According to the document, there are four main types of learning: perceptual learning, stimulus-response learning, motor learning, and relational learning. Perceptual learning involves learning to recognize and categorize stimuli, while stimulus-response learning establishes connections between perception and movement to form behaviors in response to stimuli. Motor learning is a component of stimulus-response learning that establishes changes in motor systems through interaction with the environment. Relational learning connects individual stimuli to understand relationships between them.

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According to Neil Carson (2013), Learning is
the process by which experiences change our
nervous system and hence our behavior.
These changes that occur refers to our
memories

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There are four main types of Learning
Perceptual Learning
Stimulus-Response Learning
Motor Learning
Relational Learning

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This is the ability to learn or recognize stimuli
that have been perceived before.
Primarily, the main function of this type of
learning is the ability to identify and
categorize objects and situation
Consequently, we have to learn to recognize
something in order to respond effectively to
it. (First part of learning is to perceive)

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This is the ability to learn to perform a
particular behavior when a particular stimulus
is present.
Thus it involves the establishment of
connections between circuits involved in
perception and those involved in movement.

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Behavior can be an automatic response such
as a reflex mechanism or a complicated
sequence of movements that were previously
learnt.

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Classical Conditioning
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Instrumental Conditioning

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Discovered by Ivan Pavlov, classical
conditioning emerged as a form of learning
in which animals come to respond to a
previously neutral stimulus that elicits an
automatic response
Consequently, Classical Conditioning involves
making an association between two stimuli.

12. Donald Hebb proposed a rule that might
explain how neurons are changed by
experiences that consequently causes our
behavior to change.
The Hebb rule purports that if a synapse
repeatedly becomes active at about the same
time that the postsynaptic neurons fires,
changes will take place in the structure that
will strengthen it

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Also termed as Operant Conditioning,
Instrumental learning involves the association
between a response and a consequent
stimulus
Whereas classical conditioning involves
automatic responses, instrumental
conditioning involves learnt behaviors that is
reinforced by the consequences of that
behavior

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Reinforcing stimuli (Reinforcement) is a
response followed by favorable consequences
and as a result are more likely to occur in the
future.
Punishing stimuli (Punishment) is a response
followed by unfavorable consequences that is
less likely to be repeated in the future.

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Damage to the basal ganglia disrupts
instrumental conditioning

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Motor learning is a component of stimulusresponse learning.
Evidently, Perceptual learning deals with the
establishment of changes within the sensory
system of the brain while stimulus-response
learning is the establishment of connections
between sensory systems.
Motor learning therefore is the establishment of
changes within motor systems but it cannot
occur without sensory guidance from the
environment. For example, It involves the
interaction with objects to obtain a skilled
movement (A response).

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Relational learning involves the connection
between individual stimuli.
Consequently, we can form an association
between an image and a sound.
Learning about the relationship among many
stimuli (Spatial Learning)
Remember sequences of events (Episodic
Learning)
Viewing and recalling the actions of another
person (Observational learning)

18. 
This is a classification including several areas
of functioning in which a person has difficulty
learning in a typical manner, usually caused
by an unknown factors

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Dyslexia- characterized by difficulty with
learning to read fluently and with accurate
comprehension despite normal intelligence
Dyscalculia- is difficulty in learning or
comprehending arithmetic, such as difficulty
understanding numbers, learning to
manipulate them and learning math facts
Dysgraphia- a deficiency in one’s ability to
write, primarily in terms of handwriting but
also in terms of coherence.