1) In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that languages from different geographical areas had a common ancestor, launching the field of linguistic investigation into language history and change.
2) The Proto-Indo-European language is reconstructed as the common ancestor of Indo-European languages based on comparative methods analyzing cognates across languages.
3) English history is usually divided into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English periods, with each experiencing changes in sounds, syntax, borrowing, and meanings due to various influences over time.
This mission aims in analyzing the various varieties of English on the basis of national boundaries. English is
the most widely-spoken language in the world, having the different status of being the official language of
multiple countries. Though the English language is uniform with important variations in spelling current
between American English and British English, the dialect or accent is usually the element which allows one to
distinguish the various types of English out there. Like most languages, there are varieties of English also, but
the distinction isn't quite as notable as you might see in other languages.In the thick Ugandan English into the
French-themed Canadian British, the assortments of accents gift are equally diverse and beautiful. Aside from
accents, there is a tendency for individuals to combine English with their regional lingo to create a hybrid
variety of English language that's as colorful as the culture within that nation.
Precised from the book "History of English language (HOEL)" By C.L Barbar. Valid for Language researches, College and University level specially for English Language and Literature students.
Unit II Technology and Inventions Inglés IAPB 2014Diego ElCretino
PPT for educational pruposes.
It'll be used for intriducing Unit II Technology and Inventions from Mineduc text Teens Club - 1st Grade.
I recommend you to download the presentation, instead of show it directly from this page; it contains animations that may motivate students a little bit more.
Any comment, just leave it below.
Antes de comenzar con esta actividad, se recomienda revisar el siguiente ppt: http://es.slideshare.net/igotamnesia/wth-is-facebook-ceia-mass-2013
TODOS LOS DERECHOS RESERVADOS!
Luego de presentar algunas características y funciones de esta red social, los estudiantes debieron realizar esta actividad: http://es.slideshare.net/igotamnesia/task-facebook
DERECHOS RESERVADOS.
This ppt was shown at UCSC as a material for those students who wanted to participate in alternative tutorials during the second-half strike period in 2011.
Mentors: Valentina Gallegos & Diego Ulloa
It's a project for education improvement at an specific school in Concepción, Chile.
It's important to mention that this project was just planned and not carried out due to some limitations such as time and the first-half 2011 strike period.
Participants: Joanne Abos-Padilla & Diego Ulloa
It's just a presentation of two pieces of paper together; one of them is the English version of the document and the other corresponds to the translation I made of it.
(This document was uploaded just for educational purposes)
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
2. Language history and change.
In 1786, Sir William Jones went on to
suggest that a number of languages
from very different geographical areas
must have some common ancestor.
Nowadays, this linguistic investigation carried on two
centuries after his suggestion.
3. Language history and change.
Proto – Indo – European
Original Form Europe
Indian
Sub-continent
PIE Language is the unattested, reconstructed
common ancestor of the Indo-European languages.
6. Language history and change.
Some of the more than 4.000 languages in the world are much more
widely spoken than others.
1st.- Chinese : Close to 1 billion speakers.
2nd.- English : About 350 million speakers.
3rd.- Spanish : Close to 300 million speakers.
4th.- Hindi : About 200 million speakers.
5th.- Arabic and Russian : About 150 million speakers each.
7. Language history and change.
Before starting to recognise the connection of the language family we
have to know what a cognate is.
It is a word that has a common etymological origin
with another one; both from different languages.
Sanskrit Latin Greek
pitar pater patër (“father”)
bhrätar fräter phräter (“brother”)
8. Language history and change.
All PIE sounds and words are reconstructed from later Indo-European languages
using the comparative method.
This procedure operates on the basis
of some general principles
The Majority Principle The Most natural
Development Principle
If there are further related
languages, the sound that
occurs most often in the
relevant cognates is assumed
to be the proto-form.
It is based on the fact that
certain types of sound-change
are very common, whereas
others are extremely unlikely.
9. Language history and change.
* The Majority Principle
If three forms begin with a [p] sound and one form begins with a [f]
sound, the we guess that the majority have retained the original sound
and the minority has changed a little through time.
[p] v/s [f]
pater
(Latin / Italic)
father
(English / Germanic)
pitar
(Sanskrit)
patér
(Greek)
10. Language history and change.
* The Most natural Development Principle
Some rules of this principle are:
↘ Final vowels often disappear
↘ Voiceless sounds become voiced between vowels
↘ Stops become fricatives (under certain conditions)
↘ Consonants become voiceless at the end of words
Italian L. Spanish L. French L.
cavallo caballo cheval (horse)
cantare cantar chanter (sing)
[k] sounds [š] sound
According to this principle, changes tend to occur in the direction of stops
becoming fricatives, so the [k] is more likely to have been the original.
11. Language history and change.
Language change
The historical development of English is usually divided
into three major periods.
↘ Old English
7th century – 11th century.
↘ Middle English
1.100 – 1.500
↘ Modern English
From 1.500 to the present.
12. Language history and change.
* Old English
↘ Variety due to influence of different tribes as Angles,
Saxons and Jutes.
mann (man) - cild (child) - hüs (house)
↘ Variety due to Christian convertion (Latin influence).
angel – bishop – cande – church – priest – school
↘ Variety due to Viking invasion.
give - law - skin - sky - take - they
13. Language history and change.
* Middle English
↘ Influence of new language (French) brought by the Normans.
army - court - defense - faith - prison - tax
↘ Variety in pronunciation terms, for example:
The diphthong /ei/ is spelled "ei", "ey", "ay" or "ai", and
sounds a bit like "whey": they, day.
Both Old and Middle English aspects just mentioned are
examples of external change in language.
14. Language history and change.
Sound changes.
- Quality of the vowels sounds:
Old English Modern English
spo:n spu:n (spoon)
wi:f wayf (wife)
- Some sounds disappeared:
Old English Modern English
nicht [nixt] nayt (night)
- Reversal in position of two adjoining sounds (metathesis):
Old English Modern English
frist first
hros horse
Latin Spanish
crocodilus Cocodrilo (crocodile)
Algeria Argelia (Algeria)
15. Language history and change.
- Addition of a sound to the middle of a word (espenthesis):
- Addition of a sound to the beginning of a word (espenthesis):
turum
arithametic
trump
arithmetic
status
(Latin)
estado
(Spanish)
(state)
spiritus
(Latin)
espíritu
(Spanish)
(spirit)
* ESL learners often add a vowel sound to the beginning of some English words,
such as: espeak (speak), eschool (school), Espanish (Spanish).
16. Language history and change.
Syntactic changes.
Word order.
• Old English:
Subject + Verb + Object
Verb + Subject
Subject + Object + Verb
• Modern English:
Subject + Verb + Object
Inflection.
Nouns, adjectives, articles and pronouns lost many
inflectional affixes and took different inflectional forms.
17. Language history and change.
Lexical changes.
* Borrwing.
Many words that Old English borrowed from other languages
(mainly Latin and Greek) have ceased to be used.
Broadening Narrowing
The range of meanings associated with a word becomes more…
…general than at the beginning of its use. …restricted than at the beginning of its use.
Example: Example:
“cool”, Old English: a part of professional jargon
of Jazz.
“cool”, Modern English: (almost) anything
conceivable.
“mete”, Old English: any solid consumable food.
“meat”, Modern English: edible animal flesh.
* Broadening and Narrowing.
18. Language history and change.
The process of change.
There is an unending process whereby each language-user has to ‘recreate’ for
him/herself the language of the community: each new generation has to find a
way of using the language of the previous generation.
Diachronically: change of the language through time.
Synchronically: change of the language in different places
at the same time.