This document discusses microbial surfactants, also known as biosurfactants. It begins by defining surfactants and their ability to lower surface tension. Both synthetic and natural (biosurfactants) exist. Biosurfactants have advantages over synthetic surfactants like biodegradability and low toxicity. They have applications in industries like petroleum recovery, food, and pharmaceuticals. Biosurfactant production is affected by nutrients sources like carbon and nitrogen as well as temperature and aeration. The document classifies biosurfactants based on their chemical composition and producing microorganism. It provides examples of different types of biosurfactants and their producing microbes. In conclusion, biosurfactants show promise
Role of Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry for Bioremediation to Clean the E...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Role of Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry for Bioremediation to Clean the Environment by Durgesh Kumar Jaiswal and Jay Prakash Verma* Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
1) The study compared the production of biosurfactants by two bacterial strains (Strain 1 and Strain 2) using different carbon sources and concentrations.
2) The results showed that Strain 1 produced more biosurfactants than Strain 2. Dextrose as a carbon source at a concentration of 1.5% resulted in the highest biosurfactant yield for both strains.
3) Increasing the concentration of carbon sources from 0.5% to 1.5% generally increased biosurfactant production, indicating that higher concentrations favored biosurfactant production by the bacteria.
here in this presentation include the most important decomposers in the soil environment and their activity in improving soil health and providing foods for other microorganisms.
This document describes the preparation and evaluation of three new heterocyclic compounds (I, II, III) based on benzo[b]thiophene derivatives as potential antifouling agents. The compounds were synthesized and characterized using various analytical techniques. Their antimicrobial activity was tested against common slime-forming microorganisms like bacteria. Compounds were also evaluated for their biological activity against larger macrofouling organisms. Testing showed that compounds II and III had greater biocidal and antimicrobial activity than compound I, indicating their potential as antifouling agents.
Importance of biosurfactant production in removal of oilP.A Anaharaman
Pollution from oil spills harms the environment and is difficult to clean up. Biosurfactants, which are compounds produced by microbes, can help remediate oil spills by emulsifying oil and increasing the surface area that microbes can use to degrade oil. However, biosurfactants are currently not widely used for oil spill cleanup due to their relatively high production costs compared to synthetic surfactants. Research is ongoing to develop cheaper production methods to make biosurfactant use more economically viable for large-scale oil spill remediation.
The document discusses bioaccumulation and biotransformation. Bioaccumulation refers to the gradual buildup of pollutants in living organisms as they are absorbed at a higher concentration than what exists in the surrounding environment. There are three main types of bioaccumulation: organismal, trophic transfer through the food chain, and soil accumulation. Biotransformation is the process by which substances are chemically altered within an organism through metabolic reactions like oxidation, reduction and conjugation. Factors like uptake, storage, elimination and the substance's hydrophobicity determine how much bioaccumulation occurs.
This document summarizes a study on the bioremediation of toxic compounds from textile industry effluent using dead fungal biomass. The study investigated the biosorption of the azo dye Methyl Orange and heavy metals chromium and lead using dead biomass of the fungus Aspergillus flavus. The maximum biosorption for each compound was determined under different parameters such as pH, contact time, concentration of solution, temperature, and biomass concentration. Methyl Orange biosorption was found to be 53.62% at pH 5.5 and 40 minutes. Chromium biosorption was 72.18% at pH 6 and 10 minutes. Lead biosorption was 76.12% at pH 7
Role of Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry for Bioremediation to Clean the E...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Role of Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry for Bioremediation to Clean the Environment by Durgesh Kumar Jaiswal and Jay Prakash Verma* Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
1) The study compared the production of biosurfactants by two bacterial strains (Strain 1 and Strain 2) using different carbon sources and concentrations.
2) The results showed that Strain 1 produced more biosurfactants than Strain 2. Dextrose as a carbon source at a concentration of 1.5% resulted in the highest biosurfactant yield for both strains.
3) Increasing the concentration of carbon sources from 0.5% to 1.5% generally increased biosurfactant production, indicating that higher concentrations favored biosurfactant production by the bacteria.
here in this presentation include the most important decomposers in the soil environment and their activity in improving soil health and providing foods for other microorganisms.
This document describes the preparation and evaluation of three new heterocyclic compounds (I, II, III) based on benzo[b]thiophene derivatives as potential antifouling agents. The compounds were synthesized and characterized using various analytical techniques. Their antimicrobial activity was tested against common slime-forming microorganisms like bacteria. Compounds were also evaluated for their biological activity against larger macrofouling organisms. Testing showed that compounds II and III had greater biocidal and antimicrobial activity than compound I, indicating their potential as antifouling agents.
Importance of biosurfactant production in removal of oilP.A Anaharaman
Pollution from oil spills harms the environment and is difficult to clean up. Biosurfactants, which are compounds produced by microbes, can help remediate oil spills by emulsifying oil and increasing the surface area that microbes can use to degrade oil. However, biosurfactants are currently not widely used for oil spill cleanup due to their relatively high production costs compared to synthetic surfactants. Research is ongoing to develop cheaper production methods to make biosurfactant use more economically viable for large-scale oil spill remediation.
The document discusses bioaccumulation and biotransformation. Bioaccumulation refers to the gradual buildup of pollutants in living organisms as they are absorbed at a higher concentration than what exists in the surrounding environment. There are three main types of bioaccumulation: organismal, trophic transfer through the food chain, and soil accumulation. Biotransformation is the process by which substances are chemically altered within an organism through metabolic reactions like oxidation, reduction and conjugation. Factors like uptake, storage, elimination and the substance's hydrophobicity determine how much bioaccumulation occurs.
This document summarizes a study on the bioremediation of toxic compounds from textile industry effluent using dead fungal biomass. The study investigated the biosorption of the azo dye Methyl Orange and heavy metals chromium and lead using dead biomass of the fungus Aspergillus flavus. The maximum biosorption for each compound was determined under different parameters such as pH, contact time, concentration of solution, temperature, and biomass concentration. Methyl Orange biosorption was found to be 53.62% at pH 5.5 and 40 minutes. Chromium biosorption was 72.18% at pH 6 and 10 minutes. Lead biosorption was 76.12% at pH 7
This document discusses surfactants and their applications in agriculture. It begins by defining surfactants and their structure, then describes the main types - anionic, cationic, amphoteric, and nonionic. It discusses factors to consider when choosing surfactants for crop production. The document outlines the major applications of surfactants in herbicides, fungicides and insecticides. It details the effects of surfactants on plants and soils, as well as their use in agrochemical formulations. Finally, it explores the potential applications of biosurfactants in agriculture as more sustainable alternatives to synthetic surfactants.
The document discusses the removal of heavy metals from polluted sites using microorganisms through the process of bioremediation. It outlines how certain bacteria, algae, and fungi are able to uptake and accumulate heavy metals through various binding mechanisms. Bioremediation holds promise as a more eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to conventional wastewater treatment technologies. Ongoing research is focused on determining the most suitable bioremediation strategies for different contaminated sites and optimizing environmental conditions to enhance microbial activity.
Nano technology based bio degradable plasticsprasad reddy
nanotechnology is emerging science having a lots of applications in various feilds including food and agriculture " the small things can make big difference "
Lignin is regarded as the most plentiful aromatic polymer contains both non-phenolic and phenolic structures. It makes the integral part of secondary wall and plays a significant role in water conduction in vascular plants. Many fungi, bacteria and insects have ability to decrease this lignin by producing enzymes. Certain enzymes from specialized bacteria and fungi have been identified by researchers that can metabolize lignin and enable utilization of lignin “derived carbon sources. In this review, we attempt to provide an overview of the complexity of lignins polymeric structure, its distribution in forest soils, and its chemical nature. Herein, we focus on lignin biodegradation by various microorganism, fungi and bacteria present in plant biomass and soils that are capable of producing ligninolytic enzymes such as lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, versatile peroxidase, and dye “ decolorizing peroxidase. The relevant and recent reports have been included in this review. U. Priyanga | M. Kannahi"Lignin Degradation: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11556.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/11556/lignin-degradation-a-review/u-priyanga
Study of ligninolytic bacteria isolation and characterization from dhamdha ag...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Lignin is a complex, three-dimensional aromatic polymer consisting of dimethoxylated, monomethoxylated and non-methoxylated phenylpropanoid subunits. It is the most abundant renewable carbon source on Earth. The majority of plant biomass, including stems and leaves, is composed of lignocellulose. In present study isolation, identification and characterization of ligninolytic bacterial flora were done from the agro-field, using a lignin residue. 2 types of soil samples black and mixed soil were selected from agro fields of Dhamdha of Bhilai-Durg for isolation of ligninolyitc bacterial colony. Microbes from both mixed and black soil samples were grown in solid media by Hungate method and result shown that three types of bacterial colonies (1-MS, 2-BS), were isolated from Dhandha agro field and used to check the activity of lignolytic capability. Out of 3 types colonies only 1types of colony (j-MS), was shown potential of lignin degradation. The Morphological, gram’s reaction and endospores staining reaction, biochemical characteristics of the isolate obtained from this agro-field soil samples identified with reference to Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. These identified isolate (j) - Bacillus species was shown presence of Laccase, Manganese peroxidase (MnP) and Lignin peroxidase (LiP), etc. lignin degrading enzymes. This results concluded that Bacillus sps. strain was able to degrade lignin substrate which was second abundant and waste material in the world. It is also concluded that to expand on the range of products which can be obtained from lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, soil bacteria was isolated by enrichment on Kraft lignin and evaluated for their ligninolytic potential as a source of novel enzymes use to generate 2nd generation biofuel from waste streams of pulping.
Keywords: Lignocellulosic, 2nd generation biofuel, Laccase, Manganese peroxidase (MnP), and Lignin peroxidase (LiP), Bacillus species
1) Biodegradable polymers are polymers that break down into smaller molecules through mechanisms such as hydrolysis or enzymatic degradation. They include both synthetic polymers like polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, and polycaprolactone, as well as natural polymers like collagen and albumin.
2) The degradation of biodegradable polymers can occur through either surface or bulk erosion and can be mediated by water, enzymes, or microorganisms. Common mechanisms include cleavage of crosslinks, transformation of side chains, or cleavage of the polymer backbone.
3) Biodegradable polymers find applications as drug delivery systems where they provide localized and sustained release of drugs as well as reduce dosing frequency
This study compared bacteria for biosurfactant production using different carbon sources. The researchers screened and isolated bacteria, then inoculated them and incubated using different carbon sources like dextrose, yeast, beef and peptone. They then extracted and tested the bacteria to analyze biosurfactant yield and emulsification ability. Biosurfactants have importance for microbes in processes like adhesion, emulsification and biofilm formation. They also have applications in agriculture, cleaning products, corrosion inhibition, and bioremediation. The goal was to identify efficient biosurfactant producing bacteria under varied carbon source conditions.
Xenobiotics and Microbial and Biotechnological approacheshanugoudaPatil
This document discusses xenobiotics and biotechnological approaches to remediating them. It defines xenobiotics as foreign compounds found within organisms. Environmental xenobiotics include pollutants like pesticides, petrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Recalcitrant xenobiotics persist in the environment and resist degradation. The document outlines genetic engineering approaches used to create genetically modified microbes (GEMs) that can biodegrade various xenobiotics through enhanced or novel metabolic pathways. GEMs show promise for more effective bioremediation of contaminated environments.
Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Soil and Aquatic Environment: An Overview...Abdullah Al Moinee
This document summarizes the principles and mechanisms of bioremediation of heavy metals from soil and aquatic environments. It discusses how microorganisms and plants can tolerate and degrade heavy metals through various processes like biosorption, bioaccumulation, biomineralization and biotransformation. The review examines advances in bioremediation technologies using genetic engineering approaches to develop microbes and plants tailored for bioremediation. It also discusses applying principles of nanotechnology, genomics and manipulating plant-microbe symbiosis to improve bioremediation strategies for heavy metal contamination.
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
This document summarizes microbial degradation of various xenobiotics and pollutants. It discusses how microbes like bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes are able to degrade compounds like hydrocarbons, PAHs, pesticides, dyes and other xenobiotics. The microbes produce enzymes that allow them to use these compounds as carbon and energy sources and breakdown the compounds into simpler molecules like carbon dioxide and water.
Environmental Microbiology: Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compoundsTejaswini Petkar
A brief presentation on 'Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compounds'- their classes,their sources, the microorganisms involved and their modes of degradation,
Bio degradation of pesticides and herbicides aakvd
Microorganisms play a major role in biodegrading pesticides and herbicides in soil. Various bacteria, fungi, and other microbes secrete enzymes and metabolites that can break down these chemicals into less toxic compounds. The rate of biodegradation depends on genetic and environmental factors. Common strategies to enhance pesticide and herbicide degradation include biostimulation, bioaugmentation, composting, and phytoremediation. Examples are provided of specific microorganisms involved in degrading pesticides like DDT, lindane, malathion, and various herbicides.
This document discusses bioaugmentation as a remediation technology. It introduces bioaugmentation and describes different bioaugmentation technologies including cell bioaugmentation, gene bioaugmentation, rhizosphere bioaugmentation, and phytoaugmentation. Cell bioaugmentation involves using carrier materials or encapsulation to deliver microorganisms to contaminated sites. Gene bioaugmentation uses horizontal gene transfer to introduce remediation genes. The document also provides case studies of bioaugmentation in coke plant wastewater and oilfield wastewater treatment and discusses benefits and challenges of bioaugmentation.
Bioremediation of marine oil spills involves using oil-degrading microorganisms and nutrients to break down toxic hydrocarbons from spills. There are two main approaches: bioaugmentation adds microbes to degrade compounds not broken down by native microbes, while biostimulation supplements nutrients to enhance degradation by existing microbes. Research has shown biostimulation works best by applying nutrients at low tide along the high tide line to maximize contact time affected the oil. Waves and tides influence nutrient movement, requiring consideration for optimal bioremediation effectiveness.
This document discusses various types of xenobiotics (foreign chemicals) including pesticides, hydrocarbons, plastics, and other industrial chemicals. It describes their sources and outlines several mechanisms by which microorganisms can biodegrade these compounds, including hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. Specific pathways and microbes involved in degrading compounds like polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and various plastics and pesticides are also summarized.
The document discusses a study that aimed to treat tannery effluent using cyanobacteria, coir pith, and Nava Rasa Karaisal (NRK) to create an organic manure. This manure was then used to grow the Sansevieria trifasciata plant. Physiochemical parameters, heavy metals, and nutrients were analyzed in the untreated and treated effluent. The results showed reductions in these parameters after the combined treatment. The growth of S. trifasciata was also monitored and showed increased growth with the treated manure compared to untreated effluent, especially for indoor plants.
The document discusses the antimicrobial properties of chitosan and its applications in plant disease control. Chitosan exhibits antimicrobial activity against viruses, bacteria, fungi and oomycetes. The level of suppression varies based on factors like molecular weight and chemical composition. It has been used as a seed coating agent to improve germination and as a foliar treatment to increase photosynthetic rates in plants. Studies have found chitosan and its derivatives can restrict the growth of pathogens and be effective for controlling plant diseases when applied as a soil amendment or foliar treatment.
Isolation and characterization of biosurfactants producing bacteria from oil ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized bacteria from oil-polluted soil samples that can produce biosurfactants. Two bacterial species were isolated - Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These isolates were screened for biosurfactant production using oil displacement and blood hemolysis tests. Isolates X4 and X8 produced the largest zones of clearance, indicating greatest biosurfactant production. The biosurfactants were characterized using thin layer chromatography and were identified as rhamnolipid and surfactin. P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis were confirmed as effective producers of glycolipid and lipopeptide biosurfactants, respectively.
Bioremediation and Biodegradation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils: A Reviewiosrjce
This document reviews research on bioremediation and biodegradation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils. It discusses the roles of natural attenuation, biostimulation, and bioaugmentation in bioremediation. Specifically, it finds that biostimulation using organic substances like poultry manure and food waste are effective for optimizing bioremediation. Aerobic degradation processes are also found to be the most viable technique for field application of bioremediation. The document also examines the roles of oxygen supply and other factors on bioremediation effectiveness and efficiency.
Studies on the Production of Rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas Putida IJORCS
Rhamnolipid as a potent natural biosurfactant has a wide range of potential applications, including enhanced oil recovery, biodegradation, and bioremediation. Observation of tensio-active indicated that biosurfactants were produced by the newly isolated and promising strain Pseudomonas putida. The biosurfactants were identified as rhamnolipids, the amphiphilic surface-active glycolipids usually secreted by Pseudomonas sp. In addition, the ability to generate rhamnolipids by placement of the right microbes might help overcome rhamnolipid adsorption during flow through reservoir rocks and the resultant degradation that would decrease the rhamnolipid concentrations. Their production was observed when the strain was grown on soluble substrates, such as glucose or on poorly soluble substrates. Maximum value 1.13 mg/ ml was occurred on the second day. Production of biosurfactants depends on the nutrient media. The surface tension was decreased with increasing time and growth.
Los biosurfactantes son moléculas producidas por bacterias que reducen la tensión superficial y tienen propiedades emulsionantes. Pueden clasificarse según su composición química y se usan para limpiar tanques de petróleo y en procesos biotecnológicos como la biorremediación, debido a su baja toxicidad y capacidad de biodegradación.
This document discusses surfactants and their applications in agriculture. It begins by defining surfactants and their structure, then describes the main types - anionic, cationic, amphoteric, and nonionic. It discusses factors to consider when choosing surfactants for crop production. The document outlines the major applications of surfactants in herbicides, fungicides and insecticides. It details the effects of surfactants on plants and soils, as well as their use in agrochemical formulations. Finally, it explores the potential applications of biosurfactants in agriculture as more sustainable alternatives to synthetic surfactants.
The document discusses the removal of heavy metals from polluted sites using microorganisms through the process of bioremediation. It outlines how certain bacteria, algae, and fungi are able to uptake and accumulate heavy metals through various binding mechanisms. Bioremediation holds promise as a more eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to conventional wastewater treatment technologies. Ongoing research is focused on determining the most suitable bioremediation strategies for different contaminated sites and optimizing environmental conditions to enhance microbial activity.
Nano technology based bio degradable plasticsprasad reddy
nanotechnology is emerging science having a lots of applications in various feilds including food and agriculture " the small things can make big difference "
Lignin is regarded as the most plentiful aromatic polymer contains both non-phenolic and phenolic structures. It makes the integral part of secondary wall and plays a significant role in water conduction in vascular plants. Many fungi, bacteria and insects have ability to decrease this lignin by producing enzymes. Certain enzymes from specialized bacteria and fungi have been identified by researchers that can metabolize lignin and enable utilization of lignin “derived carbon sources. In this review, we attempt to provide an overview of the complexity of lignins polymeric structure, its distribution in forest soils, and its chemical nature. Herein, we focus on lignin biodegradation by various microorganism, fungi and bacteria present in plant biomass and soils that are capable of producing ligninolytic enzymes such as lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, versatile peroxidase, and dye “ decolorizing peroxidase. The relevant and recent reports have been included in this review. U. Priyanga | M. Kannahi"Lignin Degradation: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11556.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/11556/lignin-degradation-a-review/u-priyanga
Study of ligninolytic bacteria isolation and characterization from dhamdha ag...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Lignin is a complex, three-dimensional aromatic polymer consisting of dimethoxylated, monomethoxylated and non-methoxylated phenylpropanoid subunits. It is the most abundant renewable carbon source on Earth. The majority of plant biomass, including stems and leaves, is composed of lignocellulose. In present study isolation, identification and characterization of ligninolytic bacterial flora were done from the agro-field, using a lignin residue. 2 types of soil samples black and mixed soil were selected from agro fields of Dhamdha of Bhilai-Durg for isolation of ligninolyitc bacterial colony. Microbes from both mixed and black soil samples were grown in solid media by Hungate method and result shown that three types of bacterial colonies (1-MS, 2-BS), were isolated from Dhandha agro field and used to check the activity of lignolytic capability. Out of 3 types colonies only 1types of colony (j-MS), was shown potential of lignin degradation. The Morphological, gram’s reaction and endospores staining reaction, biochemical characteristics of the isolate obtained from this agro-field soil samples identified with reference to Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. These identified isolate (j) - Bacillus species was shown presence of Laccase, Manganese peroxidase (MnP) and Lignin peroxidase (LiP), etc. lignin degrading enzymes. This results concluded that Bacillus sps. strain was able to degrade lignin substrate which was second abundant and waste material in the world. It is also concluded that to expand on the range of products which can be obtained from lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, soil bacteria was isolated by enrichment on Kraft lignin and evaluated for their ligninolytic potential as a source of novel enzymes use to generate 2nd generation biofuel from waste streams of pulping.
Keywords: Lignocellulosic, 2nd generation biofuel, Laccase, Manganese peroxidase (MnP), and Lignin peroxidase (LiP), Bacillus species
1) Biodegradable polymers are polymers that break down into smaller molecules through mechanisms such as hydrolysis or enzymatic degradation. They include both synthetic polymers like polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, and polycaprolactone, as well as natural polymers like collagen and albumin.
2) The degradation of biodegradable polymers can occur through either surface or bulk erosion and can be mediated by water, enzymes, or microorganisms. Common mechanisms include cleavage of crosslinks, transformation of side chains, or cleavage of the polymer backbone.
3) Biodegradable polymers find applications as drug delivery systems where they provide localized and sustained release of drugs as well as reduce dosing frequency
This study compared bacteria for biosurfactant production using different carbon sources. The researchers screened and isolated bacteria, then inoculated them and incubated using different carbon sources like dextrose, yeast, beef and peptone. They then extracted and tested the bacteria to analyze biosurfactant yield and emulsification ability. Biosurfactants have importance for microbes in processes like adhesion, emulsification and biofilm formation. They also have applications in agriculture, cleaning products, corrosion inhibition, and bioremediation. The goal was to identify efficient biosurfactant producing bacteria under varied carbon source conditions.
Xenobiotics and Microbial and Biotechnological approacheshanugoudaPatil
This document discusses xenobiotics and biotechnological approaches to remediating them. It defines xenobiotics as foreign compounds found within organisms. Environmental xenobiotics include pollutants like pesticides, petrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Recalcitrant xenobiotics persist in the environment and resist degradation. The document outlines genetic engineering approaches used to create genetically modified microbes (GEMs) that can biodegrade various xenobiotics through enhanced or novel metabolic pathways. GEMs show promise for more effective bioremediation of contaminated environments.
Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Soil and Aquatic Environment: An Overview...Abdullah Al Moinee
This document summarizes the principles and mechanisms of bioremediation of heavy metals from soil and aquatic environments. It discusses how microorganisms and plants can tolerate and degrade heavy metals through various processes like biosorption, bioaccumulation, biomineralization and biotransformation. The review examines advances in bioremediation technologies using genetic engineering approaches to develop microbes and plants tailored for bioremediation. It also discusses applying principles of nanotechnology, genomics and manipulating plant-microbe symbiosis to improve bioremediation strategies for heavy metal contamination.
Biodegradation or biological degradation is the phenomenon of biological transformation of organic compounds by living organisms, particularly the microorganisms.
Biodegradation basically involves the conversion of complex organic molecules to simpler (and mostly non-toxic) ones. The term biotransformation is used for incomplete biodegradation of organic compounds involving one or a few reactions. Biotransformation is employed for the synthesis of commercially important products by microorganisms.
Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. the toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc. The microbes serve as scavengers in bioremediation. The removal of organic wastes by microbes for environmental clean-up is the essence of bioremediation. The other names used (by some authors) for bioremediation are bio-treatment, bio-reclamation and bio-restoration.
It is rather difficult to show any distinction between biodegradation and bioremediation. Further, in biotechnology, most of the reactions of biodegradation/bioremediation involve xenobiotic.
This document summarizes microbial degradation of various xenobiotics and pollutants. It discusses how microbes like bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes are able to degrade compounds like hydrocarbons, PAHs, pesticides, dyes and other xenobiotics. The microbes produce enzymes that allow them to use these compounds as carbon and energy sources and breakdown the compounds into simpler molecules like carbon dioxide and water.
Environmental Microbiology: Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compoundsTejaswini Petkar
A brief presentation on 'Microbial degradation of recalcitrant compounds'- their classes,their sources, the microorganisms involved and their modes of degradation,
Bio degradation of pesticides and herbicides aakvd
Microorganisms play a major role in biodegrading pesticides and herbicides in soil. Various bacteria, fungi, and other microbes secrete enzymes and metabolites that can break down these chemicals into less toxic compounds. The rate of biodegradation depends on genetic and environmental factors. Common strategies to enhance pesticide and herbicide degradation include biostimulation, bioaugmentation, composting, and phytoremediation. Examples are provided of specific microorganisms involved in degrading pesticides like DDT, lindane, malathion, and various herbicides.
This document discusses bioaugmentation as a remediation technology. It introduces bioaugmentation and describes different bioaugmentation technologies including cell bioaugmentation, gene bioaugmentation, rhizosphere bioaugmentation, and phytoaugmentation. Cell bioaugmentation involves using carrier materials or encapsulation to deliver microorganisms to contaminated sites. Gene bioaugmentation uses horizontal gene transfer to introduce remediation genes. The document also provides case studies of bioaugmentation in coke plant wastewater and oilfield wastewater treatment and discusses benefits and challenges of bioaugmentation.
Bioremediation of marine oil spills involves using oil-degrading microorganisms and nutrients to break down toxic hydrocarbons from spills. There are two main approaches: bioaugmentation adds microbes to degrade compounds not broken down by native microbes, while biostimulation supplements nutrients to enhance degradation by existing microbes. Research has shown biostimulation works best by applying nutrients at low tide along the high tide line to maximize contact time affected the oil. Waves and tides influence nutrient movement, requiring consideration for optimal bioremediation effectiveness.
This document discusses various types of xenobiotics (foreign chemicals) including pesticides, hydrocarbons, plastics, and other industrial chemicals. It describes their sources and outlines several mechanisms by which microorganisms can biodegrade these compounds, including hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. Specific pathways and microbes involved in degrading compounds like polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and various plastics and pesticides are also summarized.
The document discusses a study that aimed to treat tannery effluent using cyanobacteria, coir pith, and Nava Rasa Karaisal (NRK) to create an organic manure. This manure was then used to grow the Sansevieria trifasciata plant. Physiochemical parameters, heavy metals, and nutrients were analyzed in the untreated and treated effluent. The results showed reductions in these parameters after the combined treatment. The growth of S. trifasciata was also monitored and showed increased growth with the treated manure compared to untreated effluent, especially for indoor plants.
The document discusses the antimicrobial properties of chitosan and its applications in plant disease control. Chitosan exhibits antimicrobial activity against viruses, bacteria, fungi and oomycetes. The level of suppression varies based on factors like molecular weight and chemical composition. It has been used as a seed coating agent to improve germination and as a foliar treatment to increase photosynthetic rates in plants. Studies have found chitosan and its derivatives can restrict the growth of pathogens and be effective for controlling plant diseases when applied as a soil amendment or foliar treatment.
Isolation and characterization of biosurfactants producing bacteria from oil ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized bacteria from oil-polluted soil samples that can produce biosurfactants. Two bacterial species were isolated - Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These isolates were screened for biosurfactant production using oil displacement and blood hemolysis tests. Isolates X4 and X8 produced the largest zones of clearance, indicating greatest biosurfactant production. The biosurfactants were characterized using thin layer chromatography and were identified as rhamnolipid and surfactin. P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis were confirmed as effective producers of glycolipid and lipopeptide biosurfactants, respectively.
Bioremediation and Biodegradation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils: A Reviewiosrjce
This document reviews research on bioremediation and biodegradation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils. It discusses the roles of natural attenuation, biostimulation, and bioaugmentation in bioremediation. Specifically, it finds that biostimulation using organic substances like poultry manure and food waste are effective for optimizing bioremediation. Aerobic degradation processes are also found to be the most viable technique for field application of bioremediation. The document also examines the roles of oxygen supply and other factors on bioremediation effectiveness and efficiency.
Studies on the Production of Rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas Putida IJORCS
Rhamnolipid as a potent natural biosurfactant has a wide range of potential applications, including enhanced oil recovery, biodegradation, and bioremediation. Observation of tensio-active indicated that biosurfactants were produced by the newly isolated and promising strain Pseudomonas putida. The biosurfactants were identified as rhamnolipids, the amphiphilic surface-active glycolipids usually secreted by Pseudomonas sp. In addition, the ability to generate rhamnolipids by placement of the right microbes might help overcome rhamnolipid adsorption during flow through reservoir rocks and the resultant degradation that would decrease the rhamnolipid concentrations. Their production was observed when the strain was grown on soluble substrates, such as glucose or on poorly soluble substrates. Maximum value 1.13 mg/ ml was occurred on the second day. Production of biosurfactants depends on the nutrient media. The surface tension was decreased with increasing time and growth.
Los biosurfactantes son moléculas producidas por bacterias que reducen la tensión superficial y tienen propiedades emulsionantes. Pueden clasificarse según su composición química y se usan para limpiar tanques de petróleo y en procesos biotecnológicos como la biorremediación, debido a su baja toxicidad y capacidad de biodegradación.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.4
ABSTRACT- Microorganisms are the important factors in the degradation of the toxic substances in our environment.
Petrol and diesel oil is one of the complex mixtures which cannot be easily degraded. The Bacillus cereus was involved in
the degradation of oil during which the complex toxic substances were detoxified by the production of biosurfactants. In
our study we have identified that the biosurfactant producing Bacillus cereus have a high potential for hydrocarbon
degradation. The Bacillus cereus was isolated from hydrocarbon contaminated soil and identified based on morphology
and biochemical test according to the Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. The maximum hydrocarbon degrading
biosurfactant producing Bacillus cereus was obtained by qualitative and quantitative methods. In optimization studies, the
best results observed for Bacillus cereus were, Olive oil as the suitable carbon source, Sodium nitrate as the best Nitrogen
source and Optimum pH is 7 and Optimum temperature is 37°C. The ability of these isolates to degrade hydrocarbons and
survive in the oil contaminated soil is attributed to the development of resistance by mutation on the plasmid. It is also
clearly evident that the specific gene was responsible for the production of biosurfactant and the degradation process.
According to the results from the present study the Bacillus cereus has high potential for hydrocarbon degradation and can
be used especially for Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery and bioremediation of hydrocarbons in near future.
Key-words- Bacillus cereus, Biosurfactant, Hydrocarbon, Biodegradation, Plasmid DNA
This document provides information about bioremediation. It begins with an introduction defining bioremediation as using microorganisms to degrade hazardous chemicals into less toxic forms. It then discusses the types of microorganisms involved, including Pseudomonas genus and Xenobiotics-degrading microorganisms. Several examples of pollutants and degrading microorganisms are given. The mechanisms of bioremediation include aerobic and anaerobic transformations such as respiration, fermentation, and methane fermentation. Factors affecting bioremediation like moisture, nutrients, oxygen levels, pH, temperature, and pollutant characteristics are outlined. Methods of bioremediation include in-situ and ex-situ techniques
This document discusses biosurfactants, specifically rhamnolipids. It defines biosurfactants and notes that they are produced by microbes. Rhamnolipids are glycolipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. They are useful for their ability to lower surface tension and have applications in enhanced oil recovery, bioremediation, and more. The document outlines methods for rhamnolipid production and detection and reviews current and potential future applications. It concludes that biosurfactants are promising but still more expensive than chemicals and would benefit from further optimization and development.
The document provides a summary of John Kilbane's experience and research focus in the area of energy biotechnology. It details his background, including PhD and postdoc experience. It then summarizes his work in 3 startups applying biotechnology to areas like biofuels production, enhanced oil recovery, and biorefining of petroleum. The document also provides details on his research focusing on applying molecular tools and genetic engineering to optimize microbial processes in these energy-related applications.
Environmental biotechnology uses biological processes to protect and restore the environment. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade pollutants in air, water, and soil into less harmful substances. It can be used to treat wastewater, industrial effluents, drinking water, land, soil, air, and solid waste. Genetic engineering creates environmentally friendly alternatives by modifying microorganisms using recombinant DNA technology. Biotechnology shows potential to contribute to environmental remediation and protection.
This document provides an overview of bioremediation. Some key points:
- Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to remove or break down pollutants in the environment. It can be used to treat contamination in soil, water, and solid waste.
- There are different types of bioremediation including biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and intrinsic bioremediation. Genetically engineered microbes are also used.
- The microbes degrade pollutants through redox reactions and metabolic pathways. Bioremediation can be done on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material to another location (ex situ).
This document summarizes a review article about the potential applications of biosurfactants in the food industry. It discusses how biosurfactants have properties like emulsion formation and stabilization, as well as antiadhesive and antimicrobial activities, that could be useful in food processing. Biosurfactants are naturally derived and biodegradable alternatives to chemical surfactants. They are generally non-toxic and tolerant of various environmental conditions like temperature, pH, and salt concentrations. The document outlines several classes of biosurfactants and their producing microorganisms. It also discusses emulsification abilities and how biosurfactants could potentially be used as emulsifiers in foods.
This document discusses the use of fungi for bioremediation of contaminated soils and water. It provides background on bioremediation using microorganisms and introduces mycoremediation, which uses fungi specifically. Fungi have enzymes that can break down pollutants like pesticides, heavy metals, and xenobiotics. The document describes two case studies of using fungal consortia to remediate soils contaminated with arsenic and heavy metals. It finds the fungi were effective at removing pollutants through bioaccumulation, biomethylation, and immobilization. Further research is still needed to optimize mycoremediation for real-world large scale applications.
The document discusses bioremediation principles and applications. It describes bioremediation as using living organisms like microbes and plants to degrade environmental pollutants. The principles of bioremediation involve microbes metabolizing pollutants for energy and growth. Bioremediation is categorized into in situ (on-site) and ex situ (off-site) methods. Common in situ techniques include biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bioventing and biosparging while ex situ includes landfarming, composting and biopiles.
Petroleum Microbiology is a state-of-the-art presentation of the specific microbes that inhabit oil reservoirs, with an emphasis on the ecological significance of anaerobic microorganisms. An intriguing introduction to extremophilic microbes, the book considers the various beneficial and detrimental effects of bacteria and archaea indigenous to the oil field environment. Presenting fundamental and applied biological approaches, the book serves as an invaluable reference source for petroleum engineers, remediation professionals, and field researchers.
Screening of Biosurfactant Bioemulsifier Producing Bacteria from Petroleum Co...ijtsrd
The release of impurities in the environment, containing petroleum and petroleum cogitated products, is engenders of global being taint. It is also a hazardous for human and animal health, since many of these impurities have evidenced to be toxic and oncogenic. Hydrocarbon particles that are secreted into the environment are hard to get rid of, since they change state to surfaces and are captured by surface tension in a water immiscible stage. Bioremediation has tested to be an alternate to lessen the effects caused to impureness of soil and water, applying the metabolic abilities of microorganisms that can apply hydrocarbons as source of carbon and energy, or that can alter them by co metabolism. The proficiency of removal is directly related to the compound’s chemical structure, to its bioavailability deliberation, harmfulness, flexibility and approach and to the physicochemical situation present in the atmosphere. Perwez Qureshi | Dr. Reshma Jaweria "Screening of Biosurfactant/Bioemulsifier Producing Bacteria from Petroleum Contaminated Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46276.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/46276/screening-of-biosurfactantbioemulsifier-producing-bacteria-from-petroleum-contaminated-soil/perwez-qureshi
This document summarizes research on using microorganisms for bioremediation of environmental pollutants. It discusses how bioremediation uses microbes like bacteria and fungi to break down toxic waste into less harmful substances. The document reviews studies on designing bioreactors to clean contaminated soil and water. One study discussed used a designed surface soil treatment unit and cow dung microbial consortia to bioremediate common pesticides like chlorpyrifos at different concentrations in soil, maintaining simulated environmental conditions until thresholds were met. Overall, the document reviews the potential of bioremediation technology to degrade hazardous organic and inorganic pollutants using microbes into less toxic forms.
PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOSURFACTANTS PRODUCED BY Pseudomonas aer...UniversitasGadjahMada
The biosurfactants are used by several industrial sectors such as petroleum, agriculture, food production, chemistry, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Because of their hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties, they have potency to reduce surface tension, interfacial tension between water-hydrocarbon systems, and low micelle concentration. Their characteristics strongly depend on the producer strain as well as on the medium composition, such as carbon and nitrogen sources. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of different sources of carbon (n-hexadecane, glycerol and glucose) and nitrogen (urea, NH4Cl and NaNO3 ) for the production of biosurfactants by a new strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa B031 isolated from a rhizosphere of Paraserianthes falcataria L. Nielsen, a hardwood plant species at a phytoremediation field. The biosurfactant characteristics of the strain were evaluated, particularly its surface-active properties and potential to remove hydrocarbon. Glycerol was found to be the optimum carbon source, with rhamnose concentration, emulsification index, and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 718 mg/L, 37%, and 35 mN/m, respectively. Sodium nitrate (NaNO3 ) was observed as the optimum nitrogen source, with rhamnose concentration, emulsification index, and CMC of 290 mg/L, 30%, and 24 mN/m, respectively. These biosurfactants efficiently reduced surface tension of culture broth from 42 mN/m to 31 mN/m for the glycerol treatment and from 37 mN/m to 24 mN/m for the sodium nitrate treatment. The crude biosurfactants from the glycerol and sodium nitrate treatments also removed 87.5% and 84%, respectively, of crude oil from sand. These rates were higher than those of the chemical surfactants (SDS and Triton X-100). These findings indicate that the biosurfactants produced by the strain from both glycerol and NaNO3 treatments can efficiently decrease the interfacial tension of culture broth dilution and have a high emulsion index, thus hold promise in hydrocarbon bioremediation application.
Isolation, Screening, and Characterization of Biosurfactant-Producing Microor...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: Biosurfactants are amphiphatic in nature and are surface-active compounds produced by microorganisms. These molecules reduce interfacial surface tension between aqueous solutions and hydrocarbon mixtures. Unfortunately, oil spills and industrial discharges from petroleum-related industries have been identified as the major pollution sources. The hydrophobicity and low aqueous solubility of petroleum pollutant limit the biodegradation process. The features that make biosurfactants as an alternative to commercially synthesized surfactants are its low toxicity, higher biodegradability and, hence, greater environmental compatibility, better foaming properties, and stable activity at extreme pH, temperature, and salinity. Objective: Therefore, in this study, hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were screened from petroleum-contaminated soil, characterized and optimization of the physical and nutrient parameters were done to enhance the production of biosurfactants. Results: Petroleum-contaminated soil was collected from different petrol pumps in Pune and screening was done on minimal salt medium media containing palm oil as carbon source using hemolytic activity, emulsification index, drop-collapse test, and oil displacement method. The most promising strain was isolated and identified using Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Biology and 16s rRNA sequencing and was found to be Staphylococcus epidermidis. The optimization of various parameters, namely temperature, pH, carbon, and nitrogen sources on growth, and biosurfactant production was studied. The highest biosurfactant production was obtained when MSS media contains sucrose (carbon source) and urea (nitrogen source) at pH 10 and temperature 55°C. The Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) analysis of purified biosurfactant indicated the presence of lipopeptide biosurfactant when compared with reference FT-IR spectra.
Bioremediation of wastewater by microorganismsadetunjiEwa
The term bioremediation has been introduced to describe the process of using biological
agents to remove toxic waste from environment. Bioremediation is the most effective management tool to manage the polluted water and recover contaminated waste water. It is an attractive and successful cleaning technique for polluted environment; it has been used at a number of sites worldwide, with varying degrees of success.
Bioremediation of wastewater by microorganismsadetunjiEwa
ABSTRACT
The term bioremediation has been introduced to describe the process of using biological
agents to remove toxic waste from environment. Bioremediation is the most effective management tool to manage the polluted water and recover contaminated waste water. It is an attractive and successful cleaning technique for polluted environment; it has been used at a number of sites worldwide, with varying degrees of success.
Role of microorganisms in waste recycling centre and the warmth of cherished memories of the day i vowed to never try anything love again and I hope to contribute to innovative things that I have been saying about my life and prosperity baby girl and I am not a scammer to be honest with you and I love you babe and I love you babe and I love you babe and I love you so much my queen and I love you
Plant Design for bioplastic production from Microalgae in Pakistan.pdfMianHusnainIqbal2
Microalgae is an organism that belongs to the unicellular eukaryotic protists, prokaryotic
cyanobacteria, and blue-green algae. It have withdrawn a great attention of industrialists due to
its remarkable properties. According to the recent searches microalgae have more than 25.000
forms of species among which 15 has major use as a resource of many industrial products. Many
environmental friendly green plant processes have been develope in order to minimize the waste
and for energy saving such as Phytoremediation. Which is an excellent recovery system for
many resources. Via this process the recovery of microalgae species from aquaculture wastes is
done and the microalgae is then used as source of industrial biopolymers having excellent
characteristics.
Microbes involved in aerobic and anaerobic process in natureDharshinipriyaJanaki
This document provides an overview of microbes involved in aerobic and anaerobic processes in nature. It discusses bioremediation, the bioremediation cycle, biodegradation, and the roles of various microorganisms. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down environmental pollutants. The bioremediation cycle involves microbes consuming contaminants and converting them into harmless substances. Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microbes. Various microbes are involved in aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation processes to break down contaminants.
Potential of bio waste in enhanced bioremediation a greenErhovwon Aggreh
Aggregh Erhowon Peter presented a seminar on the potential of using bio waste to enhance bioremediation as a green technology. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade pollutants like crude oil spills. While natural bioremediation is inefficient, bio waste amendments can stimulate microbes by providing nutrients. The presentation outlined factors influencing bioremediation success, challenges with inorganic fertilizers, sources of bio waste, and mechanisms of oil biodegradation. It concluded that bio waste can improve microbial growth, biotechnology is safe, and inorganic fertilizers should be avoided to promote effective bioremediation as a sustainable clean-up technique.
The document discusses bioremediation techniques for treating fish processing waste. It provides background on the large quantities of solid waste and wastewater generated by fish processing plants. Both aerobic and anaerobic bioremediation techniques can be used, including intrinsic and accelerated bioremediation which use indigenous or added microorganisms. Specific in situ techniques mentioned are bioventing, biostimulation, and bioaugmentation. Essential factors for effective microbial bioremediation include suitable microbial populations, oxygen, water, nutrients, temperature, and pH. Bioremediation is seen as a cost effective and environmentally friendly way to treat fish processing waste and other pollutants.
https://www.biomedscidirect.com/2835/bioremediation-and-information-technologies-for-sustainable-management?utm=articles
Bioremediation and information technologies for sustainable management
Authors:Jyoti Prakash, Aryan Shukla , Ruchi Yadav
Int J Biol Med Res. 2023; 14(4): 7702-7711 | Abstract | PDF File
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE BIOREMEDIATION OF SOIL CONTAMINATED BY DIESEL IAEME Publication
The most widely used energy and fuel resources are hydrocarbons such as crude oil and petroleum distillates. The accidental discharge of these petroleum products contribute in making hydrocarbons the most common environmental pollutants. Bioremediation helps to destroy or render harmless various contaminants using natural biological activity. The present study utilizes the potential of bioremediation to remediate soil contaminated with diesel. Eight bioreactors were used for the study, out of which four bioreactors were maintained at optimum environmental conditions and the remaining four were kept without any maintenance to serve as control bioreactors. Contaminated soil was prepared by mixing fresh soil and diesel so as to attain 10% TPH concentrations by weight of soil. Each bioreactor was filled with 3 kg of contaminated soil.
This document summarizes the key concepts and applications of nanotechnology. It begins by defining nanotechnology as the manipulation of materials at the nanoscale, between 1 to 100 nm. It then describes various nanocarriers that can be used for drug delivery, such as liposomes, nanocapsules, niosomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles. The document also outlines several applications of nanotechnology in agriculture, medicine, and cosmetics. Some benefits include more targeted drug delivery and increased bioavailability, while potential risks like nanotoxicity are also mentioned. Overall, the document provides an overview of nanotechnology concepts and highlights its wide-ranging uses and importance.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
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ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
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2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
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4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
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6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
LAS
1. Asia Pacific Journal Biotechnol., Vol. 15 (3), 2007
AsPac J. Mol. Biol. of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 2007 Microbial Surfactant 99
Vol. 15 (3) : 99-105
MINIREVIEW
Microbial Surfactant
Laith Al-Araji1*, Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abd. Rahman2,
Mahiran Basri3 and Abu Baker Salleh2
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Nursing,
1
International Islamic University Malaysia, 25100 Kuantan, Pahang
2
Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, 3Faculty of Science,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Selangor
Received 3 May 2007 / Accepted 15 August 2007
Abstract. Microbial surface active agents (biosurfactant) have recently been recognized as important microbial products with
properties applicable in a number of industries and processes. Being capable of lowering surface- and interfacial-tension, bio-
surfactants are today thought to be efficient replacers and possible enhancer of chemically synthesized surface-active agents.
Some of their superior, such as absence of toxicity, biodegrade ability, and their specificity, make these microbial products both
attractive for specific industries and environmentally acceptable. Most of the emphasis to date has been on the application of
biosurfactants in petroleum-related activities and industries. They offer attractive products for use in enhanced oil recovery, in
cleaning oil spills, in oil emulsification, and in breaking industrially derived oil-in-oil emulsions. Their in situ and ex situ utiliza-
tion in enhanced oil recovery represent attractive alternatives. More recently, other applications of biosurfactants have also been
under development. These include applications in the food industry, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, this article emphasizes the
effect of nutritional and environmental factors on the production of biosurfactants.
Keywords. Biosurfactant, Classification, Carbon sources, Nitrogen sources, Production
surfactant lipopeptides, fatty acids, and polymeric biosurfactants, have
been found to have surface activity (Morikawa et al., 2000).
Surfactants are SURFace ACTive AgeNTS with wide rang- Biosurfactants have important advantages, such as biodegrad-
ing properties including the lowering of surface and interfa- ability, low toxicity, and various possible structures, relative
cial tensions of liquids. Surface tension is defined as the free to chemically synthesized surfactants (Benincasa et al., 2002).
surface enthalpy per unit area (OECD 1995) and is the force With environmental compatibility becoming an increasingly
acting on the surface of a liquid leading to minimization of important factor in the selection of industrial chemicals,
the area of that surface. Both synthetic and natural surfactants the use of biosurfactants in environmental applications,
exist capable of reducing the surface tension of water from such as in bioremediation and the dispersion of oil spills,
72 mN m-1 to around 27 mN m-1 (Christofi and Ivshina 2002). is increasing (Banat 1995). In addition, biosurfactants have
Biosurfactants are biological compounds that exhibit high other uses in the petroleum industry, such as in enhanced
surface-active properties (Georgiou et al., 1992). Microbial- oil recovery (Kim et al., 2000) and the transportation of
derived surfactants or biosurfactants are produced by a wide crude oil. Other possible application fields are in the food,
variety of microbes and are amphipathic molecules with a cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. In these indus-
hydrophilic and a hydrophobic domain, seem to facilitate the
uptake of hydrocarbons into cells. Because of these traits,
biosurfactants accumulate at interfaces, can form micelles, *Author for Correspondence.
Mailing address: International Islamic University Malaysia, Kulliyyahy of
lower the surface tension and thereby enhance the solubility
Nursing, P.O Box 141, 25710 Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia.
of poorly soluble compounds in water (Kuiper et al., 2004). Tel: +609 513 2797 ext. 3464; Fax: +609 513 3615; Mobile: +6019-911 9107;
Wide spectra of microbial compounds, including glycolipids, Email address: laith@iiu.edu.my
2. 100 AsPac J. Mol. Biol. Biotechnol., Vol. 15 (3), 2007 Microbial Surfactant
tries, most biosurfactants are used as emulsifiers (Desai and rides or non-ionic surfactants in their cell wall. Example of
Banat, 1997). However, biosurfactants have not yet been this group are: Candida lipolytica and Candida tropicalis which
employed extensively in industry because of the relatively produce wall-bound lipopolysaccharides when growing on
high production and recovery costs involved. Considerable n-alkanes (Fukui and Tanaka, 1981), and Rhodococcus erythropolis
attention has been given in the past to the production of the and many Mycobacterium sp. which synthesise non-ionic treha-
surface-active molecules of biological origin because of their lose corynomycolates (Rapp et al., 1979; Ristau and Wagner
potential utilization in food processing (Mata-Sandoval et 1983, Rubinovitz et al., 1982). There are lipopolysaccharides,
al., 1999) pharmacology, and oil industry. Although the type such as emulsan, synthesised by Acinetobacter sp. (Rosenberg
and amount of the microbial surfactants produced depend et al., 1979), and lipoproteins, such as surfactin and subtilisin,
primarily on the producer organism, factors like carbon and produced by Bacillus subtilis (Arima et al., 1969, Cooper et al.,
nitrogen, trace elements, temperature, and aeration also af- 1981). Other effective biosurfactants are:
fected their production by the organism. Hydrophobic pol- 1. Mycolates Corynomycolates which are produced
lutants present in petroleum hydrocarbons and soil and water by Rhodococcus sp. Corynebacteria sp., Mycobacteria sp.,
environment require solubilization before being degraded and Nocardia sp. (Cooper et al., 1981, Kretschmer et
by microbial cells. al., 1982, Macdonald et al.,1981 )
Mineralization is governed by adsorptions of hydrocar- 2. Ornithinlipides, which are produced by Pseudomonas
bons from soil. Surfactants can increase the surface area of rubescens, Gluconobacter cerinus and Thiobacillus fer-
hydrophobic materials, such as pesticides in soil and water roxidans (Knoche and Shively, 1972, Tahara et al.,
environment, thereby increasing their water solubility. Hence, 1976).
the presence of surfactants may increase microbial degrada-
tion of pollutants. Use of biosurfactants for degradation The exact reason why some microorganisms produce surfac-
of pesticides in soil and water environment has become tant is unclear (Deziel et al., 1996), Biosurfactants produced
important recently (Jennings and Tanner 2000). The world- by various microorganism together with their properties are
wide surfactant market totals approximately 9.4 billion US$ listed in Table 1.
per annum, and the demand for surfactants is expected to
increase at a rate of 35% per annum (Desai and Banat,1997).
According to Karanth et al. (1999), the type, quality and quan-
tity of biosurfactant production is dependent on the culture CLASSIFICATION AND CHEMICAL NATURE OF
conditions such as pH, temperature, agitation, dilution rate BIOSURFACTANTS
in continuous culture, the concentration of metal ions and
the nature of the carbon source and nitrogen source in the Biosurfactants are categorised mainly by their chemical
medium. Moreover, the efforts were based on conventional composition and their microbial origin. The microbial
optimization methods where only one parameter is varied at surfactants are complex molecules covering a wide range of
any one time with the others being kept constant. As such, the chemical types including peptides, fatty acid, phospholipids,
interactions amongst these parameters are neglected, resulting glycolipids, antibiotics and lipopiptides. Microorganisms also
in only an ‘apparent’ set of optimal conditions. produce surfactants that are in some cases combination of
many chemical types referred to as the polymeric microbial
surfactants. Many microbial surfactants have been purified
(Deziel et al., 2000, Kim et al., 2000). The high molecular
Microbial Biosurfactants weight microbial surfactants are generally polyanionic het-
eropolysaccharides containing both polysaccharides and
Microorganisms utilize a variety of organic compounds as proteins, the low molecular weight microbial surfactants are
the source of carbon and energy for their growth. When the often glycolipids. The yield of microbial surfactants varies
carbon source is an insoluble substrate like a hydrocarbon with the nutritional environment of the growing microor-
(CxHy) microorganisms facilitate their diffusion into the cell ganism. Intact microbial cells that have high cell surface
by producing a variety of substances, the biosurfactants. hydrophobicity are themselves surfactants. In some cases,
Some bacteria excrete ionic surfactant, which emulsify hy- surfactants themselves play a natural role in growth of mi-
drocarbon substrates in the growth medium. Some examples crobial cells on water-insoluble substrates like hydrocarbon,
of this group of biosurfactants are rhamnolipids which are sulphur. Exocellular surfactants are involved in cell adhesion,
produced by different Pseudomonas sp. (Guerra-Santos et emulsification, dispersion, flocculation, cell aggregation and
al., 1984; Guerra-Santos et al., 1986), or the sophorolipids desorption phenomena (Karanth et al., 1999). A broad clas-
which are produced by several Torulopsis sp. (Cooper and sification of biosurfactants is given in Table 2.
Paddock, 1983).
Some other microorganisms are capable of changing the
structure of their cell wall, by synthesising lipopolysaccha-
3. AsPac J. Mol. Biol. Biotechnol., Vol. 15 (3), 2007 Microbial Surfactant 101
Table 1. Structural Types of Microbial Surfactants Factors Affecting Biosurfactant Pro-
Biosurfactant Source duction
Glycolipids
Biosurfactants are amphiphilic compounds. They contain a
Trehalolipids Rhodococcus erythropolis
hydrophobic and hydrophilic moiety. The polar moiety can be
Nocardia erythropolis
a carbohydrate, an amino acid, a phosphate group, or some
Trehalose Dimycolates Mycobacterium sp.
other compounds. The non polar moiety is mostly a long
Nocardia sp.
–carbon-chain fatty acid. Although the various biosurfactants
Trehalose dicorynemycoaltes Arthrobacter sp.
possess different structures, these are some general phenom-
Corynebacterium sp.
ena concerning their biosynthesis. For example, hydrocarbons
Rhamnolipids Pseudomonas aeruginosa
or other water-insoluble substrates can induce biosurfactants
Pseudomonas sp.
production (Radwan and Sorkhoh, 1993). An another strik-
Sophorolipids Torulopsis bombicola
ing phenomenon is the catabolic repression of biosurfactant
Torulopsis apicola
synthesis by glucose and other primary metabolites. For ex-
Torulopsis petrophilum
ample, in the case of Arthrobacter paraffineus, no surface-active
Torulopsis sp.
agent could be isolated from the medium when glucose was
Cellobiolipids Ustilago zeae
used as the carbon source instead of hexadecane. Similarly
Ustilago maydis
a protein-like activator for n-alkane oxidation was formed
Aminoacid-lipids Bacillus sp.
Lipopeptides and lipoprotein Streptomyces sp.
by Pseudomonas aeruginosa S7B1 from hydrocarbon, but not
Corynebacterium sp.
from glucose, glycerol, or palmitic acid (Reddy et al., 1983).
Mycobacterium sp.
Torulopsis petrophilum did not produce any glycolipids when
Peptide-lipid Bacillus licheniformis
grown on a single-phase medium that contained water-soluble
Serrawettin Serratia marcescens
carbon source (Cooper and Paddock, 1983). When glycerol
Viscosin Pseudomonas fluorescens was used as substrate, rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas
Surfactin Bacillus subtilis aeruginosa was sharply reduced by adding glucose, acetate,
Subtilisin Bacillus subtilis succinate or citrate to the medium (Hauser and Karnovsky,
Gramicidins Bacillus brevis 1958). Olive oil mill effluent, a major pollutant of the agri-
Polymyxins Bacillus polymyxa cultural industry in Mediterranean countries, has been used
Ornithine-lipid Pseudomonas sp. as raw material for rhamnolipid biosurfactant production by
Thiobacillus sp. Pseudomonas sp. JAMM. Many microorganisms are known to
Agrobacterium sp. synthesise different types of biosurfactants when grown on
Gluconobacter sp. several carbon sources. However, there have been examples
Phospholipids Candida sp. of the use of a water-soluble substrate for biosurfactant
Corynebacterium sp. production by microorganisms (Desai et al., 1988). The type,
Micrococcus sp. quality and quantity of biosurfactant produced are influenced
Thiobacillus sp. by the nature of the carbon substrate, the concentration
Fatty acids /Natural lipids Acinetobacter sp. of nitrogen, phosphor, magnesium, ferric, and manganese
Pseudomonas sp. ions in the medium and the culture conditions, such as pH,
Micrococcus sp. temperature, agitation and dilution rate in continues culture
Mycococcus sp. (Guerra-Santose et al., 1986).
Candida sp. The nitrogen source can be an important key to the regu-
Penicillium sp. lation of biosurfactants synthesis. Arthobacter paraffineus ATCC
Aspergillus sp. 19558 preferred ammonium to nitrate as inorganic nitrogen
Polymeric surfactants source for biosurfactants production. A change in growth
Emulsan Arethrobacter calcoaceticus rate of the concerned microorganisms is often sufficient to
Biodispersan Arethrobacter calcoaceticus result in over production of biosurfactants (Kretschmer et
Mannan-lipid-protein Candida tropicalis al., 1982). In some cases, addition of multivalent cations to
Liposan Candida lipolytica the culture medium can have a positive effect on biosurfac-
Carbohydrate-protein-lipid Pseudomonas fluorescens tants production (Cooper et al., 1981). Besides the regula-
Debaryomyces polymorphis tion of biosurfactants by chemicals indicated above, some
Protein PA Pseudomonas aeruginosa compounds like ethambutol, penicillin (Horne and Tomasz,
Particulate biosurfactants 1979), chloramphenicol (Rubinovitz et al., 1982), and EDTA
Vesicles and fimbriae (Reddy et al., 1982) influenced the formation of interfacially
Whole cells Arthrobacter calcoaceticus active compounds. The regulation of biosurfactants pro-
(Desai & Banat 1997, Karanth et al. 1999) duction by these compounds is either through their effect
4. 102 AsPac J. Mol. Biol. Biotechnol., Vol. 15 (3), 2007 Microbial Surfactant
Table 2. Classification of Biosurfactant Corynebacterium lepus cells when grown on glucose, and ad-
1. Glycolipids dition of hexadecane facilitated the release of surfactant
Trehalose lipids from cells.
Sophorolipids Others observed a little biosurfactant production, when
Rhamnolipids cells were growing on a readily available carbon source,
2. Fatty acids only when all the soluble carbon was consumed and when
3. Phospholipids water-immiscible hydrocarbon was available was biosurfac-
4. Surface active antibiotics tant production triggered (Banat 1995, Banat et al., 1991).
Gramicidin Davila et al. (1992) demonstrated a high yield of sophorose
Polymixins
lipids by overcoming product inhibition in Candida bombicola
Surfactine
5. Polymeric microbial surfactants CBS6009 through the addition of ethyl esters of rape seed
Emulsan from Acinebacter calcoacceticus RAG-1 oil fatty acids in D-glucose medium. Using Torulopsis apicola
(ATCC 31012). IMET 43747, Stuwer et al. (1987) achieved a high glycolipid
The polysaccharide protein complex of yield with a medium containing D-glucose and sunflower oil.
Acinebacter calcoaceticus BD4. Lee and Kim (1993) reported that in batch culture, 37% of
Other Acinetobacter sp. emulsifiers. the carbon input was channelled to produce sophorolipid
Emulsifing protein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. by Torulopsis bombicola. However, in fed batch cultures, about
Emulsifying and solubilizing factors from 60% of the carbon inputs were incorporated into biosurfac-
Pseudomonas sp. PG-1.
tant, increasing the yield. The availabling of carbon source,
Bioflocculant and emulcyan from the filamentous
Cyanobacterium phormidium J-1. particularly the carbohydrate used, has a great bearing on the
6. Particulate surfactant type of biosurfactant produced (Li et al., 1984).
Extracellular vesicles from Acinetobacter sp. HO1-N.
Microbial cell with high cell surface hydrophobicities. Nitrogen Source. Medium constituents other than carbon
(Christofi and Ivshina, 2002, Karanth et al. 1999) source also affect the production of biosurfactants. Among
the inorganic salts tested, ammonium salts and urea were
preferred nitrogen sources for biosurfactant production by
Arthrobacter paraffineus, whereas nitrate supported maximum
on solubilization of nonpolar hydrocarbon substrates or by surfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Guerra-
increased production of water-soluble (polar) substrates. Santos et al., 1986) and Rhodococcus sp. (Abu-Rawaida et al.,
In some cases, pH and temperature regulate biosurfactants 1991a). Biosurfactant production by Arthrobacter paraffineus
synthesis. For example in rhamnolipid production by Pseu- is increased by the addition of amino acid such as aspartic
domonas sp., in cellobioselipid formation by Ustilago maydis acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, and glycine to the medium.
pH played an important role (Frautz et al., 1986) and in the Robert et al. (1989) and Abu-Ruwaida et al. (1991a), observed
case of Arthrobacter paraffineus ATCC 19558 temperature was nitrate to be the best source of nitrogen for biosurfactant
important (Duvnjak et al., 1982). production by Pseudomonas strain 44T1 and Rhodococcus strain
ST-5 growing on olive oil and paraffin, respectivly. Similarly,
Carbon Source. Water-soluble carbon sources such as nitrogen limitation caused increased biosurfactant produc-
glycerol, glucose, mannitol, and ethanol were all used for tion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ramana and Karanth, 1989),
rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas sp. Biosurfactant Candida tropicalis IIP-4 (Singh et al., 1990), and Nocardia strain
product, however, was inferior to that obtained with wa- SFC-D (Kosaric et al., 1990).
ter-immiscible compounds such as n-alkanes and olive oil Syldatk et al. (1985b) showed that nitrogen limitation
(Robert et al., 1989). Syldatk et al., (1985a) demonstrated that not only caused overproduction of biosurfactant but also
although different carbon sources in the medium affected the changed the composition of the biosurfactant produced.
composition of biosurfactant production in Pseudomonas sp., Guerra-Santos et al. (1986), showed maximum rhamnolipid
substrates with different chain lengths exhibited no effect on production after nitrogen limitation at a C:N ratio of 16:1
the chain length of fatty acid moieties in glycolipids. On the to 18:1 and no surfactant production below a C:N ratio of
other hand, Neidleman and Geigert (1984), showed evidence 11:1, where the culture was not nitrogen limited. According
for qualitative variation, reflecting the carbon number of to Hommel et al. (1987) it was the absolute quantity of ni-
alkane for biosurfactant production in Acinetobacter sp. strains trogen and not its relative concentration that appeared to be
H13-A and HO1-N, respectively. When Arthrobacter paraffineus important for optimum biomass yield, while concentration
ATCC 19558 was grown on D-glucose, supplementation of hydrophobic carbon source determines the conversion
with hexadecane in the medium during the stationary growth of carbon available to the biosurfactant.
phase resulted in a significant increase in biosurfactant yield
(Duvnjak et al., 1982). Duvnjak and Kosaric (1985), showed Environmental Factors. Environmental factors and growth
the presence of large amounts of biosurfactant bound to conditions such as pH, temperature, agitation, and oxygen
5. AsPac J. Mol. Biol. Biotechnol., Vol. 15 (3), 2007 Microbial Surfactant 103
availability also affect biosurfactant production through Abu-Ruwaida, A. S., Banat, I. M., Haditirto, S., Salem, A. &
their effects on cellular growth or activity. The pH of the Kadri, M. 1991b. Isolation of biosurfactant-producing
medium plays an important role in sophorolipid production bacteria product characterization and evaluation. Acta
by Torulopsis bombicola (Gobbert et al., 1984). Rhamnolipid Biotechnologica 11: 315-324.
production in Pseudomonas sp. was at its maximum at a pH
range from 6 to 6.5 and decrease sharply above pH 7(Guerra- Arima, K., Kakinuma & Tamura, G. 1969. Determination
Santos et al., 1984). In contrast, Powalla et al. (1989) showed of fatty acid in surfactin and elucidation of the total
that penta- and disaccharide lipid production in Nocardia structure of surfactin. Agricultural & Biological Chemistry
corynbacteroides is unaffected in the pH range of 6.5 to 8. In 33: 973-976.
addition, surface tension and critical micelle concentrations
of a biosurfactant product remained stable over a wide range Banat, I. M. 1995. Biosurfactants production and possible
of pH values, whereas emulsification had a narrower pH uses in microbial enhanced oil recovery and oil pollution
range (Abu-Rawaida et al., 1991b). In Arthrobacter paraffineus remediation. Bioresource Technology 51: 1-12.
and Pseudomonas sp. strain DSM-2874 (Syldatk et al., 1985b)
temperature caused alteration in the composition of the Banat, I. M., Samarah, M., Murad, M., Horne, R. & Banerjee,
biosurfactant produced. A thermophilic Bacillus sp. grew and S. 1991. Biosurfactant production and use in oil tank
produced biosurfactant at temperature above 40oC. Heat clean-up. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
treatment of some biosurfactant caused no appreciable 7: 80-88.
change in biosurfactant properties such as the lowering of
surface tension and interfacial tension and the emulsification Benincasa, M., Contiero, J., Manresa, M.A. & Moraes, I.O.
efficiency, all of which remained stable after autoclaving at 2002. Rhamnolipid production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
120 oC for 15 min (Abu Rawaida et al., 1991b). LBI growing on soap stock as the sole carbon source.
An increase in agitation speed results in the reduction Journal of Food Engineering 54: 283–288.
of biosurfactant yield due to the effect of shear in Nocar-
dia erythropolis (Margaritis et al., 1979). While studying the Christofi, N. & Ivshina, I.B. 2002. Microbial surfactants and
mechanism of biosurfactant production in Acinetobacter their use in field studies of soil remediation. Journal of
calcoaceticus RAG-1, Wang and Wang (1990), revealed that Applied Microbiology 93: 915–929
the cell-bound polymer/dry-cell ratio decrease as the shear
stress increase. On the other hand, in yeast, biosurfactant Cooper, D. G., Macdonald, C. R., Duff, J. P. & Kosaric, N.
production increases when the agitation and aeration rates 1981. Enhanced production of surfactin from Bacil-
increased. Sheppard and Cooper (1990) had concluded that lus subtilis by continuous product removal and metal
oxygen transfer was one of the Key parameters for the pro- cation additions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology
cess optimization and scale-up of surfactin production in 42: 408-412.
Bacillus subtilis. Salt concentration also affected biosurfactant
production depending on its effect on cellular activity. Some Cooper, D. G. & Paddock, D. A. 1983. Torulopsis petrophilum
biosurfactant products, however, were not affected by salt and surface activity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology
concentrations up to 10% (w/v), although slight reduction 46: 1426-1429.
in the critical micelle concentrations were detected (Abu
Rawaida et al., 1991b). Davila, A. M., Marchal, R. & Vandecasteele, J. P. 1992. Kinet-
At present, the cost of production and insufficient experi- ics and balance of a fermentation free from product in-
ence in applications limit the use of bioemulsifiers. However, hibition: sophorose lipid production by Candida bombicola.
inasmuch as awareness of water quality and environmental Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 38: 6-11.
conservation is increasing and demand for natural products
is expanding, it appears inevitable that the high quality, mi- Desai, J. D. & Banat, I. M. 1997. Microbial production of
crobially produced bioemulsifiers will replace the currently surfactants and their commercial potential. Microbiology
used chemical emulsifiers in many applications. and Molecular Biology Reviews 61: 47-64.
Desai, A. J., Patel, K. M. & Desai, J. D. 1988. Emulsifier
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