here in this presentation include the most important decomposers in the soil environment and their activity in improving soil health and providing foods for other microorganisms.
This document discusses coprophilous fungi and cellulolytic fungi. It defines coprophilous fungi as saprophytic fungi that grow on animal dung. It notes that knowledge of fungal associations with dung dates back to the 17th century, but systematic study began in the late 19th century. It also discusses the distribution and examples of coprophilous fungi genera and species. It then explains how coprophilous fungi release and transmit spores via herbivore digestion. The document also discusses cellulolytic fungi and their ability to break down lignocellulosic material through secreted enzymes like cellulases. It provides examples of cellulolytic fungi genera and notes their applications in industries like pulp/
The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) governs the formal scientific names used for plants. Some key points:
- Carl Linnaeus is considered the father of modern taxonomy and introduced the system of scientific naming for species in 1753.
- Names are determined by nomenclature types and are based on priority of publication. Each taxonomic group can have only one correct scientific name.
- Names are revised in subsequent International Botanical Congresses starting in 1892 to establish standards for effective/valid publication, author citation, typification, and rejection of illegitimate names.
- Related codes also exist for zoological nomenclature, cultivated plants, bacteria,
Ecades and ecotype - Ecades•introduction •Definition•Explanation•types of ecades , Ecotype, • introduction, •Definition ,•Ecotype VS. species ,•How did ecotype appear ,•From ecotype to species, •Example
History of international code of botanical nomenclature 1nasira jaffry
The document discusses the history and development of botanical nomenclature from pre-Linnaean to post-Linnaean practices. It explains that early plant names were common names that varied locally and lacked scientific rigor. Scientific naming began with polynomial names but these were long and unwieldy. Various botanists proposed reformation efforts with mixed results until Linnaeus established the binomial nomenclature system of generic and specific names in Latin in 1753. This provided universality but was not universally adopted. A series of international botanical congresses developed and refined the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature to standardize naming practices globally.
This document discusses the use of microbes in agriculture. It provides examples of microbes like bacteria and fungi that can be used as biological control agents against pests and as biofertilizers to fix nitrogen and solubilize phosphorus in soil. Biological control agents like Beauveria fungus and NPV virus can control insects like aphids and caterpillars respectively. Biofertilizers include nitrogen fixing bacteria like Rhizobium and algae like Anabaena. Effective Microorganisms solution contains lactic acid bacteria, yeast and photosynthetic bacteria that enhances crop growth and improves soil health. In conclusion, bio-control agents and biofertilizers are safer, cheaper and renewable alternatives to chemical pesticides
The document discusses stomatal regulators in plant leaves. Stomata are openings bounded by guard cells that allow gases and water to move in and out of the leaf. Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata in response to various environmental factors like light, temperature, carbon dioxide levels, and water availability. When guard cells absorb potassium ions and water, their turgor pressure increases, causing the stomata to open for gas exchange. Conversely, loss of ions and water from guard cells decreases their turgor pressure and triggers stomatal closing. The document provides details on the mechanisms and factors influencing stomatal movement.
This document discusses coprophilous fungi and cellulolytic fungi. It defines coprophilous fungi as saprophytic fungi that grow on animal dung. It notes that knowledge of fungal associations with dung dates back to the 17th century, but systematic study began in the late 19th century. It also discusses the distribution and examples of coprophilous fungi genera and species. It then explains how coprophilous fungi release and transmit spores via herbivore digestion. The document also discusses cellulolytic fungi and their ability to break down lignocellulosic material through secreted enzymes like cellulases. It provides examples of cellulolytic fungi genera and notes their applications in industries like pulp/
The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) governs the formal scientific names used for plants. Some key points:
- Carl Linnaeus is considered the father of modern taxonomy and introduced the system of scientific naming for species in 1753.
- Names are determined by nomenclature types and are based on priority of publication. Each taxonomic group can have only one correct scientific name.
- Names are revised in subsequent International Botanical Congresses starting in 1892 to establish standards for effective/valid publication, author citation, typification, and rejection of illegitimate names.
- Related codes also exist for zoological nomenclature, cultivated plants, bacteria,
Ecades and ecotype - Ecades•introduction •Definition•Explanation•types of ecades , Ecotype, • introduction, •Definition ,•Ecotype VS. species ,•How did ecotype appear ,•From ecotype to species, •Example
History of international code of botanical nomenclature 1nasira jaffry
The document discusses the history and development of botanical nomenclature from pre-Linnaean to post-Linnaean practices. It explains that early plant names were common names that varied locally and lacked scientific rigor. Scientific naming began with polynomial names but these were long and unwieldy. Various botanists proposed reformation efforts with mixed results until Linnaeus established the binomial nomenclature system of generic and specific names in Latin in 1753. This provided universality but was not universally adopted. A series of international botanical congresses developed and refined the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature to standardize naming practices globally.
This document discusses the use of microbes in agriculture. It provides examples of microbes like bacteria and fungi that can be used as biological control agents against pests and as biofertilizers to fix nitrogen and solubilize phosphorus in soil. Biological control agents like Beauveria fungus and NPV virus can control insects like aphids and caterpillars respectively. Biofertilizers include nitrogen fixing bacteria like Rhizobium and algae like Anabaena. Effective Microorganisms solution contains lactic acid bacteria, yeast and photosynthetic bacteria that enhances crop growth and improves soil health. In conclusion, bio-control agents and biofertilizers are safer, cheaper and renewable alternatives to chemical pesticides
The document discusses stomatal regulators in plant leaves. Stomata are openings bounded by guard cells that allow gases and water to move in and out of the leaf. Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata in response to various environmental factors like light, temperature, carbon dioxide levels, and water availability. When guard cells absorb potassium ions and water, their turgor pressure increases, causing the stomata to open for gas exchange. Conversely, loss of ions and water from guard cells decreases their turgor pressure and triggers stomatal closing. The document provides details on the mechanisms and factors influencing stomatal movement.
Introduction
History
Definition
Aerobiological pathway
Fundamentals of Aerobiology
New techniques for advancing aerosol science and aerobiology
Airborne Diseases
Conclusion
Major plant hormones include auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins promote cell elongation and root formation, inhibit lateral bud growth, and allow differential growth responses through areas of faster cell elongation. Cytokinins promote cell division and lateral bud growth. Gibberellins promote stem elongation and seed germination. Ethylene inhibits cell expansion and accelerates senescence and fruit ripening. Abscisic acid promotes stomatal closure and inhibits seed germination.
Alpha diversity refers to the mean diversity of species within individual sites or ecosystems at a local scale. It is measured by counting the number of distinct taxa like species, genera, or families within an ecosystem. Alpha diversity, along with beta diversity (diversity between habitats along environmental gradients) and gamma diversity (overall diversity in a region), were concepts introduced by R.H. Whittaker to describe biodiversity at different scales.
Biological indicators like lichens can be used to monitor environmental conditions over time. Lichens are especially good indicators of air pollution levels as different lichen species have varying sensitivities. In polluted areas, fruticose lichens which are the most sensitive will disappear first, followed by foliose lichens, while crustose lichens are the most resistant. Studies tracking changes in lichen populations can determine how air pollution levels have changed in a given location.
Leaf litter plays an important role in soil health by replenishing nutrients through decomposition. This process can occur anaerobically without oxygen or aerobically with oxygen present. Aerobic decomposition is most common in nature. It involves organisms using oxygen to break down leaf litter, utilizing nutrients for growth while releasing carbon dioxide. Multiple factors influence decomposition rates, including temperature, moisture, litter quality, and the activity of soil invertebrates and microbes that vary seasonally. Fast growing trees can produce high quantities of leaf litter that peaks in certain seasons depending on species and climate.
Role of microorganisms in Biodegradation of Organic Wasterasikapatil26
Microorganisms play a key role in biodegradation by breaking down dead organic matter into simpler substances. They decompose industrial and household waste, recycling nutrients in the environment. The document discusses the roles of microbes in various biodegradation processes, such as aerobic and anaerobic degradation of pollutants. It also outlines considerations for efficient biological treatment of industrial waste and examples of processes that use microbes, such as aerobic biodegradation and oil biodegradation.
The document discusses the root-stem transition zone in plants. It begins by explaining that the root has a radial vascular structure while the stem has a conjoint structure, so there must be a region where these structures merge. This region is called the root-stem transition zone. The document then describes four types of root-stem transitions (Fumaria, Cucurbita, Lathyrus, and Anemarrhena) which differ in how the xylem and phloem structures divide and rearrange as they transition from root to stem. Finally, it notes that the transition zone represents a different internal arrangement than the root or stem and reflects different evolutionary stages in the development of the vascular system.
root microbial interaction for crop improvement seminar ppt Balaji Rathod
This document discusses root-microbial interactions and how they impact crop improvement. It covers how plant root exudates can influence both positive and negative interactions with other plants and microbes. On the plant-plant side, exudates can facilitate resource competition, allelopathy, or parasitic relationships. Positively, they may induce defenses in neighboring plants. With microbes, exudates enable symbiotic relationships like nitrogen fixation and mycorrhizal associations, but can also have antimicrobial effects against pathogens. A better understanding of these below-ground processes could help develop strategies to enhance soil health and crop yields.
Plant microbe interaction by dr. ashwin chekeAshwin Cheke
PLANT MICROBE – INTERACTIONS AND THEIR MUTUAL BENEFITS IN ENHANCING SOIL HEALTH AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,
IT ALSO INCREASE CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND IMPROVE SOIL HEALTH
Auxin is the first plant hormone discovered. It is produced throughout the plant and regulates many growth processes. There are two main pathways for auxin (IAA) biosynthesis - tryptophan-dependent and tryptophan-independent. Auxin's mechanism of action involves binding to receptor proteins and promoting proton pumping, which acidifies the cell wall and activates expansin proteins, leading to cell wall loosening and elongation. The physiological effects of auxin include stimulating cell elongation, controlling apical dominance, initiating root formation, preventing abscission, and promoting callus growth and vascular differentiation.
Plant - Pathogen Interaction and Disease DevelopmentKK CHANDEL
Plant diseases are the result of infection by any living organisms that adversely affect the growth, development, physiological functioning and productivity of a plant, manifesting outwardly as visible symptoms.
Root Exudates :Functions in plant-microbe interactionDebayan Nandi
Root exudates are chemicals exuded by plant roots that influence the surrounding soil environment and microbiome. They regulate microbial communities, encourage beneficial symbiotic relationships, and change soil chemical and physical properties. Root exudates are composed of low and high molecular weight compounds, including organic acids, amino acids, sugars, phenolics, proteins, and polysaccharides. They mediate both positive and negative interactions between plant roots and other organisms such as communication between roots and microbes or inhibition of competing plant species. The rate and composition of root exudates can be influenced by microorganisms, soil properties, and plant characteristics.
intro-classification-salt accumulation in soil imapairs plant function and soil structure-physiological effects on crop growth and development-osmotic effect and specific ion effects-plant use different strategies to avoid salt injury
This presentation was given by Dr. Avishek Bhattacharjee in Botanical Nomenclature Course held in Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong in November 2016. This may be helpful to the undergraduate and post graduate Botany students to understand different types of taxonomic literature, especially Flora, Revision and Monograph.
Agricultural microbiology deals with plant-associated microbes and soil fertility. Microbes play an important role in biogeochemical cycles like carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles. They decompose organic matter and release nutrients. Biofertilizers like nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi supplement chemical fertilizers. Biopesticides using bacteria like B. thuringiensis, fungi, and viruses control agricultural pests. Microbes also produce phosphorus-solubilizing enzymes and control nematodes, benefiting agricultural productivity.
Bioindicators are organisms that can be used to monitor environmental health. Different types of bioindicators like plants, animals, and microbes indicate different types of pollution or environmental changes. Scientists observe changes in bioindicator populations to assess environmental conditions. This document provides examples of various bioindicator species and how they are used, including lichens for air quality, earthworms for soil toxicity, and diatoms for water acidity. It also outlines classifications of bioindicators and criteria for selecting effective bioindicator species.
The Botanical Survey of India was established in 1890 to survey, document, and conserve India's plant diversity. It has 15 regional centers and units across India and is headquartered in Kolkata. Its objectives include exploring and documenting plant diversity in ecosystems and protected areas, publishing floras, identifying threatened species, and conducting ex-situ conservation. It maintains herbarium collections of over 3 million specimens, some of which are type specimens, and living collections of over 175,000 plant accessions. Recent achievements include discovering new genera, species, and records for India as well as digitizing collections.
Ecads, also known as ecophenes or habitat forms, are environmentally induced variations within the same genetic stock or species. The variations in morphology, such as shape, size, and reproductive capacity, are temporary responses to environmental influences. In contrast, ecotypes are genetically distinct populations that are adapted to different habitats through natural selection. Ecotypes retain their distinguishing morphological and physiological traits even when placed in a new environment. Examples of ecotypes include different forms of Euphorbia hirta that grow in grasslands versus footpaths, which differ greatly in appearance but remain inter-fertile.
Lignin is regarded as the most plentiful aromatic polymer contains both non-phenolic and phenolic structures. It makes the integral part of secondary wall and plays a significant role in water conduction in vascular plants. Many fungi, bacteria and insects have ability to decrease this lignin by producing enzymes. Certain enzymes from specialized bacteria and fungi have been identified by researchers that can metabolize lignin and enable utilization of lignin “derived carbon sources. In this review, we attempt to provide an overview of the complexity of lignins polymeric structure, its distribution in forest soils, and its chemical nature. Herein, we focus on lignin biodegradation by various microorganism, fungi and bacteria present in plant biomass and soils that are capable of producing ligninolytic enzymes such as lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, versatile peroxidase, and dye “ decolorizing peroxidase. The relevant and recent reports have been included in this review. U. Priyanga | M. Kannahi"Lignin Degradation: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11556.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/11556/lignin-degradation-a-review/u-priyanga
Role of Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry for Bioremediation to Clean the E...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Role of Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry for Bioremediation to Clean the Environment by Durgesh Kumar Jaiswal and Jay Prakash Verma* Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
Introduction
History
Definition
Aerobiological pathway
Fundamentals of Aerobiology
New techniques for advancing aerosol science and aerobiology
Airborne Diseases
Conclusion
Major plant hormones include auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins promote cell elongation and root formation, inhibit lateral bud growth, and allow differential growth responses through areas of faster cell elongation. Cytokinins promote cell division and lateral bud growth. Gibberellins promote stem elongation and seed germination. Ethylene inhibits cell expansion and accelerates senescence and fruit ripening. Abscisic acid promotes stomatal closure and inhibits seed germination.
Alpha diversity refers to the mean diversity of species within individual sites or ecosystems at a local scale. It is measured by counting the number of distinct taxa like species, genera, or families within an ecosystem. Alpha diversity, along with beta diversity (diversity between habitats along environmental gradients) and gamma diversity (overall diversity in a region), were concepts introduced by R.H. Whittaker to describe biodiversity at different scales.
Biological indicators like lichens can be used to monitor environmental conditions over time. Lichens are especially good indicators of air pollution levels as different lichen species have varying sensitivities. In polluted areas, fruticose lichens which are the most sensitive will disappear first, followed by foliose lichens, while crustose lichens are the most resistant. Studies tracking changes in lichen populations can determine how air pollution levels have changed in a given location.
Leaf litter plays an important role in soil health by replenishing nutrients through decomposition. This process can occur anaerobically without oxygen or aerobically with oxygen present. Aerobic decomposition is most common in nature. It involves organisms using oxygen to break down leaf litter, utilizing nutrients for growth while releasing carbon dioxide. Multiple factors influence decomposition rates, including temperature, moisture, litter quality, and the activity of soil invertebrates and microbes that vary seasonally. Fast growing trees can produce high quantities of leaf litter that peaks in certain seasons depending on species and climate.
Role of microorganisms in Biodegradation of Organic Wasterasikapatil26
Microorganisms play a key role in biodegradation by breaking down dead organic matter into simpler substances. They decompose industrial and household waste, recycling nutrients in the environment. The document discusses the roles of microbes in various biodegradation processes, such as aerobic and anaerobic degradation of pollutants. It also outlines considerations for efficient biological treatment of industrial waste and examples of processes that use microbes, such as aerobic biodegradation and oil biodegradation.
The document discusses the root-stem transition zone in plants. It begins by explaining that the root has a radial vascular structure while the stem has a conjoint structure, so there must be a region where these structures merge. This region is called the root-stem transition zone. The document then describes four types of root-stem transitions (Fumaria, Cucurbita, Lathyrus, and Anemarrhena) which differ in how the xylem and phloem structures divide and rearrange as they transition from root to stem. Finally, it notes that the transition zone represents a different internal arrangement than the root or stem and reflects different evolutionary stages in the development of the vascular system.
root microbial interaction for crop improvement seminar ppt Balaji Rathod
This document discusses root-microbial interactions and how they impact crop improvement. It covers how plant root exudates can influence both positive and negative interactions with other plants and microbes. On the plant-plant side, exudates can facilitate resource competition, allelopathy, or parasitic relationships. Positively, they may induce defenses in neighboring plants. With microbes, exudates enable symbiotic relationships like nitrogen fixation and mycorrhizal associations, but can also have antimicrobial effects against pathogens. A better understanding of these below-ground processes could help develop strategies to enhance soil health and crop yields.
Plant microbe interaction by dr. ashwin chekeAshwin Cheke
PLANT MICROBE – INTERACTIONS AND THEIR MUTUAL BENEFITS IN ENHANCING SOIL HEALTH AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,
IT ALSO INCREASE CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND IMPROVE SOIL HEALTH
Auxin is the first plant hormone discovered. It is produced throughout the plant and regulates many growth processes. There are two main pathways for auxin (IAA) biosynthesis - tryptophan-dependent and tryptophan-independent. Auxin's mechanism of action involves binding to receptor proteins and promoting proton pumping, which acidifies the cell wall and activates expansin proteins, leading to cell wall loosening and elongation. The physiological effects of auxin include stimulating cell elongation, controlling apical dominance, initiating root formation, preventing abscission, and promoting callus growth and vascular differentiation.
Plant - Pathogen Interaction and Disease DevelopmentKK CHANDEL
Plant diseases are the result of infection by any living organisms that adversely affect the growth, development, physiological functioning and productivity of a plant, manifesting outwardly as visible symptoms.
Root Exudates :Functions in plant-microbe interactionDebayan Nandi
Root exudates are chemicals exuded by plant roots that influence the surrounding soil environment and microbiome. They regulate microbial communities, encourage beneficial symbiotic relationships, and change soil chemical and physical properties. Root exudates are composed of low and high molecular weight compounds, including organic acids, amino acids, sugars, phenolics, proteins, and polysaccharides. They mediate both positive and negative interactions between plant roots and other organisms such as communication between roots and microbes or inhibition of competing plant species. The rate and composition of root exudates can be influenced by microorganisms, soil properties, and plant characteristics.
intro-classification-salt accumulation in soil imapairs plant function and soil structure-physiological effects on crop growth and development-osmotic effect and specific ion effects-plant use different strategies to avoid salt injury
This presentation was given by Dr. Avishek Bhattacharjee in Botanical Nomenclature Course held in Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong in November 2016. This may be helpful to the undergraduate and post graduate Botany students to understand different types of taxonomic literature, especially Flora, Revision and Monograph.
Agricultural microbiology deals with plant-associated microbes and soil fertility. Microbes play an important role in biogeochemical cycles like carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles. They decompose organic matter and release nutrients. Biofertilizers like nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi supplement chemical fertilizers. Biopesticides using bacteria like B. thuringiensis, fungi, and viruses control agricultural pests. Microbes also produce phosphorus-solubilizing enzymes and control nematodes, benefiting agricultural productivity.
Bioindicators are organisms that can be used to monitor environmental health. Different types of bioindicators like plants, animals, and microbes indicate different types of pollution or environmental changes. Scientists observe changes in bioindicator populations to assess environmental conditions. This document provides examples of various bioindicator species and how they are used, including lichens for air quality, earthworms for soil toxicity, and diatoms for water acidity. It also outlines classifications of bioindicators and criteria for selecting effective bioindicator species.
The Botanical Survey of India was established in 1890 to survey, document, and conserve India's plant diversity. It has 15 regional centers and units across India and is headquartered in Kolkata. Its objectives include exploring and documenting plant diversity in ecosystems and protected areas, publishing floras, identifying threatened species, and conducting ex-situ conservation. It maintains herbarium collections of over 3 million specimens, some of which are type specimens, and living collections of over 175,000 plant accessions. Recent achievements include discovering new genera, species, and records for India as well as digitizing collections.
Ecads, also known as ecophenes or habitat forms, are environmentally induced variations within the same genetic stock or species. The variations in morphology, such as shape, size, and reproductive capacity, are temporary responses to environmental influences. In contrast, ecotypes are genetically distinct populations that are adapted to different habitats through natural selection. Ecotypes retain their distinguishing morphological and physiological traits even when placed in a new environment. Examples of ecotypes include different forms of Euphorbia hirta that grow in grasslands versus footpaths, which differ greatly in appearance but remain inter-fertile.
Lignin is regarded as the most plentiful aromatic polymer contains both non-phenolic and phenolic structures. It makes the integral part of secondary wall and plays a significant role in water conduction in vascular plants. Many fungi, bacteria and insects have ability to decrease this lignin by producing enzymes. Certain enzymes from specialized bacteria and fungi have been identified by researchers that can metabolize lignin and enable utilization of lignin “derived carbon sources. In this review, we attempt to provide an overview of the complexity of lignins polymeric structure, its distribution in forest soils, and its chemical nature. Herein, we focus on lignin biodegradation by various microorganism, fungi and bacteria present in plant biomass and soils that are capable of producing ligninolytic enzymes such as lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, versatile peroxidase, and dye “ decolorizing peroxidase. The relevant and recent reports have been included in this review. U. Priyanga | M. Kannahi"Lignin Degradation: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11556.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/11556/lignin-degradation-a-review/u-priyanga
Role of Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry for Bioremediation to Clean the E...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Role of Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry for Bioremediation to Clean the Environment by Durgesh Kumar Jaiswal and Jay Prakash Verma* Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
A Selective Study on Decolorization of Textile Azo Dye using Genetically Modi...BRNSS Publication Hub
This document summarizes research on using genetically modified brown-rot fungi to decolorize textile dyes. Brown-rot fungi naturally produce enzymes that can break down lignin and other complex molecules. The researchers genetically modified brown-rot fungi to enhance their ability to decolorize textile dyes. They tested the modified fungi on textile effluents and various dyes. The genetically modified brown-rot fungi showed improved ability to decolorize textile dyes compared to unmodified fungi. The document also describes techniques used to modify the fungi and evaluate their dye decolorization abilities.
This document discusses surfactants and their applications in agriculture. It begins by defining surfactants and their structure, then describes the main types - anionic, cationic, amphoteric, and nonionic. It discusses factors to consider when choosing surfactants for crop production. The document outlines the major applications of surfactants in herbicides, fungicides and insecticides. It details the effects of surfactants on plants and soils, as well as their use in agrochemical formulations. Finally, it explores the potential applications of biosurfactants in agriculture as more sustainable alternatives to synthetic surfactants.
Fungal pretreatment is a biological pretreatment method that has several advantages over physical and chemical pretreatment methods. It uses lignin-degrading fungi like white-rot fungi to degrade lignin through oxidative enzymes. This breaks down the structure of lignocellulose and increases accessibility for downstream processing like enzymatic hydrolysis. The key advantages are that it is a simple and low-energy technique that avoids forming fermentation inhibitors and waste streams while reducing costs. White-rot fungi are most effective as they can completely mineralize lignin using oxidative enzymes like lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and laccases. Factors like moisture content, temperature, and pretreatment time must be optimized for effective fungal pretreatment of
Microbes involved in aerobic and anaerobic process in natureDharshinipriyaJanaki
This document provides an overview of microbes involved in aerobic and anaerobic processes in nature. It discusses bioremediation, the bioremediation cycle, biodegradation, and the roles of various microorganisms. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down environmental pollutants. The bioremediation cycle involves microbes consuming contaminants and converting them into harmless substances. Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microbes. Various microbes are involved in aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation processes to break down contaminants.
PGPR can promote sustainable agriculture in 3 ways:
1. They fix atmospheric nitrogen into a form plants can use through nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Rhizobium.
2. They solubilize insoluble phosphorus and other nutrients like potassium through organic acid production, making them available to plants.
3. They produce plant hormones like auxins and cytokinins that stimulate plant growth and help plants withstand stresses.
This document discusses bioremediation and the degradation of pollutants by microorganisms. It defines bioremediation as the process of using microbes to biologically degrade organic wastes under controlled conditions. It describes how microbes possess enzymes that allow them to break down environmental contaminants. The document outlines different bioremediation methods including biostimulation, bioattenuation, bioaugmentation, bioventing, and biopiles. It discusses factors that affect microbial bioremediation and concludes that bioremediation is an attractive option for cleaning polluted environments, though its effectiveness depends on environmental conditions that support microbial growth.
The document discusses the use of enzymes in bioremediation. It outlines that enzymatic bioremediation uses isolated enzymes to transform contaminants into less toxic compounds. Extracellular enzymes from white rot fungi have been shown to effectively degrade pollutants like PAHs, PCBs, and dyes. Major enzymes used include lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and laccase. Case studies demonstrate how these enzymes can decolorize over 90% of textile dyes. While enzymatic bioremediation provides advantages over chemical and microbial methods, further research is needed to reduce costs and improve enzyme stability and activity under various conditions.
Fungal Laccase A Review on Production and its Potential Application for Human...ijtsrd
Laccase belongs to the blue multi copper oxidases, which are widely distributed in fungi and higher plants. Lignin degradation by several white rot fungi, such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, Coriolus versicolor, Cyathus stercoreus, and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, have been studied. Laccase enzymes have attracted attention due to its wide use in textile, pulp and paper, and food industry. Recently, it is being used in developing biosensors for detection and removal of toxic pollutants, designing of biofuel cells and medical diagnostics tool. Laccase is also being used as a bioremediation agent as they have been found potent enough in cleaning up herbicides pesticides and certain explosives in soil. Because of having the ability to oxidize phenolic, non phenolic lignin related compounds and highly fractious environmental pollutants, laccases have drawn the attention of researchers in the last few decades. Commercially, laccases have been used to determine the difference between codeine and morphine, produce ethanol and are also being employed in de lignify woody tissues. To sustain this trend widespread availability of laccase and efficient production systems have to be developed. The current review discuss major advances in application of fungal laccase in white biotechnology. It delineate the laccase production and various cultivation techniques that have been developed to efficiently produce laccase at the industrial scale. The role of laccase in different food industries, and significant recent advances in the use of laccases are discussed in this review. Sonal K. Makwana | Rakeshkumar R. Panchal | Kiran C. Deshmukh "Fungal Laccase - A Review on Production and its Potential Application for Human Welfare" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38221.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/38221/fungal-laccase--a-review-on-production-and-its-potential-application-for-human-welfare/sonal-k-makwana
Xenobiotics and Microbial and Biotechnological approacheshanugoudaPatil
This document discusses xenobiotics and biotechnological approaches to remediating them. It defines xenobiotics as foreign compounds found within organisms. Environmental xenobiotics include pollutants like pesticides, petrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Recalcitrant xenobiotics persist in the environment and resist degradation. The document outlines genetic engineering approaches used to create genetically modified microbes (GEMs) that can biodegrade various xenobiotics through enhanced or novel metabolic pathways. GEMs show promise for more effective bioremediation of contaminated environments.
Each and every organisms in this world has its significant role.What we have to do is just identify it intellectually.Fungi have unexpected remediation property.
Isolation of Pure culture of Bacteria. Enzymes of BacteriaEneutron
Bacterial enzymes play an important role in microbial metabolism and can be classified based on their origin, conditions of formation, and catalyzed chemical processes. They have various practical applications in industries like food production as well as medicine. To identify unknown bacteria, their enzymatic properties and activities are tested using different diagnostic media, along with examining other characteristics like morphology, staining, and antigenic attributes. Students conduct practical activities like assessing bacterial purity, subculturing onto fermentation media to determine sugar and protein breakdown, and identifying enteric bacteria using Endo and Levin media.
Microalgae as biofertilizers are major enhancing soil fertility and quality. Microalgae can create plant growth hormones, Polysaccharides, antibacterial chemicals and other metabolites.
Bioremediation is the process in which the micro-organisms are used to degrade the pollutants from the environment. Plants and micro-organisms are used to clean up the environment. Bioremediation is carried out by microbes and their metabolisms are used to remove the contaminants. Microbes have the ability to resolve the issue of contaminated ecosystem1. To improve or better living style the degradation of contaminated areas is very important. Importance of the biodegradation is increasing due to the expensiveness of the chemicals. So bioremediation is the best choice. The effluents should be degraded from the environment because they are very dangerous and have a bad impact on human beings. These pollutants sink into the water and cause pollution. These pollutants are treated with the help of microbes in bioremediation process. It is the best method because it is cost effective and eco-friendly. Different techniques of bioremediation are used to convert toxic substances into less toxic substances.
Bioremediation is the process in which the micro-organisms are used to degrade the pollutants from the environment. Plants and micro-organisms are used to clean up the environment. Bioremediation is carried out by microbes and their metabolisms are used to remove the contaminants. Microbes have the ability to resolve the issue of contaminated ecosystem1. To improve or better living style the degradation of contaminated areas is very important. Importance of the biodegradation is increasing due to the expensiveness of the chemicals. So bioremediation is the best choice. The effluents should be degraded from the environment because they are very dangerous and have a bad impact on human beings. These pollutants sink into the water and cause pollution. These pollutants are treated with the help of microbes in bioremediation process. It is the best method because it is cost effective and eco-friendly. Different techniques of bioremediation are used to convert toxic substances into less toxic substances.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to remove environmental pollutants or prevent pollution. It describes various types of bioremediation including biostimulation and bioaugmentation. Key organisms used in bioremediation are discussed, such as Pseudomonas bacteria, white rot fungi, and plants. Methods like phytoremediation, biosurfactants, and bioremediation of sites, soils, wastes, and hydrocarbons are summarized. Advantages include being natural and enabling complete destruction of contaminants, while disadvantages are limitations to biodegradable compounds and length of time needed.
This document provides an overview of bioremediation. Some key points:
- Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to remove or break down pollutants in the environment. It can be used to treat contamination in soil, water, and solid waste.
- There are different types of bioremediation including biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and intrinsic bioremediation. Genetically engineered microbes are also used.
- The microbes degrade pollutants through redox reactions and metabolic pathways. Bioremediation can be done on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material to another location (ex situ).
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Similar to Lignolytic fungi, magical fungi, kingdom fungi/ soil enzyme generating fungi (20)
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2. What Is Ligninolytic Fungi?
• Ligninolytic fungi are taxonomically heterogeneous higher fungi
characterized by a unique ability to depolymerize & mineralize lignin.
• The extracellular, nonspecific, & oxidative
enzymatic system of these fungi catalyzes
lignin degradation
2
3. Why Lignolytics Are Important?
Lignolytic enzymes degrade many persistent aromatic compounds(PAH,PCB) with
structures similar to those of the metabolites formed in the biosynthesis or
degradation of lignin.
• process undergo - “enzymatic combustion”
The catalytic action increase the polarity & water-soluble products, which are more
accessible for both fungal metabolism and further degradation of natural soil micro
flora.
The unique properties of Ligninolytic fungi make them promising for use in
bioremediation, particularly if pollutants are difficult to decompose by bacteria.
3
4. Who Are Lignolytic Species?
• White-rot fungi (Basidiomycetes)
EX - Coriolus versicolor
Phanerochaete chrysosporium
Trametes versicolor
• Brown-rot fungi
EX - Coniophora puteana
• Soft rotter/litter decomposers
EX - Melanocarpus albomyces
Chaetomium thermophile
Agnaporthe grisea
Myrothecium verrucaria 4
5. Fig a
Fig b - Erwin, E. (2016)
- Darshan, M., et al. 2019
5
6. • Laccase is isoenzymes with monomeric or dimeric and glycosylation levels (10–45%).
This contains four copper ions of three different types.
4-benzenediol + O2 4-benzosemiquinone + 2H2O
• Lignin Peroxidase is a glycoprotein with high
molecular mass & contain one mole of iron
protoporphyrin IX per one mole of protein,
catalyzes the H2O2 dependent oxidative
depolymerization of lignin.
• Manganese Peroxidase is a glycosylated heme
protein, with high molecular mass &
depolymerizes the lignin molecule in the
presence of manganese ion.
• Versatile Peroxidase has broad range substrate
sharing traits while disclose typical features of
the manganese & lignin peroxidase families 6
Laccase EC – 1.10.3.2
Lignin peroxidase (LiP) - EC 1.11.1.14
Manganese peroxidase (MnP) - EC 1.11.1.13
Versatile peroxidase (VP) - EC1.11.1.16
8. Economical & environmental Importance
• Bioremediation
• Food industry
• Paper & pulp industry
• Textile industry
• Pharmaceutical & cosmetic
• Organic, medical &
• Nanotechnology applications 8
The most important role of Ligninolytic fungi in nature is to take contribution in the
global carbon cycle.
9. REFERENCES
1. Darshan M. R., Akshaya G., Assessment of white rot fungus mediated hardwood degradation by FTIR
spectroscopy & multivariate analysis, Journal of Microbiological Methods, Volume 157, 2019,Pages 123-
130.
2. Dashtban, M., Schraft, H., Syed, T. A., & Qin, W. (2010). Fungal biodegradation and enzymatic
modification of lignin. International journal of biochemistry and molecular biology, 1(1), 36–50.
3. Erwin, E. (2016). Microscopic decay pattern of yellow meranti (Shorea gibbosa) wood caused by white-rot
fungus Phlebia brevispora. Biodiversitas, 17, 417-421.
4. Maciel, M. J. M., Silva A. C., Ribeiro H. C. T., (2010). Industrial & biotechnological applications of
Ligninolytic enzymes of the Basidiomycota: A review. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, vol13 issue 6
full text 2.
5. Novotný, C. & Svobodová, K. & Erbanová, P. & Cajthaml, T. & Kasinath, A. & Lang, E. & Šašek, V.. (2004).
Ligninolytic Fungi in Bioremediation: Extracellular Enzyme Production & Degradation Rate. Soil Biology
and Biochemistry. 36.
6. Plácido, J., Capareda, S. (2015). Ligninolytic enzymes: a biotechnological alternative for bioethanol
production. Bioresour. Bioprocess. 2, 23.
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