Lathe machine, its types ,functions & operation present by Engr. Umair raza

1. Manufacturing Processing (Lab)
Title: Study Of Lathe
Submitted By: Umair Raza
Submitted To: Engr. Tahir Abbas
Roll #: 19013386-002
Section: A
Semester: 2nd
Date Of Submitted : 11-02-2020
Department Of Mechanical Engineering
University Of Gujrat (UOG)

2. Objectives:
 Introduction
 Evolution Of Lathe
 Parts Of Lathe
 Types Of Lathe
 Working Principle
 Operation Of Lathe
 Conclusion
Introduction:
 The Lathe Machine is the one of the oldest & most important machine tools in the
metal. As early as 1569, wood lathes were in use in France..
 Lathe Machine also called as “Engine Lathe” because the first type of the lathe was
driven by a steam engine.
 Lathe machine refers to a machine tool which used to remove unwanted metals from
the work piece to give desired shape and size.
 Lathe machine is one of the most important machine tools which is used in
the metalworking industry.
 It operates on the principle of a rotating work piece and a fixed cutting tool.
 The cutting tool is feed into the work piece which rotates about its own axis causing
the workpiece to form the desired shape.
 It is also known as ” the mother/father of the entire tool family”.
 The main function of Lathe is to remove excess material in the form of chips by
rotating the work piece against a stationary cutting tool.
 This is accomplished by holding the work securely and rigidly on the machine and
then turning it against cutting tool which will remove metal from the work.
 To cut the material properly the tool should be harder than the material of the work
piece, should be rigidly held on the machine and should be fed or progress progress in
a definite way relative to the work.
 Henry Maudsley is the inventor of
center lathe .
 A lathe operates on the principle of a
rotating work piece & a fixed cutting
tool.
 Lathe machine is invented by “David
Wilkinson (05 Jan 1771- 03 Feb
1852)

3. Evolution Of Lathe:
One of the first lathes in the UK was the Horizontal Boring Machine that was installed by Jan
Verbruggen in 1772 in the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich. One of the key characteristics of this
Boring Machine was that the workpiece was turning as opposed to the tool making it
technically a lathe. Henry Maudslay who later developed many improvements to the lathe
worked at the Royal Arsenal from 1783 being exposed to this machine in the Verbruggen
workshop.
Between the late 19th and mid-20th centuries, individual electric motors at each lathe
replaced line shafting as the power source. Beginning in the 1950s, servomechanism were
applied to the control of lathes and other machine tools via numerical control, which often
was coupled with computers to yield computerized numerical control. Today manually
controlled and CNC lathes coexist in the manufacturing industries.
Parts Of Lathe:
1. Bed 9. Carriage
2. Head Stock i. Saddle
3. Main Spindle ii. Apron
4. Tail Stock iii. ToolPost
5. Lead Screw iv. Cross slide
6. Live Center v. Compound Rest
7. DeadCenter vi. Compound Slide
8. FeedMechanism

4. Types of Lathe:
1)Engine Lathe: The term
‘engine’ is associated
with the lathe owing to the
fact that early lathes
were driven by steam
engine. It also called as
Center Lathe. In the tool
post is replaced by a
square
cross slide which can hold
four tools.
2) Bench Lathe: A bench
top model usually of low power
used to make precision
machine small work pieces. It
used for small w/p having a
max. Swing of 250mm at the
face plate.
3) Tool-RoomLathe: It has
a wide range of spindle speeds ranging
from a very law to a quite high speed
up to 2500 rpm.It used for precision
work on a tools, dies, gauges and in
machining work where accuracy is
needed.
4) Automatic Lathe: In this
the work piece is automatically
fed and removed without use of
an operator.

5. 5) Turret Lathe: Turret
lathe is the adaptation of the
engine lathe where the tail
stock is replaced by a turret
slide (cylinder or hexagonal).
Working Principle of lathe machine:
A lathe is a machine tool which use to removes unwanted materials from a work piece in
the form of chips with the help of a tool that travels across
the work piece and can be fed deep in work.
When the tool is moved parallel to the work-piece
then the cylindrical surface is formed.
If the tool is moved inclined to the axis then
it produces a tapered surface and so calls as taper turning.
Operations of Lathe Machine:
1. Turning 4. Boring
i. Tapers and Taper Turning i. Counter Boring
ii. Straight turning ii. Taper Boring
iii. Profiling 5. Reaming
iv. External grooving, etc 6. Knurling
2. Facing 7. Chamfering
3. Drilling 8. Filling
9. Parting 10. Threading
11. Grooving 12. Forming
13. Polishing

6. Turning: Turning is the operation of reducing the diameter of a work piece to produce a
cone -shaped or a cylindrical surface.
Facing: Facing is an operation of reducing the length of a work piece to produce a flat
surface square with the axis.
Drilling: Drilling is an operation of producing a cylindrical hole in a work piece by the
rotating cutting edge of a cutter known as the drill.
Boring: Boring is the operation of enlarge a hole or cylindrical cavity to produce circular
internal grooves.
Reaming:Reaming is the operation of finishing and sizing a hole which has been
previously drilled or bored.
Knurling: Knurling is the process of embossing a diamond shaped pattern on the surface of
a work piece.
Chamfering: Chamfering is the operation of beveling the extreme end of a work piece.
Filling: Filling is the finishing operation performed after turning.
Parting: Parting is the operation of cutting a work piece after it has been machining to the
desired size and shape.
Threading: Threading is a operations to produce a helical groove on a cylindrical or
conical surface by feeding the tool longitudinally when the job is revolved between centres
or by a chuck.
Grooving: Grooving is the process of reducing the diameter of a work piece over a very
narrow surface.
Forming: Forming is the process of turning a convex, concave or of any irregular shape.
Polishing: It is basically a surface finishing operation to improve the surface quality of the
work piece.
Conclusion:
A Lathe machine is a heavy duty & high powered tools largely used in engineering. They are
used to cut and shape metals , wood & also drill holes with added parts (drill bits).A lathe
machine is very heavy and high powered machine largely used in engineering.
REFRENCES:
https://mechanicalnotes.com/2019/02/01/lathe-machine-introduction/
https://ravimachines.com/history-of-lathe-machine/
https://www.slideshare.net/Mohd_Limdi/introduction-to-lathe-machine-53917910
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe
https://www.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_conclusion_of_a_lathe_machine