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arc5410  Advanced Structure and Construction
3.0  Vertical Structural Systems Pt. 2 Historical evolution of tall buildings
Timeline of the tallest structures in the world with the tallest non-building structures (blue) and the new ecological skyscapers (green).
The Monadnock Building Burnham & Root Chicago, IL   1891 16 story solid masonry load-bearing walls. Note the shear walls in the transverse direction for resisting wind loads.
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Home Insurance Building William Le Baron Jenney   Chicago, IL   1885 Often considered to be the first modern skyscraper because of its early use of a steel frame. Above the sixth floor the framing employed the first rolled steel sections. All connections are bolted. The Home Insurance Bldg. also incorporated an elevator although not the first to do so (the Equitable Building in NYC 1870 by Gilman and Kendall). Above left: diagram of the Fair Store Building, Chicago, 1891 by Wm. LB. Jenney illustrating floor construction and prefabricated terracotta fireproofing.
  Portal Frame: Lateral load   Portal Frame: Gravity load Distribution of bending moments in a portal frame under lateral loading.
The deflection of a tall frame structure is a combination of the movement due to  bending  of the whole structure and the horizontal deflection due to the bending of individual beams and columns.
Three buildings by Holabird and Roche. Chicago, 1899. The façade of the Gage Building on the far left is by Louis Sullivan.
Auditorium Building Louis Sullivan & Charles Adler  1889 Bayard Building  Louis Sullivan  1898  NYC The expression of “romanesque style” as attributed to the architect H. H. Richardson. An overall Strong expression of verticality combined with abstracted unity to the composition is achieved through expression of the bay combined with a variation in  ornamentation based on naturalistic themes.  the rustication of the masonry and the scale and grouping of the window openings.
Reliance Building Daniel Burnham & John Wellborn Root 1894 The Reliance Building expresses the transparency of the modern glass curtain wall although the glass frames here are  still infill units between the spandrel beams. The reading of the columns is suppressed lending a strong horizontality To the fenestration. Window bay units are cantilevered out from the structural frame.
Chicago Tribune Building   Raymond Hood & John Howells  Chicago 1925
Bruno Taut Walter Gropius   Elliel Saarinen
 
 
Glass Skyscraper project  Mies van der Rohe  1922    Skyscraper  Le Corbusier  Cap de la Marine  1938
City for Three Million  ca. 1924   Plan Voisin  Le Corbusier  Paris  1925
Obus E Project for Algiers  Le Corbusier  Cap de la Marine  1938
Typical tall building circa 1920’s. Lower east side Manhattan.  Paramount Bldg.  New York, 1927
Possible skyscraper massing under the NYC 1920 zoning laws. Drawings made by Hugh Ferris with Harvey Wiley Corbett in 1922.
 
Barclay-Vesey Building  Voorhees, Gmelin & Walker NYC   1926
Woolworth Building  Cass Gilbert  NYC  1913 The Woolworth Building at 235m was the tallest building in the world (the Eiffel Tower at 300m is not considered a building as it lacks floor loads and enclosure). The 29-story base is U-shaped. The slender tower of the Woolworth Building grows gracefully out of the base with a compositional flatness and layering that presages phenomenal transparency.
 
 
Empire State Building   Shreve lamb & Harmon NYC  1931 At 383m the Empire State Building remained the tallest building in the world for 40 years. The time of realization from preliminary drawings to completion was only 18 months. The structure of the tower is a braced steel frame with semi-rigid connections. It remains one of the stiffest towers for its height, largely due to the heavy cladding that is designed to stiffen the frame.
 
 
 
 
40 Wall St.  Severance and Matsui NYC  1929
 
City Services Building
 
Leonidov  Moscow  1934   William Van Alen  Chrysler Building  1930 Russian constructivism   Art deco style
 
 
 
Lake Shore Apartments Mies van der Rohe   Chicago   1949
 
 
 
Seagrams Building Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson New York 1954-58
Seagram Building  Mies van der Rohe  NYC  1958 Lake Shore Drive Apts.  Mies van der Rohe  Chicago  1951
Lever House Skidmore Owings & Merrill / Gordon Bunshaft NYC 1952
 
 
 
Types of vertical structural systems
First Wisconsin Center   Skidmore Owings & Merrill   Milwaukee, Wisconsin 1974 An example of a steel frame with a belt truss and outrigger system at the 15th and 41st floors, and a transfer truss at the  3rd level.  Note that the outrigger trusses are in the direction of the wind only indicating that wind resistance in the longi- tudinal direction is provided only by the stiffness of the frame. Diagrams illustrate the effect of belt truss and outriggers in stiffening a core-frame structure. On  the right, the bending moment decreases in response to increasing stiffness provided by the belt trusses.
shear frame truss-frame   truss-frame behavior belt-outrigger framed tube
Design research on tall buildings at IIT (Illinois Institute of Technology  (under Mies van der Rohe)  Aesthetics of the tall building derived from rational structure design for efficiency and economy. Myron Goldsmith  Superframe 80+ story high rise
Sasaki Thesis (IIT 1962)   John Hancock Tower (SOM  1969)
Hodgkinson Thesis (IIT 1968)   780 Park Avenue (SOM  1979)
 
Breitman Thesis (IIT 1972)   Alcoa Building (SOM  19)   B.O.C.  (I.M Pei  1987)
John Hancock Center SOM / Bruce Graham / Fazlur Khan   Chicago  1970
 
 
Office level  floors 26 - 33 Street level
Apartment level  floors 82 - 92 Sky Lobby  floor 44
 
 

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L4 Vertical Structure Pt2 2

  • 1. arc5410 Advanced Structure and Construction
  • 2. 3.0 Vertical Structural Systems Pt. 2 Historical evolution of tall buildings
  • 3. Timeline of the tallest structures in the world with the tallest non-building structures (blue) and the new ecological skyscapers (green).
  • 4. The Monadnock Building Burnham & Root Chicago, IL 1891 16 story solid masonry load-bearing walls. Note the shear walls in the transverse direction for resisting wind loads.
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  • 6. Home Insurance Building William Le Baron Jenney Chicago, IL 1885 Often considered to be the first modern skyscraper because of its early use of a steel frame. Above the sixth floor the framing employed the first rolled steel sections. All connections are bolted. The Home Insurance Bldg. also incorporated an elevator although not the first to do so (the Equitable Building in NYC 1870 by Gilman and Kendall). Above left: diagram of the Fair Store Building, Chicago, 1891 by Wm. LB. Jenney illustrating floor construction and prefabricated terracotta fireproofing.
  • 7. Portal Frame: Lateral load Portal Frame: Gravity load Distribution of bending moments in a portal frame under lateral loading.
  • 8. The deflection of a tall frame structure is a combination of the movement due to bending of the whole structure and the horizontal deflection due to the bending of individual beams and columns.
  • 9. Three buildings by Holabird and Roche. Chicago, 1899. The façade of the Gage Building on the far left is by Louis Sullivan.
  • 10. Auditorium Building Louis Sullivan & Charles Adler 1889 Bayard Building Louis Sullivan 1898 NYC The expression of “romanesque style” as attributed to the architect H. H. Richardson. An overall Strong expression of verticality combined with abstracted unity to the composition is achieved through expression of the bay combined with a variation in ornamentation based on naturalistic themes. the rustication of the masonry and the scale and grouping of the window openings.
  • 11. Reliance Building Daniel Burnham & John Wellborn Root 1894 The Reliance Building expresses the transparency of the modern glass curtain wall although the glass frames here are still infill units between the spandrel beams. The reading of the columns is suppressed lending a strong horizontality To the fenestration. Window bay units are cantilevered out from the structural frame.
  • 12. Chicago Tribune Building Raymond Hood & John Howells Chicago 1925
  • 13. Bruno Taut Walter Gropius Elliel Saarinen
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  • 16. Glass Skyscraper project Mies van der Rohe 1922 Skyscraper Le Corbusier Cap de la Marine 1938
  • 17. City for Three Million ca. 1924 Plan Voisin Le Corbusier Paris 1925
  • 18. Obus E Project for Algiers Le Corbusier Cap de la Marine 1938
  • 19. Typical tall building circa 1920’s. Lower east side Manhattan. Paramount Bldg. New York, 1927
  • 20. Possible skyscraper massing under the NYC 1920 zoning laws. Drawings made by Hugh Ferris with Harvey Wiley Corbett in 1922.
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  • 22. Barclay-Vesey Building Voorhees, Gmelin & Walker NYC 1926
  • 23. Woolworth Building Cass Gilbert NYC 1913 The Woolworth Building at 235m was the tallest building in the world (the Eiffel Tower at 300m is not considered a building as it lacks floor loads and enclosure). The 29-story base is U-shaped. The slender tower of the Woolworth Building grows gracefully out of the base with a compositional flatness and layering that presages phenomenal transparency.
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  • 26. Empire State Building Shreve lamb & Harmon NYC 1931 At 383m the Empire State Building remained the tallest building in the world for 40 years. The time of realization from preliminary drawings to completion was only 18 months. The structure of the tower is a braced steel frame with semi-rigid connections. It remains one of the stiffest towers for its height, largely due to the heavy cladding that is designed to stiffen the frame.
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  • 31. 40 Wall St. Severance and Matsui NYC 1929
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  • 35. Leonidov Moscow 1934 William Van Alen Chrysler Building 1930 Russian constructivism Art deco style
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  • 39. Lake Shore Apartments Mies van der Rohe Chicago 1949
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  • 43. Seagrams Building Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson New York 1954-58
  • 44. Seagram Building Mies van der Rohe NYC 1958 Lake Shore Drive Apts. Mies van der Rohe Chicago 1951
  • 45. Lever House Skidmore Owings & Merrill / Gordon Bunshaft NYC 1952
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  • 49. Types of vertical structural systems
  • 50. First Wisconsin Center Skidmore Owings & Merrill Milwaukee, Wisconsin 1974 An example of a steel frame with a belt truss and outrigger system at the 15th and 41st floors, and a transfer truss at the 3rd level. Note that the outrigger trusses are in the direction of the wind only indicating that wind resistance in the longi- tudinal direction is provided only by the stiffness of the frame. Diagrams illustrate the effect of belt truss and outriggers in stiffening a core-frame structure. On the right, the bending moment decreases in response to increasing stiffness provided by the belt trusses.
  • 51. shear frame truss-frame truss-frame behavior belt-outrigger framed tube
  • 52. Design research on tall buildings at IIT (Illinois Institute of Technology (under Mies van der Rohe) Aesthetics of the tall building derived from rational structure design for efficiency and economy. Myron Goldsmith Superframe 80+ story high rise
  • 53. Sasaki Thesis (IIT 1962) John Hancock Tower (SOM 1969)
  • 54. Hodgkinson Thesis (IIT 1968) 780 Park Avenue (SOM 1979)
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  • 56. Breitman Thesis (IIT 1972) Alcoa Building (SOM 19) B.O.C. (I.M Pei 1987)
  • 57. John Hancock Center SOM / Bruce Graham / Fazlur Khan Chicago 1970
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  • 60. Office level floors 26 - 33 Street level
  • 61. Apartment level floors 82 - 92 Sky Lobby floor 44
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