This document discusses cooling water treatment at a fertilizer plant in India. It provides details on the plant's cooling towers and water chemistry parameters. Cooling water treatment is needed to prevent corrosion, scaling, and microbial fouling of the system. Common issues like corrosion, scaling, and biofouling are discussed along with the mechanisms of corrosion inhibition, scale inhibition, and microbial control through chemical treatment.
Boiler feed and pump sizing c-b and grundfos july 2016(1)lorenzo Monasca
Presentacion realizada por la empresa Cleaver Brooks y Grundfos
Pasos a seguir de como seleccionar una bomba de agua de alimentacion a una caldera de media presion.
This document provides information about power plant cooling water systems. It discusses the types of cooling water systems, including once-through and recirculating systems. It describes the components of cooling water systems, such as cooling towers and how they function using evaporation to cool water. It also discusses problems that can occur in cooling water systems, such as scale formation and corrosion, and methods to control these issues. The document is written by Umar Farooq, a chemist, and provides technical details on cooling water chemistry.
The most popular Thai magazine in the field of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering. Technic Magazine is printed in Thailand and distributed throughout Thailand since 1984.
MORE INFORMATION: www.me.co.th
Here I explained about power plant chemistry. Explained in details how to produce DM water, cooling water, drinking water etc from raw water. Also discussed about main plant steam cycle chemistry.
This document discusses cooling water treatment at a fertilizer plant in India. It provides details on the plant's cooling towers and water chemistry parameters. Cooling water treatment is needed to prevent corrosion, scaling, and microbial fouling of the system. Common issues like corrosion, scaling, and biofouling are discussed along with the mechanisms of corrosion inhibition, scale inhibition, and microbial control through chemical treatment.
Boiler feed and pump sizing c-b and grundfos july 2016(1)lorenzo Monasca
Presentacion realizada por la empresa Cleaver Brooks y Grundfos
Pasos a seguir de como seleccionar una bomba de agua de alimentacion a una caldera de media presion.
This document provides information about power plant cooling water systems. It discusses the types of cooling water systems, including once-through and recirculating systems. It describes the components of cooling water systems, such as cooling towers and how they function using evaporation to cool water. It also discusses problems that can occur in cooling water systems, such as scale formation and corrosion, and methods to control these issues. The document is written by Umar Farooq, a chemist, and provides technical details on cooling water chemistry.
The most popular Thai magazine in the field of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering. Technic Magazine is printed in Thailand and distributed throughout Thailand since 1984.
MORE INFORMATION: www.me.co.th
Here I explained about power plant chemistry. Explained in details how to produce DM water, cooling water, drinking water etc from raw water. Also discussed about main plant steam cycle chemistry.
This document discusses the role of chemistry in power plants. It covers various aspects of feedwater treatment including removal of insoluble and soluble impurities. It discusses parameters for boiler water quality at different plant capacities. Methods for physical and chemical deaeration of feedwater like use of hydrazine are explained. Boiler water chemistry including use of volatile alkalis like ammonia for pH control is covered. Methods for detecting and addressing condenser leaks are summarized. Quality guidelines for steam and requirements for monitoring systems are provided.
Cb gf web in aug 2016, controls r2 8.23.16 finallorenzo Monasca
Como controlar el nivel de agua de la calderas y los metodos de control mas conveniente. Esta presentacion con los expertos de Cleaver brooks y Grundfos te dan los mejores alternativas para controlar el nivel de agua de las calderas.
The document discusses cooling water systems and issues related to corrosion, scaling, and biofouling. It describes three types of cooling water systems - once through, closed re-circulating, and open re-circulating. Major cooling water problems include corrosion, scaling, biofouling, and fouling. Scaling can be caused by high concentrations of calcium carbonate, magnesium, and other substances above the control limits. Chemical treatments use zinc phosphate as a corrosion inhibitor and scale inhibitors along with dispersants to control scaling and suspended solids.
Determining the Best Heat Recovery System to Maximize Boiler EfficiencyCleaver-Brooks
This document discusses various methods for recovering waste heat from boiler systems to improve efficiency. It describes economizer systems, which recover heat from flue gases to preheat boiler feedwater using parallel, counter, or cross flow designs. Condensing economizers can recover both sensible and latent heat. Blowdown heat recovery units capture heat from boiler blowdown water before discharge. Integrating multiple waste heat recovery technologies along with control systems can reduce operating costs through increased efficiency and lowered resource use.
This report summarizes a study of the steam circuit across three departments - Soap Processing (SPD), Soap Finishing (SFD), and Personal Products (PP) - at Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. It analyzes the existing steam distribution system and future steam requirements given changes in operations. The report recommends redesigning parts of the steam distribution lines and insulation to improve efficiency and reduce thermal losses. It also proposes a condensate recovery system to reuse flash steam and reduce water and energy costs. Key aspects covered include analyzing pipe sizes, insulation thickness, steam flow rates, a bill of quantities, types of steam traps used, and calculations on flash steam generation.
This document describes the methodology for conducting an energy audit of a turbine cycle. It discusses collecting data on steam and water cycle parameters, measuring turbine efficiency, identifying factors that affect heat rate, and evaluating the performance of feedwater heaters. The key steps involve collecting design specifications and operational data, measuring temperatures, pressures, flows, and outputs, calculating turbine efficiency using enthalpy methods, identifying reasons for deviations from design performance, and analyzing factors like steam conditions, condenser performance, heat exchanger fouling that affect the heat rate.
The document discusses Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs). HRSGs recover heat from gas turbine exhaust to produce steam. They operate in either combined cycle mode, where steam drives a turbine, or cogeneration mode where steam is used for industrial processes. HRSGs contain evaporator, economizer, and superheater sections to produce steam. They can also include reheaters, deaerators, and preheaters. HRSGs come in natural circulation, forced circulation, or once-through designs and can be unfired, fired, supplementary fired, or exhaust fired depending on heat input. HRSGs vary in operation pressure as either single or multi-pressure. Post-combustion emission controls like
Condenser and Cooling Tower Power Plant EngineeringAjaypalsinh Barad
The file contains all details of the Condenser and Cooling Tower systems or Thermal power plant. This is the part of the subject Power Plant Engineering in GTU in 7th semester.
The document discusses the history and scientific development of cooling tower design theory. It begins by explaining how Merkel developed the first scientific theory for evaluating cooling tower performance in 1925. It then provides definitions of key cooling tower concepts like approach, range, and heat transfer methods. The document goes on to describe parameters like tower characteristics, fan power requirements, and water loss factors. It also summarizes Merkel's assumptions and the development of generalized supply equations from manufacturer curves.
Feedwater heaters are used in steam power plants to pre-heat water delivered to boilers. They work by using extracted steam from turbine stages to gradually heat feedwater up to saturation temperature. This improves efficiency by reducing costs and preventing thermal shock to boiler metal. Feedwater heaters come in open and closed designs, with open designs mixing extracted steam directly into feedwater and closed using heat exchangers. Their use recovers some energy from steam and optimizes the balance between extracted steam and turbine power output.
The document discusses efficient operation and maintenance of boilers at NTPC Simhadri. It provides an overview of NTPC's journey and capacity, describes the types of boilers used, and outlines best practices adopted to reduce boiler tube leakages. These include improved startup procedures, monitoring of chemical parameters, thorough inspections and testing, and implementation of new technologies like acoustic leak detectors and process instrumentation systems. The presentation aims to share experiences in achieving zero boiler tube failures through preventative maintenance practices.
Oxygen treatment for super critical power plantsSantosh Pardhi
Oxygen treatment improves water quality in supercritical power plants by reducing flow-assisted corrosion and impurities that cause turbine blade deposits. It works by dosing oxygen gas at the deaerator and condensate polishing unit outlet to produce stable iron oxide layers that minimize corrosion. The advantages of oxygen treatment include virtually no iron transport, reduced flow-assisted corrosion, less frequent regeneration of condensate polishers, and a broad effective pH range.
This document appears to be from a technical training presentation on boiler water treatment that was held at Reliance Industries Limited in Hazira, India. The training covered topics such as basic water chemistry, boiler descriptions, oxygen pitting and control, condensate treatment, internal treatment processes, steam purity, boiler storage, and interpreting water analysis results. It included diagrams of different boiler types, discussions of key water quality parameters like pH and alkalinity, and causes and prevention of boiler corrosion issues. The presentation contained detailed technical content on maintaining proper water treatment for industrial boilers.
This document summarizes water treatment methods for cooling towers. It discusses corrosion inhibition, scale inhibition, and bacterial control, which are the three main objectives of water treatment. For each objective, it describes the causes of problems, prevention methods, and common chemical and physical treatment methods. It also covers water treatment system controls and monitoring, occupational safety considerations, and definitions of key terms related to water treatment. The intended audience includes cooling tower owners, designers, and operators to help them properly design, operate, and maintain water treatment systems for cooling towers.
The writeup details the Heat Balance of BHEL 210 MW Turbine Cycle. The Input and Output steam condition of Turbines, Extractions, Deaerator, LP Heaters, Condensers etc have been computed as per the specifications of the turbine manufacturer
This document discusses cooling water analysis and treatment. It covers topics like pH adjustment using sulfuric acid to control scaling, the effects of high pH like increased microbial growth, how much acid is required, chlorine dosing to lower pH and kill bacteria, chlorine demand, factors affecting corrosion like chlorides and stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel, and corrosion inhibition using phosphates. Maintaining the proper delta phosphate is important to control corrosion.
This document discusses boiler water treatment from Thermax Limited. It covers water chemistry issues like scaling, corrosion and carryover and their causes. It describes different treatment programs like phosphate, amine and oxygen scavenger dosing. Key steps of treatment include chemical dosing, monitoring water parameters, and preservation during shut down. The objective is to maintain water quality, prevent equipment damage, and ensure reliability and efficiency.
This document discusses dry flue gas losses in boilers and methods to reduce them. It notes that rising fuel costs have increased focus on power plant efficiency. Dry flue gas losses occur when excess air leads to higher exit gas temperatures, wasting heat. Causes include air leaks, fouling of heat exchangers, and excess airflow. Reducing dry gas losses provides the greatest potential for efficiency gains. The document recommends optimizing excess air, repairing leaks, cleaning heat exchangers through soot blowing, and using high-alloy materials resistant to corrosion. Proper maintenance and airflow control can decrease losses and lower costs.
Condensate is the liquid formed when steam condenses and loses its latent heat. A pressurized condensate recovery module (PCRM) collects condensate from a process under pressure and returns it directly to the boiler, retaining more heat than conventional atmospheric discharge systems. The PCRM automatically pumps condensate back to the boiler while venting excess pressure, improving efficiency by reducing make-up water and fuel consumption versus other condensate handling methods.
This document provides a summary of a material balance study and steam and condensate system study conducted at JK Paper Ltd.'s Central Pulp Mills unit. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking various managers and staff for their assistance during the author's training period. Graphs and calculations are presented to show the material balance from the stock to the pope reel of paper machine 2, as well as the steam and condensate system of that paper machine, which is divided into 6 parts in a cascade system. Conclusions recognize the graphical representations provided and state that the material balance and flows will change according to different operating data.
This document discusses the role of chemistry in power plants. It covers various aspects of feedwater treatment including removal of insoluble and soluble impurities. It discusses parameters for boiler water quality at different plant capacities. Methods for physical and chemical deaeration of feedwater like use of hydrazine are explained. Boiler water chemistry including use of volatile alkalis like ammonia for pH control is covered. Methods for detecting and addressing condenser leaks are summarized. Quality guidelines for steam and requirements for monitoring systems are provided.
Cb gf web in aug 2016, controls r2 8.23.16 finallorenzo Monasca
Como controlar el nivel de agua de la calderas y los metodos de control mas conveniente. Esta presentacion con los expertos de Cleaver brooks y Grundfos te dan los mejores alternativas para controlar el nivel de agua de las calderas.
The document discusses cooling water systems and issues related to corrosion, scaling, and biofouling. It describes three types of cooling water systems - once through, closed re-circulating, and open re-circulating. Major cooling water problems include corrosion, scaling, biofouling, and fouling. Scaling can be caused by high concentrations of calcium carbonate, magnesium, and other substances above the control limits. Chemical treatments use zinc phosphate as a corrosion inhibitor and scale inhibitors along with dispersants to control scaling and suspended solids.
Determining the Best Heat Recovery System to Maximize Boiler EfficiencyCleaver-Brooks
This document discusses various methods for recovering waste heat from boiler systems to improve efficiency. It describes economizer systems, which recover heat from flue gases to preheat boiler feedwater using parallel, counter, or cross flow designs. Condensing economizers can recover both sensible and latent heat. Blowdown heat recovery units capture heat from boiler blowdown water before discharge. Integrating multiple waste heat recovery technologies along with control systems can reduce operating costs through increased efficiency and lowered resource use.
This report summarizes a study of the steam circuit across three departments - Soap Processing (SPD), Soap Finishing (SFD), and Personal Products (PP) - at Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. It analyzes the existing steam distribution system and future steam requirements given changes in operations. The report recommends redesigning parts of the steam distribution lines and insulation to improve efficiency and reduce thermal losses. It also proposes a condensate recovery system to reuse flash steam and reduce water and energy costs. Key aspects covered include analyzing pipe sizes, insulation thickness, steam flow rates, a bill of quantities, types of steam traps used, and calculations on flash steam generation.
This document describes the methodology for conducting an energy audit of a turbine cycle. It discusses collecting data on steam and water cycle parameters, measuring turbine efficiency, identifying factors that affect heat rate, and evaluating the performance of feedwater heaters. The key steps involve collecting design specifications and operational data, measuring temperatures, pressures, flows, and outputs, calculating turbine efficiency using enthalpy methods, identifying reasons for deviations from design performance, and analyzing factors like steam conditions, condenser performance, heat exchanger fouling that affect the heat rate.
The document discusses Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs). HRSGs recover heat from gas turbine exhaust to produce steam. They operate in either combined cycle mode, where steam drives a turbine, or cogeneration mode where steam is used for industrial processes. HRSGs contain evaporator, economizer, and superheater sections to produce steam. They can also include reheaters, deaerators, and preheaters. HRSGs come in natural circulation, forced circulation, or once-through designs and can be unfired, fired, supplementary fired, or exhaust fired depending on heat input. HRSGs vary in operation pressure as either single or multi-pressure. Post-combustion emission controls like
Condenser and Cooling Tower Power Plant EngineeringAjaypalsinh Barad
The file contains all details of the Condenser and Cooling Tower systems or Thermal power plant. This is the part of the subject Power Plant Engineering in GTU in 7th semester.
The document discusses the history and scientific development of cooling tower design theory. It begins by explaining how Merkel developed the first scientific theory for evaluating cooling tower performance in 1925. It then provides definitions of key cooling tower concepts like approach, range, and heat transfer methods. The document goes on to describe parameters like tower characteristics, fan power requirements, and water loss factors. It also summarizes Merkel's assumptions and the development of generalized supply equations from manufacturer curves.
Feedwater heaters are used in steam power plants to pre-heat water delivered to boilers. They work by using extracted steam from turbine stages to gradually heat feedwater up to saturation temperature. This improves efficiency by reducing costs and preventing thermal shock to boiler metal. Feedwater heaters come in open and closed designs, with open designs mixing extracted steam directly into feedwater and closed using heat exchangers. Their use recovers some energy from steam and optimizes the balance between extracted steam and turbine power output.
The document discusses efficient operation and maintenance of boilers at NTPC Simhadri. It provides an overview of NTPC's journey and capacity, describes the types of boilers used, and outlines best practices adopted to reduce boiler tube leakages. These include improved startup procedures, monitoring of chemical parameters, thorough inspections and testing, and implementation of new technologies like acoustic leak detectors and process instrumentation systems. The presentation aims to share experiences in achieving zero boiler tube failures through preventative maintenance practices.
Oxygen treatment for super critical power plantsSantosh Pardhi
Oxygen treatment improves water quality in supercritical power plants by reducing flow-assisted corrosion and impurities that cause turbine blade deposits. It works by dosing oxygen gas at the deaerator and condensate polishing unit outlet to produce stable iron oxide layers that minimize corrosion. The advantages of oxygen treatment include virtually no iron transport, reduced flow-assisted corrosion, less frequent regeneration of condensate polishers, and a broad effective pH range.
This document appears to be from a technical training presentation on boiler water treatment that was held at Reliance Industries Limited in Hazira, India. The training covered topics such as basic water chemistry, boiler descriptions, oxygen pitting and control, condensate treatment, internal treatment processes, steam purity, boiler storage, and interpreting water analysis results. It included diagrams of different boiler types, discussions of key water quality parameters like pH and alkalinity, and causes and prevention of boiler corrosion issues. The presentation contained detailed technical content on maintaining proper water treatment for industrial boilers.
This document summarizes water treatment methods for cooling towers. It discusses corrosion inhibition, scale inhibition, and bacterial control, which are the three main objectives of water treatment. For each objective, it describes the causes of problems, prevention methods, and common chemical and physical treatment methods. It also covers water treatment system controls and monitoring, occupational safety considerations, and definitions of key terms related to water treatment. The intended audience includes cooling tower owners, designers, and operators to help them properly design, operate, and maintain water treatment systems for cooling towers.
The writeup details the Heat Balance of BHEL 210 MW Turbine Cycle. The Input and Output steam condition of Turbines, Extractions, Deaerator, LP Heaters, Condensers etc have been computed as per the specifications of the turbine manufacturer
This document discusses cooling water analysis and treatment. It covers topics like pH adjustment using sulfuric acid to control scaling, the effects of high pH like increased microbial growth, how much acid is required, chlorine dosing to lower pH and kill bacteria, chlorine demand, factors affecting corrosion like chlorides and stress corrosion cracking of stainless steel, and corrosion inhibition using phosphates. Maintaining the proper delta phosphate is important to control corrosion.
This document discusses boiler water treatment from Thermax Limited. It covers water chemistry issues like scaling, corrosion and carryover and their causes. It describes different treatment programs like phosphate, amine and oxygen scavenger dosing. Key steps of treatment include chemical dosing, monitoring water parameters, and preservation during shut down. The objective is to maintain water quality, prevent equipment damage, and ensure reliability and efficiency.
This document discusses dry flue gas losses in boilers and methods to reduce them. It notes that rising fuel costs have increased focus on power plant efficiency. Dry flue gas losses occur when excess air leads to higher exit gas temperatures, wasting heat. Causes include air leaks, fouling of heat exchangers, and excess airflow. Reducing dry gas losses provides the greatest potential for efficiency gains. The document recommends optimizing excess air, repairing leaks, cleaning heat exchangers through soot blowing, and using high-alloy materials resistant to corrosion. Proper maintenance and airflow control can decrease losses and lower costs.
Condensate is the liquid formed when steam condenses and loses its latent heat. A pressurized condensate recovery module (PCRM) collects condensate from a process under pressure and returns it directly to the boiler, retaining more heat than conventional atmospheric discharge systems. The PCRM automatically pumps condensate back to the boiler while venting excess pressure, improving efficiency by reducing make-up water and fuel consumption versus other condensate handling methods.
This document provides a summary of a material balance study and steam and condensate system study conducted at JK Paper Ltd.'s Central Pulp Mills unit. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking various managers and staff for their assistance during the author's training period. Graphs and calculations are presented to show the material balance from the stock to the pope reel of paper machine 2, as well as the steam and condensate system of that paper machine, which is divided into 6 parts in a cascade system. Conclusions recognize the graphical representations provided and state that the material balance and flows will change according to different operating data.
Water hammer occurs in water supply lines and biphase systems that carry water in both liquid and gas states. It can damage system components through overstressing and cracking over time as it subjects the pipe to repeated shocks. The three main types of shocks are hydraulic, thermal, and differential. Hydraulic shock occurs when water moving at high speed is suddenly stopped, like closing a faucet quickly. Thermal shock happens when steam condenses rapidly, creating vacuum pressures. Differential shock is caused by velocity differences between steam and condensate that form pressure waves down the pipe. All three can weaken pipes over time through these damaging pressure fluctuations until rupture occurs.
The document discusses various issues related to boiler operation including scale and sludge formation, priming, foaming, corrosion, and caustic embrittlement. It provides causes and prevention methods for these problems. Some key points:
1) Scale and sludge can form due to dissolved salts in water and is prevented by softening water, purifying steam, and removing deposits.
2) Priming occurs when water droplets carry over with steam while foaming involves persistent bubbles that don't break, both caused by dissolved substances like oils and alkalis.
3) Corrosion results from oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acids in water and can be reduced by removing these elements.
4) Caustic
Desrespeito ao meio ambiente e à vida: crime ambiental e agressão à professorBauhinia
1) Um advogado mandou podar uma árvore para promover seu escritório, indignando a comunidade que usava a árvore para remédios e sombra.
2) Meses depois, a árvore começou a brotar novamente. Posteriormente, a placa do escritório caiu durante uma ventania, derrubando outra árvore.
3) O advogado agrediu fisicamente um professor na porta do sindicato após o incidente, demonstrando descontrole emocional.
1. Sodium iso-butyl xanthate solution is a flotation agent that is classified as hazardous. It contains carbon disulfide which is highly flammable and toxic.
2. The product requires protective equipment due to irritant and toxic properties from skin/eye contact or inhalation. Prolonged exposure may cause serious health effects.
3. It is incompatible with oxidizing agents and acids, and may evolve toxic gases when heated. Proper storage, handling and disposal are important due to flammability and environmental risks.
This document discusses how retailers can optimize offers across multiple channels through automation. It recommends a three step process: 1) offer management by considering different touchpoints and customer segments, 2) offer optimization by matching offers to individual customer data and behavior, and 3) offer delivery by pushing optimized offers through the appropriate channels. The document emphasizes that effective offer optimization requires collecting and analyzing customer data across all retail channels to personalize offers for each customer.
Graph-based Ontology Analysis in the Linked Open DataLihua Zhao
The document outlines a graph-based approach to analyzing ontologies in Linked Open Data. It describes extracting graph patterns from instances, collecting related <predicate, object> pairs, grouping related classes and predicates, and integrating patterns from all graphs. Experiments on linked datasets analyze graph patterns of instances, classes, and predicates. The approach is compared to previous work, and future work is discussed.
Este documento describe cómo se constituyen y organizan las sociedades por acciones simplificadas (SAS) en Colombia según la Ley 1258 de 2008. Explica que una SAS puede constituirse por una o más personas y que los socios solo son responsables hasta el monto de sus aportes. Detalla los pasos para la creación de una SAS, incluyendo requisitos como el capital autorizado, las acciones y la administración. Además, cubre temas como la transformación, disolución y liquidación de una SAS.
1) A psicanálise foi fundada por Sigmund Freud para investigar os processos mentais inconscientes e desenvolveu-se como teoria, método e prática terapêutica.
2) Freud descobriu o inconsciente através do trabalho com pacientes histéricos e desenvolveu o método catártico de liberação de emoções reprimidas.
3) Sua primeira teoria estrutural da personalidade propôs que a mente é dividida em inconsciente, pré-consciente e consciente.
Elastix: Rompiendo las fronteras de la comunicación. Paul Estrella, Elastix.Elastix México
Elastix es un sistema de telefonía IP gratuito y de código abierto lanzado en 2007 que ha tenido más de 3 millones de descargas. Cuenta con presencia en 5 continentes a través de distribuidores y más de 1000 profesionales certificados, así como 30 socios certificados a través de su programa de certificación de hardware. Recibe alrededor de 30,000 visitas semanales en su sitio web Elastix.org.
This document discusses social advertising in 2011 and the role of paid, owned, and earned media. It defines these three types of social media, provides examples, and discusses their roles and benefits and challenges. Paid media includes things like display ads and sponsorships that brands use to promote themselves. Owned media is channels like a brand's website and social profiles that they control. Earned media refers to word-of-mouth sharing by customers through things like likes, shares, and posts. The document argues that while brands still invest most in paid media around launch, they need to evolve to focus more on owned and earned media to align with how consumers now spend their time on social networks.
Este documento describe el proyecto PIDU La Inmaculada Fase I y II, un proyecto de vivienda de interés social ubicado en la zona Chimita de Bucaramanga. El proyecto consiste en la construcción de 674 apartamentos en la Fase I y 728 apartamentos adicionales en la Fase II, así como locales comerciales, equipamientos como un centro educativo, centro de salud y zonas verdes. El objetivo es proveer vivienda para poblaciones desplazadas y de alto riesgo.
O documento discute o surgimento da tecnologia na sociedade e seu uso no ensino a distância. Aborda a evolução da tecnologia desde a antiguidade até os dias atuais, com o surgimento da internet e dispositivos digitais. Também analisa como as novas tecnologias transformaram o conceito de escola e como podem ser aplicadas na educação a distância.
El documento presenta un grupo de trabajo e investigación sobre educación intercultural y atención al alumnado inmigrante en el Centro de Profesorado de El Ejido. Incluye tres bloques con fichas de trabajo para facilitar el aprendizaje del español al alumnado inmigrante, cubriendo temas como la presentación personal, la escuela, la familia y el entorno.
Design and Implementation of Bluetooth MAC core with RFCOMM on FPGAAneesh Raveendran
The System-on-Chip (SoC) design of digital circuits makes the technology to be reusable. The current paper describes an aspect of design and implementation of IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) protocol on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based SoC. The Bluetooth is a wireless technology designed as a short-range connectivity solution for personal, portable and handheld electronic devices.
This design aims on Bluetooth technology with serial
communication (RS-232) profile at the application layer.
The IP core consists of Bluetooth Medium Access Control
(MAC) and Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
(UART). Each module of the design is described and
developed with hardware description language-Very High
Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language
(VHDL). The final version of SoC is implemented and
tested with ALTERA STRATIX II EP2S15672C3 FPGA.
Refrigeration and air conditioning systembikramstalion
This document discusses various strategies to optimize refrigeration and air conditioning systems to reduce energy consumption and costs. It describes the basic vapor compression refrigeration cycle and how system performance is affected by evaporator and condenser temperatures. Methods to optimize compressor operation include adjusting loading/unloading, variable speed drives, and gas bypass controls. Optimizing cooling water systems, replacing shell and tube condensers with evaporative condensers, and switching to more efficient centrifugal compressors can also improve performance. The document also compares vapor absorption to vapor compression cycles.
This document provides an overview of the condensate system in a power plant, including:
- Key components like the condenser, CEP pumps, SJAE ejectors, LP heaters, and their functions.
- Parameters and specifications of the condenser and LP heaters.
- Importance of maintaining vacuum in the condenser.
- Startup and shutdown procedures for the condensate system, which involve opening/closing valves, maintaining fluid levels, and isolating components as needed.
The document discusses different urea production processes, including the conventional process, stripping process, and differences between them. It provides details on the Montedison, Mitsu-toatsu, Stamicarbon, and SAIPEM processes, including typical operating parameters and unique features. It also discusses potential revamps to existing urea plants, such as changing from total recycle to stripping processes and changing the crystallization route to a concentration route, with the goal of reducing costs through lower energy requirements.
discription aboit vam and how it can worksreader46
This document provides information about vapour absorption cooling systems and their components. It discusses:
1. The basics of lithium bromide and water used in absorption systems.
2. Duhring diagrams which show the relationship between vapour pressure, temperature, and lithium bromide concentration.
3. Pressure profiles for single and double effect machines.
It also summarizes materials used for tubes, plates, and valves. Burners, cycle diagrams, and coefficient of performance are briefly covered.
01 21-2015 basic deaerator science revealed final Desareador de oxigeno.lorenzo Monasca
The document provides an overview of basic deaerator science. It discusses how deaerators work to remove dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide from boiler feedwater, which reduces corrosion and protects boilers. It covers the hydrologic cycle, types of deaerators including spray, tray, and packed column designs, component selection and sizing, and the benefits of using a deaerator. Key points are that deaeration heats, agitates, and releases gases to improve water quality and boiler protection.
Feedwater heaters are used in thermal power plants to pre-heat feedwater and improve cycle efficiency. They extract steam from various turbine stages and use it to heat incoming feedwater in stages. This reduces the amount of heat needed in the boiler and lowers the condenser pressure, improving efficiency. Feedwater heaters come in low-pressure and high-pressure varieties and utilize extracted steam in shell-and-tube or open heat exchangers. Their performance impacts the overall plant heat rate and emissions. Maintaining optimal temperatures and addressing issues like fouling or leaks is important for efficiency.
Cb gf web in sep 2016, feeding chemicals to boilers sfc r3lorenzo Monasca
La dosificacion de aditivos en una calderas de vapor es muy importante. Previene la corrosion y incrustameinetos. Por eso esta presentacion te ayuda a eleigir la bomba adecuada para la dosificacion.
This document provides an overview of steam boiler basics, including:
- Low and high pressure boiler classifications
- Common firetube and watertube boiler designs
- Key boiler components like trim, blowdown equipment, and feedwater systems
- Important considerations for boiler operation like water treatment, combustion air requirements, and preventing short cycling
- Components of a steam boiler room like softeners, deaerators, and economizers
Pump and cooling tower energy performancemaulik610
This document provides an overview of pumps and cooling towers used in industrial applications. It discusses the main components, types, and operating characteristics of pumps, including centrifugal pumps which account for 75% of installed pumps. The document also examines how to assess pump performance by calculating parameters like pump shaft power and hydraulic power. For cooling towers, it outlines the components and types, and explains how to evaluate cooling tower performance using metrics such as range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and evaporation loss. The document concludes by identifying opportunities to improve the energy efficiency of pumps and cooling towers through equipment selection and optimization.
This document discusses chilled water system components and operation for constant volume and variable volume systems. It describes how a three-way valve works under full, partial, and no load conditions on an air conditioning coil. It then discusses deficiencies of the three-way valve system and alternatives like primary-secondary pumping and variable speed drives to improve efficiency. Different pumping configurations like primary-secondary, primary-secondary-tertiary, and zone pumping are also compared.
The document provides information about a training session on solar thermal and heat pump systems for industrial applications. It discusses solar thermal and heat pump technologies for various industrial processes like canteen cooking, plate washing, boiler feed, and process treatment. Load estimations are presented for a canteen cooking application using both solar thermal and heat pump systems. The solar thermal system requires a 126 kW capacity while the heat pump requires 42 kW due to different operating hours.
Chilled Water Systems Total Cost of Ownership.pptEstevanhuertas
This document discusses strategies for minimizing the capital and operating costs of chilled water systems. It provides an example of a low-flow, high delta-T chilled water system that reduces energy consumption. Variable primary flow systems are presented as having lower costs than conventional decoupled systems due to fewer components. Series evaporator arrangements are shown to improve chiller efficiency over single compressor designs. Chiller-tower optimization is recommended to define the optimal condenser water temperature using controls that minimize total system power.
La recupercion de Energia termica que eliminan los gases de escape a la atmotfera de las turbinas o generadores de combustion interna. Pueden ser aprovechadas para producir vapor de media presion y ser utilizadas en la industria. La cogeneracion es una importante alternativa para generar grandes ahorros de combustible. Te invito a investigar y tomar las mejores decisiones para tus proyectos de ahorro energetico.
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2. What We Are Covering Today?
• Brief review of the total steam system
• Why a proper condensate return system is so important
• Condensate return and affect on the property’s operation
• What compromises the optimum condensate return system
• The corrective actions
• Delivering condensate back to the boiler room
• The choices for holding and treating this condensate.
• Summary
• Q/A
2
3. 3
T
T
T
T
T
Steam
Condensate
H P Cond Return
Vent
D A TankD A Tank
Feed PumpBoiler
Strainer
Trap Trap
Trap Trap
TT
TT
DA
Tank
TT
TT
TTT
HP Steam
PRV
15 psig
250 F
LP Steam
150 psig
366 F
Trap
LP Condensate Return
Cond Recovery
& Pump
Motive
Force
Supply and Return System(s)
3
Legend
5. 5
T
T
T
T
T
Steam
Condensate
H P Cond Return
Vent
D A TankD A Tank
Feed PumpBoiler
Strainer
Trap Trap
Trap Trap
TT
TT
DA
Tank
TT
TT
TTT
HP Steam
PRV
15 psig
250 F
LP Steam
150 psig
366 F
Trap
LP Condensate Return
Cond Recovery
& Pump
Motive
Force
Supply and Return System(s)
5
Legend
6. Reasons why condensate system is important
• Operating cost reduction
• Reliability
• Safety
8. What is the cost of steam?
2011 Steam Rate
($15.00/1,000 lb)
9. Steam - Basic Concepts
2120 F.
2000 F.
1000 F.
320 F.
00 F.
138 880
Latent Heat
of Vaporization
(or Latent Heat
of Condensation)
Latent
Heat of
Fusion
Btu per pound of water
Sensible
Heat
Sensible
Heat
3380 F.
Boiler operating at 100 psig and 200 OF feed water
1 lb
water at
338O F
1 lb
steam at
338O F
1 lb
water at
200O F
9
12. Energy Dollars at Risk
$
DOWN
THE
DRAIN
12
Every 10 degree drop in feed water
temperature equals a 1% drop in efficiency!
13. 13
Blowdown Heat Recovery Types
Blowdown Heat Recovery Unit
• Proportional blowdown heat recovery system
• Atmospheric feed or deaerator
• Automatically controls TDS
• Single or Multiple Boilers
• Blowdown is cooled before discharge (Code compliance)
14. Condensate Recovery
Savings Derived from:
• Fuel savings
• Chemicals
• Water
• Sewer costs
Bringing back condensate at
higher pressures will result in
even greater savings!
22. Non Condensable Gas Corrosion
Courtesy:http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/oxygen-steel-pipe-...
50 F
86 F
122 F
• Almost 2 times more
corrosive at 122o F
than at 86o F
• Dissolved oxygen is
10 times more
corrosive than CO2
CO2O2
23. 23
Air and Corrosion
The Piping is Subject to Corrosion
Subcooled Condensate + CO2
Forms Carbonic Acid
( CO2 + H2O H2CO3 )
40% more corrosive when combined with dissolved O2!!
23
24. Carbonic Acid Corrosion
Cause and Effect
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3
• Created where
condensate is not
fully drained.
• Attacks pipe and
coil material.
30. Drip Pockets
Steam Trap
Drip Leg
6-10”
BD and Venting
Locations:
• Low Spots
• End of Main Ahead of
Expansion Joints
• Ahead of Valves,
Bends & Regulators
30
Locate every 150 – 300 feet in a linear length of steam pipe
32. Moving condensate from source to boiler room
Motive force of steam pressure differential
33. Condensate Transfer Tanks
• Standard models 200°F
or less
• 210°F floor mounted
units w/ low NPSH
pumps
• 212°F elevated units
available, thereby
increasing NPSH
34. Steam & Condensate Velocity
Typical Velocities in steam systems:
Process Piping 6000 – 8000 fpm
(70 – 90 MPH)
LP Heating
Systems
4000 – 6000 fpm
(45 – 70 MPH)
Typical Velocities in Condensate return
systems
Liquid 180 – 420 fpm
Bi-phase Approx. 3000-
7000 fpm
• Boiler operating pressure
• Pounds of condensate
• Pressure at trap inlet
• Pressure in line
• Condensate pipe diameter
• Allowable pressure drop
Note: Pressure drop should not exceed 20% of boiler’s maximum operating pressure
35. 35
T
T
T
T
T
Steam
Condensate
Common Condensate Return
D A TankD A Tank
Feed PumpBoiler
Strainer
Trap Trap
Trap TrapTT
TT
DA
Tank
TT
TT
TTT
HP Steam LP Steam
150 psig
366 F
Motive
Force
Supply and Return System(s)
35
Legend
Trap
43. 43
Flash Tank
Flash Tank
• Higher temperature drip traps
• Vent to atmosphere
• Use flash steam for LP use (non-modulating)
• Preheat boiler feed water
Drip trap location
Steam User
44. 44
Calculating Flash Steam %
Formula: (hf1 – hf2 )/hfg2 = % Flash
HF1: Sensible Btu’s in
HF2: Sensible Btu’s out
HFG2: Latent Btu’s out
Example: User operating at 150 psig with discharge @
15 psig…..
338 – 218 = 120/946 = 13% Flash Captured!
. Btu’s SAVED!
. Water & Sewer charges SAVED!
. Chemicals SAVED!
45. T
T
T
T
T
H P Condensate Return
Cond. Pump
D A TankD A Tank
Feed PumpBoiler
Strainer
Trap Trap
Trap Trap
TT
TT
TT
TT
TTT
HP Steam
PRV
15 psig
250 F
LP Steam
175 psig
366 F
Trap
Motive
Force
Feed Tank or
DA
HP Condensate Recovery
46. High Pressure Condensate Receiver
• Takes high pressure
condensate directly
from the user.
• No need to deaerate.
• Pump directly into
boiler
• Feed the HPR from
the DA
49. Chemical Feed Tank
49
• Phosphonates
• Chelant (de-scaler)
• Polymers
• Sulfite
• Non-sulfite scavengers
• Amines (neutralizing or filming)
Mixing and Dispensing
50. Final Summary
50
• The boiler is part of a total system including its piping supply and return
network, and all the associated accessories supporting the total whole.
• Proper condensate line engineering impacts energy efficiency,
production reliability, and safety
• Every 10 degree pickup in feedwater temperature = 1% fuel savings
• Condensate is sensible energy which increases with increasing
operating pressures
• Reliability is affected by system backup (Stall) and system corrosion
• Condensate line water hammer is normally Thermal type
• Flash recovery systems can mitigate problem and save energy
• Recommended velocities in bi-phase condensate lines is 3000 – 7000
ft/min
• As line pressure in bi-phase condensate increases the volume
decreases, reducing line size for same velocity.
• Condensate line sizing involves knowing boiler pressure, trap inlet
pressure, pounds of condensate, common line pressure, desired
velocity, and desired pressure drop
51. Steve Connor
Training & Technical Consultant
• sconnor@cleaverbrooks.com
• www.cleaverbrooks.com
51