall, boilers can be a valuable asset for homes and businesses that need a reliable source of heat or hot water. However, it is important to weigh the benefits and drawbacks before deciding whether or not to install a boiler.
Topsoe wsa technology for small compact sulfuric acid production units - Hald...COBRAS
However, to comply with the still more stringent regulations being placed on the sulfuric acid industry to lower SO2 emissions, Topsøe has developed a new sulfuric acid catalyst designated VK-701 LEAP5™. This catalyst was introduced to the market in 2010. VK-701 LEAP5™ is based on a novel technology which circumvents the internal transport deficiencies of existing commercial sulfuric acid catalysts and thereby offers exceptionally high activity in strong gases. Since the introduction of this catalyst, sulfuric acid plants have used this catalyst to meet emission requirements lower than previously possible with any catalyst solution.
During Cobras, Topsoe will present examples on reducing SO2 emissions during both Start-up and steady operation, by implementing a tailor-made catalyst solution using VK59, VK69 and VK-701 LEAP5™.
Essentials for a sound boiler water treatment programlorenzo Monasca
El agua de Calderas es la base del proceso de Generacion de Vapor. Esta presentacion de Cleaver Brooks y Nalco empresas de clase mundial nos dan los consejos precisos para la conservacion de la estructura de la caldera por corrosion acida y depositos de solidos minerales.Elige el tratamineto recomendable.
3. 3
Introduction – Company Profile
Established in 1990 - Initially focused on supplying
basic requirement of a growing laundry industry.
Equipment, accessories, chemicals parts.
1993 – ALKA BOILER - Design & production of
industrial steam boilers &press machines: BS
Code 2790:1992. Pressure vessels & boiler
auxiliaries. Supply of boiler maintenance parts &
chemicals, Installations & Maintenance.
2013 – ISO 9001:2008, IAF, UKAS, DAS
Quality Management System.
4. 4
QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Introduction – Company Profile
DAS CERTIFICATION
ISO 9001:2008
MEMBER OF IAF UKAS
FOR MANUFACTURING, SALES, MARKETING & SUPPLY
OF BOILER, LAUNDRY EQUIPMENT, BURNER AND PARTS
7. 7
1.Thermal Requirement Assessment
2.Thermal System Design
3.Specification / Quantity
4.Manufacturing - Production
5.Installation & Commissioning
6.Periodic Maintenance
7.Efficiency & Safety Evaluation
Scope of Work - Overview
8. 8
Scope of Work - Overview
BURNER
WATER
SOURCE
BRINE
SOFTENERS
CHEMICAL FEED
FUEL
BLOW DOWN
SEPARATOR
VENT
VENTEXHAUST GAS
STEAM TO
PROCESS
STACK DEAERATOR
PUMPS
Figure: Schematic overview of a boiler room
BOILER
ECO-
NOMI-
ZER
9. 9
Production – Design
CODE & STANDARD: BS 2790: 1992.
FIRE TUBE, WET BACK PACKAGED SHELL BOILERS
OF WELDED CONSTRUCTION.
10. 10
Production – Design
FIRE TUBE - ALKA BOILER.
• Steam capacities up to
(12,000 kg/hour).
• Low to medium steam
pressures (18 kg/cm2).
• Operates with oil &
gas fuels.
11. 11
Production – Design
PACKAGED BOILER – ALKA BOILER
Oil
Burner
To
Chimne
y
• Comes in complete
package
• Features
• High heat transfer
• Faster evaporation
• Good convective
heat transfer
• Good combustion
efficiency
• High thermal
efficiency
• Classified based on
number of passes
22. 22
Assessment of a Boiler
1. BOILER PERFORMANCE
• Causes of poor boiler performance
-Poor combustion
-Heat transfer surface fouling
-Poor operation and maintenance
-Deteriorating fuel and water quality
• Heat balance: identify heat losses
• Boiler efficiency: determine
deviation from best efficiency
23. 23
HEAT BALANCE
An energy flow diagram describes geographically
how energy is transformed from fuel into useful
energy, heat and losses
Stochiometric
Excess Air
Un burnt
FUEL INPUT STEAM
OUTPUT
Stack Gas
Ash and Un-burnt parts
of Fuel in Ash
Blow
Down
Convection &
Radiation
Assessment of a Boiler
24. 24
HEAT BALANCE
Balancing total energy entering a boiler against
the energy that leaves the boiler in different forms
Heat in Steam
BOILER
Heat loss due to dry flue gas
Heat loss due to steam in fuel gas
Heat loss due to moisture in fuel
Heat loss due to unburnts in residue
Heat loss due to moisture in air
Heat loss due to radiation & other
unaccounted loss
12.7 %
8.1 %
1.7 %
0.3 %
2.4 %
1.0 %
73.8 %
100.0 %
Fuel
73.8 %
Assessment of a Boiler
25. 25
HEAT BALANCE
Goal: improve energy efficiency by reducing
avoidable losses
Avoidable losses include:
a. Stack gas losses (excess air, stack gas
temperature)
b. Losses by unburnt fuel
c. Blow down losses
d. Condensate losses
e. Convection and radiation
Assessment of a Boiler
26. 26
BOILER EFFICIENCY
Thermal efficiency: % of (heat) energy input that is
effectively useful in the generated steam
BOILER EFFICENCY
CALCULATION
1) DIRECT METHOD: 2) INDIRECT METHOD:
The efficiency is the
different between losses
and energy input
The energy gain of the
working fluid (water and steam)
is compared with the energy
content of the boiler fuel.
Assessment of a Boiler
27. 27
hg -the enthalpy of saturated steam in kcal/kg of steam
hf -the enthalpy of feed water in kcal/kg of water
BOILER EFFICIENCY: DIRECT METHOD
Boiler efficiency () =
Heat Input
Heat Output
x 100 Q x (hg – hf)
Q x GCV
x 100=
Parameters to be monitored:
- Quantity of steam generated per hour (Q) in kg/hr
- Quantity of fuel used per hour (q) in kg/hr
- The working pressure (in kg/cm2(g)) and superheat temperature (oC), if
any
- The temperature of feed water (oC)
- Type of fuel and gross calorific value of the fuel (GCV) in kcal/kg of fuel
Assessment of a Boiler
28. 28
Advantages
• Quick evaluation
• Few parameters for computation
• Few monitoring instruments
• Easy to compare evaporation ratios with benchmark
figures
Disadvantages
• No explanation of low efficiency
• Various losses not calculated
BOILER EFFICIENCY: DIRECT METHOD
Assessment of a Boiler
29. 29
Efficiency of boiler () = 100 – (i+ii+iii+iv+v+vi+vii)
BOILER EFFICIENCY: INDIRECT METHOD
Principle losses:
i) Dry flue gas
ii) Evaporation of water formed due to H2 in fuel
iii) Evaporation of moisture in fuel
iv) Moisture present in combustion air
v) Unburnt fuel in fly ash
vi) Unburnt fuel in bottom ash
vii) Radiation and other unaccounted losses
Assessment of a Boiler
30. 30
BOILER EFFICIENCY: INDIRECT METHOD
Required calculation data
• Ultimate analysis of fuel (H2, O2, S, C, moisture
content, ash content)
• % oxygen or CO2 in the flue gas
• Fuel gas temperature in ◦C (Tf)
• Ambient temperature in ◦C (Ta) and humidity of air in
kg/kg of dry air
• GCV of fuel in kcal/kg
• % combustible in ash (in case of solid fuels)
• GCV of ash in kcal/kg (in case of solid fuels)
Assessment of a Boiler
31. 31
BOILER EFFICIENCY: INDIRECT METHOD
ADVANTAGES
• Complete mass and energy balance for each
individual stream
• Makes it easier to identify options to improve
boiler efficiency
DISADVANTAGES
• Time consuming
• Requires lab facilities for analysis
Assessment of a Boiler
32. 32
• Controls ‘total dissolved solids’ (TDS) in the
water that is boiled
• Blows off water and replaces it with feed water
• Conductivity measured as indication of TDS
levels
• Calculation of quantity blow down required:
2. BOILER BLOW DOWN
Blow down (%) =
Feed water TDS x % Make up water
Maximum Permissible TDS in Boiler water
Assessment of a Boiler
33. 33
Two types of blow down
• Intermittent
• Manually operated valve reduces TDS
• Large short-term increases in feed water
• Substantial heat loss
• Continuous
• Ensures constant TDS and steam purity
• Heat lost can be recovered
• Common in high-pressure boilers
BOILER BLOW DOWN
Assessment of a Boiler
34. 34
Benefits
• Lower pretreatment costs
• Less make-up water consumption
• Reduced maintenance downtime
• Increased boiler life
• Lower consumption of treatment
chemicals
BOILER BLOW DOWN
Assessment of a Boiler
35. 35
• Quality of steam depend on water
treatment to control
• Steam purity
• Deposits
• Corrosion
• Efficient heat transfer only if boiler
water is free from deposit-forming
solids
3. BOILER FEED WATER TREATMENT
Assessment of a Boiler
36. 36
Deposit control
• To avoid efficiency losses and
reduced heat transfer
• Hardness salts of calcium and
magnesium
• Alkaline hardness: removed by boiling
• Non-alkaline: difficult to remove
• Silica forms hard silica scales
BOILER FEED WATER TREATMENT
Assessment of a Boiler
37. 37
Internal water treatment
• Chemicals added to boiler to prevent scale
• Different chemicals for different water types
• Conditions:
• Feed water is low in hardness salts
• Low pressure, high TDS content is tolerated
• Small water quantities treated
• Internal treatment alone not recommended
BOILER FEED WATER TREATMENT
Assessment of a Boiler
38. 38
External water treatment:
• Removal of suspended/dissolved solids and
dissolved gases
• Pre-treatment: sedimentation and settling
• First treatment stage: removal of salts
• Processes
a) Ion exchange
b) Demineralization
c) De-aeration
BOILER FEED WATER TREATMENT
Assessment of a Boiler
39. 39
a) Ion-exchange process (softener)
• Water passes through bed of natural zeolite of
synthetic resin to remove hardness
• Base exchange: calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg)
replaced with sodium (Na) ions
• Does not reduce TDS, blow down quantity and
alkalinity
b) Demineralization
• Complete removal of salts
• Cations in raw water replaced with hydrogen ions
EXTERNAL WATER TREATMENT
Assessment of a Boiler
40. 40
c) De-aeration
• Dissolved corrosive gases (O2, CO2)
expelled by preheating the feed water
• Two types:
• Mechanical de-aeration: used prior to addition
of chemical oxygen scavangers
• Chemical de-aeration: removes trace oxygen
EXTERNAL WATER TREATMENT
Assessment of a Boiler
41. 41
EXTERNAL WATER TREATMENT
Stea
m
Storage
Section
De-aerated
Boiler Feed
Water
Scrubber
Section
(Trays)
Boiler Feed
Water
Vent
Spray
Nozzles
Mechanical
de-aeration
• O2 and CO2 removed by
heating feed water
• Economical treatment
process
• Vacuum type can reduce
O2 to 0.02 mg/l
• Pressure type can
reduce O2 to 0.005 mg/l
Assessment of a Boiler
42. 42
EXTERNAL WATER TREATMENT
Chemical de-aeration
• Removal of trace oxygen with scavenger
• Sodium sulphite:
• Reacts with oxygen: sodium sulphate
• Increases TDS: increased blow down
• Hydrazine
• Reacts with oxygen: nitrogen + water
• Does not increase TDS: used in high pressure
boilers
Assessment of a Boiler
44. 44
1. Stack temperature control
2. Feed water preheating using
economizers
3. Combustion air pre-heating
4. Incomplete combustion minimization
5. Excess air control
6. Avoid radiation and convection heat
loss
7. Automatic blow down control
8. Reduction of scaling and soot losses
9. Reduction of boiler steam pressure
10. Variable speed control
11. Controlling boiler loading
12. Proper boiler scheduling
13. Boiler replacement
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
45. 45
1. Stack Temperature Control
• Keep as low as possible
• If >200°C then recover waste heat
2. Feed Water Preheating Economizers
• Potential to recover heat from 200 – 300 oC flue
gases leaving a modern 3-pass shell boiler
3. Combustion Air Preheating
• If combustion air raised by 20°C = 1% improve
thermal efficiency
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
46. 46
4. Minimize Incomplete Combustion
• Symptoms:
• Smoke, high CO levels in exit flue gas
• Causes:
• Air shortage, fuel surplus, poor fuel distribution
• Poor mixing of fuel and air
• Oil-fired boiler:
• Improper viscosity, worn tops, cabonization on
dips, deterioration of diffusers or spinner plates
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
47. 47
5. Excess Air Control
• Excess air required for complete combustion
• Optimum excess air levels varies
• 1% excess air reduction = 0.6% efficiency rise
• Portable or continuous oxygen analyzers
Fuel Kg air req./kg fuel %CO2 in flue gas in practice
Liquid Fuels
Furnace Oil
LSHS
13.8
14.1
9-14
9-14
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
48. 48
7. Automatic Blow Down Control
6. Radiation and Convection Heat Loss
Minimization
• Fixed heat loss from boiler shell, regardless of
boiler output
• Repairing insulation can reduce loss
• Sense and respond to boiler water conductivity
and pH
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
49. 49
9. Reduced Boiler Steam Pressure
8. Scaling and Soot Loss Reduction
• Every 22oC increase in stack temperature = 1%
efficiency loss
• 3 mm of soot = 2.5% fuel increase
• Lower steam pressure
= lower saturated steam temperature
= lower flue gas temperature
• Steam generation pressure dictated by process
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
50. 50
11. Control Boiler Loading
10. Variable Speed Control for Fans,
Blowers and Pumps
• Suited for fans, blowers, pumps
• Should be considered if boiler loads are
variable
• Maximum boiler efficiency: 65-85% of rated load
• Significant efficiency loss: < 25% of rated load
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
51. 51
13. Boiler Replacement
12. Proper Boiler Scheduling
• Optimum efficiency: 65-85% of full load
• Few boilers at high loads is more efficient than
large number at low loads
Financially attractive if existing boiler is
• Old and inefficient
• Not capable of firing cheaper substitution fuel
• Over or under-sized for present requirements
• Not designed for ideal loading conditions
Energy Efficiency Opportunities