This document discusses biosurfactants, specifically rhamnolipids. It defines biosurfactants and notes that they are produced by microbes. Rhamnolipids are glycolipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. They are useful for their ability to lower surface tension and have applications in enhanced oil recovery, bioremediation, and more. The document outlines methods for rhamnolipid production and detection and reviews current and potential future applications. It concludes that biosurfactants are promising but still more expensive than chemicals and would benefit from further optimization and development.
Microbial enhanced oil recovery is one of the EOR techniques where bacteria and their by-products are utilized for oil mobilization in a reservoir.
It is the process that increases oil recovery through inoculation of microorganisms in a reservoir, aiming that bacteria and their by-products cause some beneficial effects.
Among the various categories of biosurfactants the glycolipid biosurfactants “rhamnolipids” stand apart. Rhamnolipids, primarily a crystalline acid, is composed of β-hydroxy fatty acid connected by the carboxyl end to a rhamnose sugar molecule. Rhamnolipids are predominantly produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and classified as: mono and di-rhamnolipids. Rhamnolipids are “anionic glycolipids” consisting of “L-rhamnose” and “β-hydroxy fatty acids” produced by P. aeruginosa strain.
Microbial enhanced oil recovery is one of the EOR techniques where bacteria and their by-products are utilized for oil mobilization in a reservoir.
It is the process that increases oil recovery through inoculation of microorganisms in a reservoir, aiming that bacteria and their by-products cause some beneficial effects.
Among the various categories of biosurfactants the glycolipid biosurfactants “rhamnolipids” stand apart. Rhamnolipids, primarily a crystalline acid, is composed of β-hydroxy fatty acid connected by the carboxyl end to a rhamnose sugar molecule. Rhamnolipids are predominantly produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and classified as: mono and di-rhamnolipids. Rhamnolipids are “anionic glycolipids” consisting of “L-rhamnose” and “β-hydroxy fatty acids” produced by P. aeruginosa strain.
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a type of reactor device that can be used to carry out a variety of multiphase chemical reactions.
In this type of reactor, a fluid (gas or liquid) is passed through a solid granular material (usually a catalyst possibly shaped as tiny spheres) at high enough velocities to suspend the solid and cause it to behave as though it were a fluid.
This process, known as fluidization, imparts many important advantages to the FBR.
As a result, the fluidized bed reactor is now used in many industrial applications
Hydrocarbon are major constituents of crude oil and petroleum. They can be biodegraded by naturally-occurring microorganisms in freshwater and marine environments under a variety of aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The ability of microorganisms - bacteria, archaea, fungi, or algae - to break down hydrocarbons is the basis for natural and enhanced bioremediation. To promote biodegradation, amendments such as nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer are often added to stimulate microbial growth and metabolism
A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) is a type of reactor device that can be used to carry out a variety of multiphase chemical reactions.
In this type of reactor, a fluid (gas or liquid) is passed through a solid granular material (usually a catalyst possibly shaped as tiny spheres) at high enough velocities to suspend the solid and cause it to behave as though it were a fluid.
This process, known as fluidization, imparts many important advantages to the FBR.
As a result, the fluidized bed reactor is now used in many industrial applications
Isolation, Screening, and Characterization of Biosurfactant-Producing Microor...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: Biosurfactants are amphiphatic in nature and are surface-active compounds produced by microorganisms. These molecules reduce interfacial surface tension between aqueous solutions and hydrocarbon mixtures. Unfortunately, oil spills and industrial discharges from petroleum-related industries have been identified as the major pollution sources. The hydrophobicity and low aqueous solubility of petroleum pollutant limit the biodegradation process. The features that make biosurfactants as an alternative to commercially synthesized surfactants are its low toxicity, higher biodegradability and, hence, greater environmental compatibility, better foaming properties, and stable activity at extreme pH, temperature, and salinity. Objective: Therefore, in this study, hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were screened from petroleum-contaminated soil, characterized and optimization of the physical and nutrient parameters were done to enhance the production of biosurfactants. Results: Petroleum-contaminated soil was collected from different petrol pumps in Pune and screening was done on minimal salt medium media containing palm oil as carbon source using hemolytic activity, emulsification index, drop-collapse test, and oil displacement method. The most promising strain was isolated and identified using Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Biology and 16s rRNA sequencing and was found to be Staphylococcus epidermidis. The optimization of various parameters, namely temperature, pH, carbon, and nitrogen sources on growth, and biosurfactant production was studied. The highest biosurfactant production was obtained when MSS media contains sucrose (carbon source) and urea (nitrogen source) at pH 10 and temperature 55°C. The Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) analysis of purified biosurfactant indicated the presence of lipopeptide biosurfactant when compared with reference FT-IR spectra.
BOTECHNOLOGY IS CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ALSO .....THEIR INTERESTING PART IS TO LEARN ABOUT MICROBIAL BIO TRANSFORMATION WITH BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
Petroleum Microbiology is a state-of-the-art presentation of the specific microbes that inhabit oil reservoirs, with an emphasis on the ecological significance of anaerobic microorganisms. An intriguing introduction to extremophilic microbes, the book considers the various beneficial and detrimental effects of bacteria and archaea indigenous to the oil field environment. Presenting fundamental and applied biological approaches, the book serves as an invaluable reference source for petroleum engineers, remediation professionals, and field researchers.
Control of pollution by genetically engineered microorganismsSamar Biswas
Pollution refers to the presence of a substance or substances in the environment that are harmful or toxic. The substances or pollutants may be harmful to human health, other animals, and plants. When something harmful enters the environment at a faster rate that it can be dispersed, there is pollution.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
2. OUTLINEOUTLINE
• Definition of Biosurfactants
• Microbes that Produce Biosurfactants
• Rhamnolipids
• Production method
• Current Applications of Biosurfactants
• Future Applications of Biosurfactants
• Conclusion
3. WHAT IS A BIOSURFACTANT?WHAT IS A BIOSURFACTANT?
4. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION & MARKET NEEDPROBLEM DESCRIPTION & MARKET NEED
Nowadays surfactants are one of the most
important substances for many fields of industry
- pharmacy, food industry, design of washing
agents, petroleum industry, agriculture,
environmental protection and remediation
An excessive use of chemical surfactants leads to
technogenic load on environment, flora and
fauna, affects on food products
Biosurfactants can satisfy the needs of the
modern market in natural products, particularly
surface-active substances of new generation
(effective and ecologically safe)
7. RHAMNOLIPIDSRHAMNOLIPIDS
Rhamnolipids are naturally occurring glycolipid produced
commercially by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa species of
bacteria. There are two types:
1.mono- rhamnolipids
2.di- rhamnolipids
8. PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND ROLESPHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND ROLES
OF RHAMNOLIPIDSOF RHAMNOLIPIDS(Why interest for commercial use?)(Why interest for commercial use?)
• RLs promote the uptake and
biodegradation of poorly soluble
substrates
• RLs as immune modulators and virulence
factors
• RLs as antimicrobials
• RLs in surface motility
• RLs in biofilm development
11. Use of inexpensive raw materials for the production of biosurfactantsUse of inexpensive raw materials for the production of biosurfactants
by various microbial strainsby various microbial strains
12. Yields of rhamnolipids related to biomass (Yp/x) for fermentations by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa with different C/N ratios.
15. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONSINDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Industry Application Role of biosurfactants
Petroleum Enhanced oil recovery Lowering of interfacial tension, dissolving
of oil
Environmental Bioremediation Lowering of interfacial tension
Food Emulsification and
de-emulsification
Solubilizer, demulsifier, suspension,
wetting, foaming
Bioprocessing Downstream processing Microemulsions, biotransformation,
Cosmetic Health and beauty products Foaming agents, solubilizers, wetting
agents, cleansers
Biological Microbiological Cell–cell competition, plant and animal
pathogenesis
Pharmaceutical and
therapeutics
Antibacterial, antifungal
Agricultural Biocontrol Parasitism, antibiosis, competition,
16. MICROBIAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERYMICROBIAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
A series of microscopic
photos shows the Process
with live microbes
surrounding a droplet of
crude oil, distorting its
shape and finally causing
a smaller droplet to break
away.
http://www.titanoilrecovery.com/pdfs/TitanBrochure.pdf
17. CASE STUDY: BEATRICE FIELD, ENGLANDCASE STUDY: BEATRICE FIELD, ENGLAND
• Field was scheduled
to be abandoned
in‘95-’96
• British Petroleum
applied MEOR in1995
• There was a 25%
increase over the 3-
year production
schedule
http://www.titanoilrecovery.com/pdfs/TitanBrochure.pdf
19. CURRENT DIRECTIONS OF R&DCURRENT DIRECTIONS OF R&D
BioengineeringBioengineering
Biosynthesis and studying of microbial enzymes and their compositions.
Investigation of synthesis of biosurfactants, their properties and application
in biomedicine, agriculture, food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry.
Chemistry/ MaterialsChemistry/ Materials
Creation and investigation of new polymeric materials.
ChemistryChemistry
Investigation of catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbon derivatives.
Chemical/Environmental EngineeringChemical/Environmental Engineering
Development of methods of bioremediation of water and soil.
Emulsification of HC’s (adherence), lowering interfacial tension, metal
sequestration, dispersion, foaming agent,
Monitoring of petroleum-contaminated water and soil.
20. CURRENT BIOREMEDIATION METHODSCURRENT BIOREMEDIATION METHODS
• In situ soil flushing
• Ex situ washing
• Heavy metal sequestration
Rhamnolipids are mostly used.
22. ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
Recovery of pure Rhamnolipids without
antifoam contamination for use in ecological
washing and cleaning agents or cosmetics
Reuse of cells by repeated batch-process
leads to an economic and high-yield
production of Rhamnolipids
Use of renewable sources (e.g. vegetable oils)
instead of petroleum-based chemicals
Possibility to recover rhamnose sugar by
direct hydrolysis of the crude product, e.g.
for furaneol synthesis or use as flavors
23. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
Lower yields.
Still more expensive than chemical surfactants.
Process and production optimization needs to be improved.
Cheaper substrates + optimal growth and production conditions +
novel efficient multi-step downstream + recombinant and mutant
hyper producing microbial strains
Future applications as:
- fine specialty chemicals
- biological control agents,
- new generation molecules for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and health
care industries.
Ecofriendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles and stabilizer before
addition.
Ecofriendly product for flocculation and dispersion of high solid
contents of micro particles.
24. REFERENCESREFERENCES
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Mulligan, C.N., Environmental applications for biosurfactants. Environmental
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Schippers, C., Gener, K., Muller, T. and Scheper, T. (2000) Microbial degradation
of phenanthrene by addition of a sophorolipid mixture, Journal of
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Tecon, R. and van der Meer J.R. .2009. Effect of two types of biosurfactants on
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Muthusamy, K., Gopalakrishnan S., Ravi, T.K. and Sivachidambaram, P. 2008.
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Kosaric, N., 2001. Biosurfactants and their application for soil bioremediation.
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Qinhong Wang, Xiangdong Fang, Baojun Bai, Xiaolin Liang, Patrick J. Shuler,
William A. Goddard III, Yongchun Tang Received 23 January 2007; revision
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