This document discusses switch fabrics and their basic concepts. It covers time and space switching, two and three stage switches, cost criteria, and multi-stage switches and path searching. Key concepts covered include accessibility, blocking, complexity, scalability, reliability, and throughput as they relate to switch fabric design and performance. Time-slot interchange and its implementation are also summarized.
This document summarizes circuit switching and packet switching techniques in communications networks. It discusses how circuit switching establishes a dedicated physical path between communicating nodes but is inefficient for bursty traffic. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted over shared links, improving efficiency. Key aspects covered include virtual circuits, datagrams, packet switching advantages, X.25 standards, and how Frame Relay improved on X.25 by reducing overhead.
This document discusses reactive routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), focusing on the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol. It describes how AODV works by broadcasting Route Request packets when a route is needed, and nodes responding with Route Reply packets if they have a valid route. Intermediate nodes store the address of previous nodes to forward packets. The document outlines the key components of Route Request and Route Reply packets, and notes advantages of AODV such as on-demand route establishment and use of destination sequence numbers, with drawbacks including control overhead and bandwidth consumption from periodic beaconing.
Proactive routing protocol
Each node maintain a routing table.
Sequence number is used to update the topology information
Update can be done based on event driven or periodic
Observations
May be energy expensive due to high mobility of the nodes
Delay can be minimized, as path to destination is already known to all nodes.
The document discusses the basic software architecture of a digital switching system. It describes the operating system, database management, and classification of digital switch software. It also provides an overview of a basic call model, including the connect sequence, and discusses the software linkages required during a typical call. Finally, it presents a simplified flow diagram for a call forwarding feature.
Versatile Low Power Media Access for Wireless Sensor NetworksMichael Rushanan
Media access control in wireless sensor networks must be small, efficient, and energy conscious. This presentation presented the findings of a paper from Berkley, "Versatile Low Power Media Access for Wireless Sensor Networks," where the authors present just such a MAC implementation called, BMAC. The presentation was delivered to a graduate students at Johns Hopkins University enrolled in Embedded Systems and Wireless Sensor Networks.
This document summarizes circuit switching and packet switching techniques in communications networks. It discusses how circuit switching establishes a dedicated physical path between communicating nodes but is inefficient for bursty traffic. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted over shared links, improving efficiency. Key aspects covered include virtual circuits, datagrams, packet switching advantages, X.25 standards, and how Frame Relay improved on X.25 by reducing overhead.
This document discusses reactive routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), focusing on the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol. It describes how AODV works by broadcasting Route Request packets when a route is needed, and nodes responding with Route Reply packets if they have a valid route. Intermediate nodes store the address of previous nodes to forward packets. The document outlines the key components of Route Request and Route Reply packets, and notes advantages of AODV such as on-demand route establishment and use of destination sequence numbers, with drawbacks including control overhead and bandwidth consumption from periodic beaconing.
Proactive routing protocol
Each node maintain a routing table.
Sequence number is used to update the topology information
Update can be done based on event driven or periodic
Observations
May be energy expensive due to high mobility of the nodes
Delay can be minimized, as path to destination is already known to all nodes.
The document discusses the basic software architecture of a digital switching system. It describes the operating system, database management, and classification of digital switch software. It also provides an overview of a basic call model, including the connect sequence, and discusses the software linkages required during a typical call. Finally, it presents a simplified flow diagram for a call forwarding feature.
Versatile Low Power Media Access for Wireless Sensor NetworksMichael Rushanan
Media access control in wireless sensor networks must be small, efficient, and energy conscious. This presentation presented the findings of a paper from Berkley, "Versatile Low Power Media Access for Wireless Sensor Networks," where the authors present just such a MAC implementation called, BMAC. The presentation was delivered to a graduate students at Johns Hopkins University enrolled in Embedded Systems and Wireless Sensor Networks.
Frame Relay is a virtual circuit wide-area network technology designed in the late 1980s that operates at the physical and data link layers. It allows for bursty data transmission and higher transmission speeds than traditional WANs. Frame Relay uses virtual circuits identified by a Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) to transmit data between nodes. It supports both permanent virtual circuits (PVCs) and switched virtual circuits (SVCs). Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a network protocol that transmits data in fixed length cells over virtual paths and circuits to provide connection-oriented services between endpoints.
This document discusses routing in ad hoc networks. It begins by defining an ad hoc network as a collection of mobile wireless nodes that form a network without any infrastructure or centralized administration. It describes some key differences between ad hoc and normal wireless networks. It then discusses different types of routing protocols that can be used in ad hoc networks, including proactive, reactive, hybrid, and power-aware protocols. It also covers some security challenges in ad hoc networks and discusses energy efficient routing protocols like DSR and MBCR. It concludes by discussing advantages and disadvantages of ad hoc networks and opportunities for future research.
This document provides an overview of the network architecture and signalling protocols in UMTS networks. It describes the main network elements of UTRAN, UE and CN. It explains the interfaces between these elements and the protocols used for communication, including RRC for UE-RNC signalling, RANAP for RNC-CN signalling, and NAS protocols for non-access signalling between UE and CN. It also summarizes the protocol stacks used over the Iu interfaces between RNC and CN for circuit-switched and packet-switched domains.
This document presents the iSLIP scheduling algorithm for input-queued switches. The iSLIP algorithm:
- Uses virtual output queueing (VOQ) to eliminate head-of-line (HOL) blocking and achieve 100% throughput.
- Is an iterative, round-robin algorithm that is simple to implement in hardware. It can achieve high throughput for uniform traffic.
- Has been implemented in commercial routers and switches with aggregate bandwidths ranging from 50-500 Gbps. When traffic is nonuniform, iSLIP quickly adapts to provide fair scheduling without starvation.
This document discusses parallel processing and multiprocessors. It covers various topics related to coupling of processors, interconnection structures, bus structures, memory structures, arbitration methods, and synchronization techniques for parallel systems. Tightly coupled systems use shared memory while loosely coupled systems use message passing. Common interconnection structures include buses, crossbar switches, and hypercube networks. Both static and dynamic arbitration methods are described for shared bus access. Hardware semaphores can provide mutual exclusion for critical sections in shared memory parallel systems.
Mac protocols sensor_20071105_slideshareChih-Yu Lin
This document summarizes several MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by introducing the need for MAC protocols to control medium access in wireless networks and common sources of energy waste. It then categorizes MAC protocols as contention-based (like ALOHA and CSMA), schedule-based (like TDMA), or hybrid. Specific protocols discussed include S-MAC, B-MAC, TRAMA, and hybrid protocols like Z-MAC and Funneling-MAC. The document emphasizes energy efficiency as the primary concern for MAC protocols in wireless sensor networks.
Block ciphers & public key cryptographyRAMPRAKASHT1
This document provides an overview of block ciphers and public key cryptography. It discusses the principles of block ciphers, including block cipher modes of operation. Popular block ciphers like DES, AES, Triple DES and Blowfish are described. The document also covers public key cryptography principles and algorithms like RSA and Diffie-Hellman key exchange. It provides details on elliptic curve cryptography and the arithmetic behind it.
Datacom module 5 (UART, USRT, Serial Interface, Modem)Jeffrey Des Binwag
A discussion on the fundamental concepts of Data Communication covering topics on the UART, USRT, Serial Interface, and Modems as outlined in Chapter 22 of the book Electronic Communication Systems, 5th Ed. by Wayne Tomasi
The distribution layer is responsible for routing, filtering, and communication between the core and access layers. It represents a routing boundary and connection point between remote sites and the core. Key goals of the distribution layer include filtering traffic, enforcing access policies, summarizing routes, isolating the core from failures, and routing between access layer VLANs. Spanning tree protocol is used to prevent loops by disabling redundant links and ensuring only one active path between devices. Access control lists can filter traffic and limit unwanted traffic from entering the core.
This document discusses different types of communication networks and circuit switching. It defines circuit switching as reserving end-to-end network resources like bandwidth for a "call." Resources are dedicated and not shared between calls. Circuit setup is required to establish the dedicated path between nodes. Timing diagrams show the circuit establishment, transfer of information, and teardown phases in circuit switching networks.
In this session you will learn:
OSI reference model
OSI layers
Modbus communication protocol
Profibus communication protocol
Fieldbus communication protocol
This document discusses different types of routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. It begins by classifying routing protocols into four categories: proactive (table-driven), reactive (on-demand), hybrid, and geographic location-assisted. It then provides more details on proactive protocols like DSDV, and reactive protocols like DSR and AODV. For DSDV, it describes how routing tables are regularly exchanged and updated when link breaks occur. For DSR and AODV, it explains how routes are discovered on-demand via route requests and replies. Key differences between DSR and AODV are also summarized.
Router architectures in Network on Chip (NoC) were classified based on routing algorithms into oblivious and adaptive routers. Oblivious routers like virtual channel, Aethereal, MANGO, RASoC, Xpipes and Proteo were described. Adaptive routers like DyXY and DyAD were also summarized. Performance-based router architectures including congestion-aware, asynchronous, low-latency, high-throughput and power-efficient routers were outlined. In conclusion, different router architectures were proposed to achieve low latency, high throughput, low power and low congestion depending on the routing algorithm and application needs for Network on Chip design.
The document summarizes key points from an 8th lecture on wireless sensor networks. It discusses various medium access control (MAC) protocols that control when nodes can access a shared wireless medium. These include contention-based protocols like MACA that use RTS/CTS handshaking and schedule-based protocols with fixed or dynamic scheduling. It also describes energy-efficient MAC protocols for low data rate sensor networks like S-MAC, T-MAC, and preamble sampling that increase sleep time to reduce energy use through synchronized sleep schedules or long preambles.
The document summarizes the basic processing unit of a processor. It discusses how the processor fetches and executes instructions through its functional units like the ALU, registers, and buses. The processor uses control signals to coordinate the transfer of data between these units. It describes the fetch-execute cycle where the instruction is fetched from memory into the IR, operands are fetched from registers into the ALU, and results are stored back to registers. The processor implements register transfers, arithmetic/logic operations, memory access, and complete instruction execution through a sequence of controlled data movements.
Frame relay is a packet-switching telecommunication service designed for cost-efficient data transmission for intermittent traffic between local area networks (LANs) and between endpoints in wide area networks (WANs). The service, once widely available and implemented, is in the process of being discontinued by major Internet service providers. Sprint ended its frame relay service in 2007, while Verizon said it plans to phase out the service in 2015. AT&T stopped offering frame relay in 2012 but said it would support existing customers until 2016.
This document discusses the Matrix, TSFPGA, and DPGA architectures. Matrix is based on an array of identical primitive elements with a configurable interconnect network. It operates in a pipelined fashion. TSFPGA moves the value registers to the inputs of computational elements, allowing values to move between producer and consumer with minimum transit time independent of when the consumer will use the data. It uses input registers and broadcasts the current timestep so inputs can load values when their programmed load time matches. The basic building block of TSFPGA is the subarray tile containing LUTs and a central crossbar for switching.
Circuit switching is a method of establishing a dedicated communication path or circuit between two endpoints in a network before transmission begins. It requires reserving bandwidth throughout the network for the duration of the connection. A circuit-switched network establishes a physical path and dedicates resources to a single connection. It operates in three phases: circuit establishment, data transfer, and circuit disconnection. The public telephone network is an example of a circuit-switched network.
Frame Relay is a virtual circuit wide-area network technology designed in the late 1980s that operates at the physical and data link layers. It allows for bursty data transmission and higher transmission speeds than traditional WANs. Frame Relay uses virtual circuits identified by a Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) to transmit data between nodes. It supports both permanent virtual circuits (PVCs) and switched virtual circuits (SVCs). Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a network protocol that transmits data in fixed length cells over virtual paths and circuits to provide connection-oriented services between endpoints.
This document discusses routing in ad hoc networks. It begins by defining an ad hoc network as a collection of mobile wireless nodes that form a network without any infrastructure or centralized administration. It describes some key differences between ad hoc and normal wireless networks. It then discusses different types of routing protocols that can be used in ad hoc networks, including proactive, reactive, hybrid, and power-aware protocols. It also covers some security challenges in ad hoc networks and discusses energy efficient routing protocols like DSR and MBCR. It concludes by discussing advantages and disadvantages of ad hoc networks and opportunities for future research.
This document provides an overview of the network architecture and signalling protocols in UMTS networks. It describes the main network elements of UTRAN, UE and CN. It explains the interfaces between these elements and the protocols used for communication, including RRC for UE-RNC signalling, RANAP for RNC-CN signalling, and NAS protocols for non-access signalling between UE and CN. It also summarizes the protocol stacks used over the Iu interfaces between RNC and CN for circuit-switched and packet-switched domains.
This document presents the iSLIP scheduling algorithm for input-queued switches. The iSLIP algorithm:
- Uses virtual output queueing (VOQ) to eliminate head-of-line (HOL) blocking and achieve 100% throughput.
- Is an iterative, round-robin algorithm that is simple to implement in hardware. It can achieve high throughput for uniform traffic.
- Has been implemented in commercial routers and switches with aggregate bandwidths ranging from 50-500 Gbps. When traffic is nonuniform, iSLIP quickly adapts to provide fair scheduling without starvation.
This document discusses parallel processing and multiprocessors. It covers various topics related to coupling of processors, interconnection structures, bus structures, memory structures, arbitration methods, and synchronization techniques for parallel systems. Tightly coupled systems use shared memory while loosely coupled systems use message passing. Common interconnection structures include buses, crossbar switches, and hypercube networks. Both static and dynamic arbitration methods are described for shared bus access. Hardware semaphores can provide mutual exclusion for critical sections in shared memory parallel systems.
Mac protocols sensor_20071105_slideshareChih-Yu Lin
This document summarizes several MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by introducing the need for MAC protocols to control medium access in wireless networks and common sources of energy waste. It then categorizes MAC protocols as contention-based (like ALOHA and CSMA), schedule-based (like TDMA), or hybrid. Specific protocols discussed include S-MAC, B-MAC, TRAMA, and hybrid protocols like Z-MAC and Funneling-MAC. The document emphasizes energy efficiency as the primary concern for MAC protocols in wireless sensor networks.
Block ciphers & public key cryptographyRAMPRAKASHT1
This document provides an overview of block ciphers and public key cryptography. It discusses the principles of block ciphers, including block cipher modes of operation. Popular block ciphers like DES, AES, Triple DES and Blowfish are described. The document also covers public key cryptography principles and algorithms like RSA and Diffie-Hellman key exchange. It provides details on elliptic curve cryptography and the arithmetic behind it.
Datacom module 5 (UART, USRT, Serial Interface, Modem)Jeffrey Des Binwag
A discussion on the fundamental concepts of Data Communication covering topics on the UART, USRT, Serial Interface, and Modems as outlined in Chapter 22 of the book Electronic Communication Systems, 5th Ed. by Wayne Tomasi
The distribution layer is responsible for routing, filtering, and communication between the core and access layers. It represents a routing boundary and connection point between remote sites and the core. Key goals of the distribution layer include filtering traffic, enforcing access policies, summarizing routes, isolating the core from failures, and routing between access layer VLANs. Spanning tree protocol is used to prevent loops by disabling redundant links and ensuring only one active path between devices. Access control lists can filter traffic and limit unwanted traffic from entering the core.
This document discusses different types of communication networks and circuit switching. It defines circuit switching as reserving end-to-end network resources like bandwidth for a "call." Resources are dedicated and not shared between calls. Circuit setup is required to establish the dedicated path between nodes. Timing diagrams show the circuit establishment, transfer of information, and teardown phases in circuit switching networks.
In this session you will learn:
OSI reference model
OSI layers
Modbus communication protocol
Profibus communication protocol
Fieldbus communication protocol
This document discusses different types of routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks. It begins by classifying routing protocols into four categories: proactive (table-driven), reactive (on-demand), hybrid, and geographic location-assisted. It then provides more details on proactive protocols like DSDV, and reactive protocols like DSR and AODV. For DSDV, it describes how routing tables are regularly exchanged and updated when link breaks occur. For DSR and AODV, it explains how routes are discovered on-demand via route requests and replies. Key differences between DSR and AODV are also summarized.
Router architectures in Network on Chip (NoC) were classified based on routing algorithms into oblivious and adaptive routers. Oblivious routers like virtual channel, Aethereal, MANGO, RASoC, Xpipes and Proteo were described. Adaptive routers like DyXY and DyAD were also summarized. Performance-based router architectures including congestion-aware, asynchronous, low-latency, high-throughput and power-efficient routers were outlined. In conclusion, different router architectures were proposed to achieve low latency, high throughput, low power and low congestion depending on the routing algorithm and application needs for Network on Chip design.
The document summarizes key points from an 8th lecture on wireless sensor networks. It discusses various medium access control (MAC) protocols that control when nodes can access a shared wireless medium. These include contention-based protocols like MACA that use RTS/CTS handshaking and schedule-based protocols with fixed or dynamic scheduling. It also describes energy-efficient MAC protocols for low data rate sensor networks like S-MAC, T-MAC, and preamble sampling that increase sleep time to reduce energy use through synchronized sleep schedules or long preambles.
The document summarizes the basic processing unit of a processor. It discusses how the processor fetches and executes instructions through its functional units like the ALU, registers, and buses. The processor uses control signals to coordinate the transfer of data between these units. It describes the fetch-execute cycle where the instruction is fetched from memory into the IR, operands are fetched from registers into the ALU, and results are stored back to registers. The processor implements register transfers, arithmetic/logic operations, memory access, and complete instruction execution through a sequence of controlled data movements.
Frame relay is a packet-switching telecommunication service designed for cost-efficient data transmission for intermittent traffic between local area networks (LANs) and between endpoints in wide area networks (WANs). The service, once widely available and implemented, is in the process of being discontinued by major Internet service providers. Sprint ended its frame relay service in 2007, while Verizon said it plans to phase out the service in 2015. AT&T stopped offering frame relay in 2012 but said it would support existing customers until 2016.
This document discusses the Matrix, TSFPGA, and DPGA architectures. Matrix is based on an array of identical primitive elements with a configurable interconnect network. It operates in a pipelined fashion. TSFPGA moves the value registers to the inputs of computational elements, allowing values to move between producer and consumer with minimum transit time independent of when the consumer will use the data. It uses input registers and broadcasts the current timestep so inputs can load values when their programmed load time matches. The basic building block of TSFPGA is the subarray tile containing LUTs and a central crossbar for switching.
Circuit switching is a method of establishing a dedicated communication path or circuit between two endpoints in a network before transmission begins. It requires reserving bandwidth throughout the network for the duration of the connection. A circuit-switched network establishes a physical path and dedicates resources to a single connection. It operates in three phases: circuit establishment, data transfer, and circuit disconnection. The public telephone network is an example of a circuit-switched network.
The document discusses different types of switching structures used in networks, including circuit switching and packet switching. It describes circuit switching techniques like space division switching using crossbar and multistage switches, as well as time division switching using time slot interchange. It also covers the basic components of a packet switch including input/output ports, routing processor, and switching fabrics like crossbar, banyan, and batcher banyan switches. The advantages and disadvantages of different switching techniques are highlighted.
This document discusses circuit switching techniques used in communication networks. It explains that circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between two stations by connecting them through a sequence of links between network nodes. The process involves three steps: circuit establishment, data transfer along the dedicated circuit, and circuit disconnection. Switching nodes contain digital switches and control units to set up circuits. Circuit switching can be implemented using space-division or time-division techniques. Time-division switching uses time-division multiplexing to enable multiple connections to share transmission paths during different time slots.
This document discusses circuit switching and packet switching in communication networks. It provides details on:
1. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between two stations but the capacity is wasted if no data is being sent. Packet switching divides messages into packets that are transmitted individually and resources are allocated on demand.
2. Circuit switching is used for applications like voice calls where continuous transmission is required. Packet switching provides better line efficiency since the bandwidth is shared between packets.
3. Switches can be implemented using space division or time division techniques. Common switches include crossbar switches, multistage switches, and time-space-time switches.
The document provides an overview of different switching technologies used in data communication networks. It discusses space division switching, time division switching, and two dimensional switching. Space division switching provides separate physical connections but has practical limitations due to the large number of crosspoints required. Time division switching uses time-division multiplexing and time-slot interchange to connect inputs to outputs without crosspoints, but introduces processing delays. Two dimensional switching combines space and time division switching using multistage switches to interconnect time slots with low blocking probability. The document also covers circuit switching, packet switching, hybrid switching, network synchronization techniques, routing processes, and traffic control measures used for bandwidth management.
Mac protocols for ad hoc wireless networks Divya Tiwari
The document discusses MAC protocols for ad hoc wireless networks. It addresses key issues in designing MAC protocols including limited bandwidth, quality of service support, synchronization, hidden and exposed terminal problems, error-prone shared channels, distributed coordination without centralized control, and node mobility. Common MAC protocol classifications and examples are also presented, such as contention-based protocols, sender-initiated versus receiver-initiated protocols, and protocols using techniques like reservation, scheduling, and directional antennas.
The document discusses circuit switching in data communication networks, describing circuit switching as a method of establishing a dedicated connection between devices using switches, which involves three phases of connection setup, data transfer, and connection teardown. Examples of circuit switched networks are provided, including the public switched telephone network and cellular data networks, and different types of switches used for circuit switching like crossbar and multistage switches are explained.
Switching types-circuit, packet and messageJebaRaj26
A switched network uses switches to connect devices and allow communication between them. Switches create temporary connections between devices on the network and forward data using MAC addresses. There are different switching techniques including circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated connection for data transfer while packet and message switching break messages or data into smaller packets or messages that are transmitted individually through the network.
ATM is a connection-oriented protocol that transmits all types of data over WANs by dividing it into fixed-size cells. It provides quality of service guarantees through connection setup and traffic management. ATM aims to offer an integrated service for transmitting data, voice, and video simultaneously over high-speed networks using small, fixed-size cells and virtual connections between end systems.
ATM is a connection-oriented protocol that transmits all types of data over WANs by dividing it into fixed-size cells. It provides quality of service guarantees through connection setup and traffic management. ATM aims to provide a single networking protocol that can efficiently transmit multimedia such as voice, video, and data through small, fixed-size cells and supporting connections with variable bandwidth. It saw initial popularity but failed to replace other protocols like IP due to high costs and complexity.
This document discusses various data communication techniques including packetization, multiplexing, and switching. It describes how data is divided into packets with header information added. It explains different types of multiplexing including frequency division, time division, and statistical time division. It also covers circuit switching versus packet switching and different error control techniques such as parity checks, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks used to detect errors.
This document outlines an optics switching technology course, including:
- The course covers switching technology, including understanding switching systems, fabrics, implementations, and optical switching.
- The schedule lists 13 lectures and 7 exercises over 14 weeks, covering topics such as switch fabrics, PDH, ATM, and optical networks.
- Readings are provided to supplement the lecture materials, and requirements include exercises, a grading system, and a final examination.
Improved SCTP Scheme To Overcome Congestion Losses Over ManetIJERA Editor
Transmission control conventions have been utilized for data transmission process. TCP has been pre-possessed
for information transmission over wired correspondence having diverse transfer speeds and message delays over
the system. TCP gives correspondence utilizing 3-handshake which sends RTS and ACK originate from server
end and information message has been transmitted over the data transmission gave. This does not give security
over flooding assault happened on the system. TCP gives correspondence between distinctive hubs of the wired
correspondence however when multi-spilling happens in a system TCP does not gives legitimate throughput of
the framework which is significant issue that happened in the past framework. In the proposed work, to beat this
issue SCTP and Improved SCTP transmission control convention has been executed for the framework
execution of the framework. SCTP gives 4-handshake correspondence in the message transmit and improved
SCTP gives the performance when the queue length comes to its full value then it divides the message to other
nodes because of which security element get expansions and this likewise gives correspondence administrations
over multi-spilling and multi-homing. Numerous sender and recipients can impart over wired system utilizing
different methodologies of correspondence through same routers, which debases in the TCP convention. In last
we assess parameters for execution assessment. Here, we composed and actualized our proving ground utilizing
Network Simulator (NS-2.35) to test the execution of both Routing conventions.
This document provides an overview of circuit-switched and datagram networks. It discusses:
- Circuit-switched networks require a setup phase to establish a dedicated connection between stations before data transfer can occur. Resources are allocated for the entire connection duration.
- Datagram networks divide messages into packets that are routed independently through the network. Packets may arrive out of order and be lost due to lack of dedicated resources.
- Switches in circuit-switched networks use space-division or time-division techniques, while packet switches contain input/output ports, a routing processor, and a switching fabric to route packets based on destination addresses in routing tables.
1) The document discusses performance modeling and analysis of wireless sensor networks. It covers topics like MAC protocols, routing protocols, transport protocols, performance metrics, basic performance models, and network models.
2) It provides a case study on simple computation of system lifespan in a wireless sensor network and analyzes factors like node energy consumption and data rate.
3) Examples of performance evaluation of wireless sensor network routing protocols are discussed, including using simulators to evaluate protocols under conditions like node range, network size, and node deployment patterns. Metrics like latency, packet delivery ratio, and energy consumption are measured.
Introduction
Background
WSN Design Issues: MAC Protocols, Routing Protocols, Transport Protocols
Performance Modeling of WSNs: Performance Metrics, Basic Models, Network Models
Case Study: Simple Computation of the System Life Span
Practical Example.
The document is a lecture on digital switching systems that contains the following key points:
1. It discusses digital signals, the process of digitization, and quantization levels.
2. It compares the advantages and disadvantages of digital transmission versus analog transmission.
3. It explains different types of data transmission including parallel, serial, asynchronous, and synchronous transmission.
4. It describes different switching techniques used in digital switching systems including space-division switching using crosspoint switches, time-division switching using time-slot interchange, and combined time-space-time switching.
Lifetime-Aware Scheduling and Power Control for Cellular-based M2M Communicat...amin azari
This document summarizes research on lifetime-aware scheduling and power control techniques for machine-to-machine (M2M) communications in cellular networks. It presents a system model where battery-powered M2M nodes generate data at semi-constant rates. Two heuristic algorithms are proposed to maximize network lifetime by optimizing subcarrier allocation and transmit power levels. Simulation results show the lifetime-aware scheduling significantly outperforms equal resource allocation and throughput-based schemes. Low-complexity solutions achieve close-to-optimal performance with reduced complexity. The techniques can effectively prolong network lifetime for energy-constrained M2M devices in cellular systems.
Thesis Presentation on Renewal theory based 802.15.6 latest.pptxssuserc02c1f
The document discusses the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol. It describes the protocol's operational modes including non-beacon enabled mode using unslotted CSMA/CA and beacon-enabled mode using slotted CSMA/CA. It also discusses the superframe structure used in beacon-enabled mode including the contention access period, contention free period, and optional inactive period. Finally, it summarizes a research paper that proposes a 3-level renewal process model to analyze the contention access period performance metrics like throughput and service time.
Power electronics refers to controlling and converting electrical power using semiconductor switches like silicon-controlled rectifiers. This allows control of power for applications like motor drives, power supplies, and inverters. Key devices include rectifiers, inverters, and choppers. Rectifiers convert AC to DC, inverters convert DC to AC, and choppers convert DC voltages. Power electronics is used widely in applications like heating/lighting control, motor drives, battery chargers, and electric vehicles.
pdfcoffee.com_power-electronics-er-faruk-bin-poyen-dept-of-aeie-uit-bu-burdwa...Gopal Krishna Murthy C R
Power electronics is the application of electronics at high power levels and involves the conversion, control and conditioning of electric power. It has grown rapidly due to advances in power semiconductor switches, microelectronics, control algorithms and new applications. Power electronics systems range from a few watts to several megawatts and include power processors that control the flow of electric energy between input and output ports. Major applications of power electronics include industrial motor drives, transportation systems, utility systems, power supplies and residential appliances. Emerging topics in power electronics focus on improving efficiency, reducing size and cost, and minimizing negative impacts on power systems and the environment.
This document provides information on the course "Digital System Design" including its objectives, modules, and outcomes. The key points are:
- The course covers topics like combinational logic design using K-maps and Quine McClusky, design of decoders, multiplexers, adders, and sequential circuits using latches and flip-flops.
- The modules include combinational logic analysis, design of combinational components, flip-flops and applications, sequential circuit design using Mealy and Moore models, and applications of digital circuits.
- The course aims to enable students to design various digital components, analyze sequential circuits, and appreciate applications of digital systems. Upon completion, students will be able to
The document provides an overview of the evolution of wireless telecommunication systems and networks from 1G to 4G. It discusses the key aspects of 1G cellular networks including AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), the first commercial cellular network deployed in the United States. It describes the components and operations of AMPS including frequency bands, channel structure, call setup procedures for mobile originated and terminated calls, and signaling between the mobile station, base station, and mobile switching center. The document also briefly introduces 2G, 3G and 4G networks as later generations of cellular standards.
The document discusses timer programming for the 8051 microcontroller. It contains the following information:
- The 8051 has two timers/counters that can be used as timers to generate time delays or as event counters.
- Timers use 1/12 of the crystal frequency as the input clock. Registers like TH0, TL0, TMOD, and TCON are used to program and control the timers.
- Timer Mode 1 is a 16-bit timer mode where the TH and TL registers increment continuously until they roll over, setting the timer flag. Programming involves initializing the registers, starting the timer, and monitoring the flag.
1. The document describes experiments to study the characteristics of various power electronics devices like SCR, TRIAC, MOSFET, IGBT using different circuit connections and varying parameters.
2. Procedures to study half wave and full wave rectification using RC triggering circuit are provided along with the relevant circuit diagram and waveforms. Readings are noted in a tabular column and graphs are plotted.
3. Signatures of staff conducting the experiments are included indicating the experiments were performed in the power electronics lab.
This document outlines 21 experiments related to analog electronic circuits. The experiments include designing clamping circuits, shifting reference voltages, clipping waveforms, building oscillator circuits using BJT transistors, introducing phase shifts, measuring characteristics of rectifier circuits, verifying theorems, and determining properties of resonant and RLC circuits. The goal is for students to conduct these experiments in the analog electronics circuits lab to learn circuit design and analysis skills.
This document discusses different types of rectifier circuits. It describes the half wave rectifier circuit which uses a single diode to rectify only the positive half cycles of the AC input. The full wave rectifier uses two diodes in a center-tapped transformer configuration to rectify both half cycles. Filter capacitors are added to convert the pulsating DC output to a constant DC voltage. Procedures are provided to experimentally determine the ripple factor, efficiency, and regulation of the half wave and full wave rectifiers both with and without filter capacitors. Key waveforms are also shown.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.