Downloaded 31 times
Uploaded byMichael Rushanan
Versatile Low Power Media Access for Wireless Sensor Networks
The document discusses the design and implementation of a low power media access control (MAC) protocol called b-mac for wireless sensor networks, focusing on its versatility and power efficiency. It highlights the importance of duty cycles, collision avoidance, and effective channel utilization in unreliable environments while comparing b-mac to existing MAC protocols. Key considerations include adapting to changing network conditions and minimizing energy consumption during data transmission.
More Related Content
Similar to Versatile Low Power Media Access for Wireless Sensor Networks
Versatile Low Power Media Access for Wireless Sensor Networks
- 1. Versatile Low PowerMedia Access for Wireless Sensor Networks Presented by: Michael Rushanan Disclaimer: All figures and tables were shameless taken from Joseph Polastre et al.’s work, “Versatile Low Power Media Access for Wireless Sensor Networks. They are not my own.
- 2. Background • Media accesscontrol – part of layer 2. Provides addressing and channel access control mechanisms such that multiple devices can communicate on a shared medium (e.g., Ethernet). • Carrier sense media access – transmitter uses feedback from receiver to detect the presence of a carrier wave prior to transmission. • Duty cycle - % time spent in active state as a fraction of total time. D = pulse duration/period.
- 3. Discussion • Why isthe duty cycle important in wireless sensor networks? • In the context of this paper, assuming we have all read it, what is meant by versatility and low power?
- 4. Versatile, Low Power? •Wireless sensor network deployments need to reliably report data while consuming the least amount of power possible. – If you consume too much power, than the data might never make it in a multihop network. Vital sensing of the physical environment might never happen.
- 5. Versatile, Low Power? •Mainwaring et al. show that MAC mechanisms must support duty cycles of 1% while efficiently transferring workloads and adapting to changing network conditions. – These are ad-hoc networks, where nodes come and go. Conditions are going to physically change (e.g., Rain) thus affecting the topology of the network. Network links are unpredictable.
- 6. Versatility, Low Power? •Volatility in link quality in wireless sensor networks is important. “Gray areas” represent nodes that exceed 90% reception with neighboring nodes of <50% reception. • Effectively estimating link quality is essential. • Snooping on traffic over broadcast medium is crucial for determining cycles, unreachable routes, collision avoidance, and providing link quality information. However, this is at the cost of power.
- 7. Discussion • What doesB-MAC stand for? • What is one high-level goal of B-MAC?
- 8. B-MAC • To meetthe demands of versatility and power, Polastre et al. translate these high-level goals for B-MAC, their media access protocol: – Low Power Operation – Effective Collision Avoidance – Simple Implementation, Small Code/RAM Size – Efficient Channel Utilization at varying Data Rates – Reconfigurable By Network Protocols – Tolerant to Changing RF/Networking Conditions – Scalable to Large Number of Nodes
- 9. Discussion • Can anyonelist, at the item level, some of the related work mentioned in the paper?
- 10. Previous Work • MostMAC protocols for wireless sensor networks have been based on conventional wireless protocols. • This is unfortunate, however, as Intanagonwiwat et al. show that 802.11 is inappropriate for low duty cycle sensor network data deliver because it consumes as much energy when the protocol is idle as it does when receiving data.
- 11. Previous Work • DARPAPacket Radio Network (PRNET) – One of the first ad-hoc multihop wireless networks. – Packet-switched, store-and-forward radio communications to provide reliable computer communications to mobile hosts and terminals. – PRNET had two media access protocols: • Slotted Aloha: Pure ALOHA allowed each client to send its data and collisions were handled with an ack/retransmit. Slotted introduced discrete time- s slots. Station could only send at the beginning. • Carrier Sense Multiple Access. – Much of MAC Functionality (e.g., random delays, forwarding delays, link quality estimation, and low duty cycle) were first executed in PRNET.
- 12. Previous Work • MACProtocol Based On Workload – Woo and Culler show that data, sent periodically in short packets in a multihop network, achieve fairness and energy efficient transmission via adaptive rate control protocol optimized for n-to-1 data reporting. – Current MAC protocols are not suitable due to their inability to support low-duty cycles. • Preamble Sampling – Hill and Culler present a low power technique by way of reduce idle listening costs. The technique involves radio sampling for energy every 4s and then going back to sleep. This quick sample reduced duty cycle of the radio to below 1%.
- 13. Previous Work • S-MAC –RTS/CTS (Ready-to-send, clear-to-send) scheme for wireless sensor networks. – Periodically sleeps, wakes up, listens to the channel, and then returns to sleep. – Active period static at 115ms, sleep period variable. – The length of the sleep period dictates the duty cycle. – At the beginning of each active period, nodes exchange sync info. – Post SYNC, nodes can transfer data for remainder of active period using RTS-CTS. – Fragmentation uses the RTS-CTS scheme to reserve the channel, then transmit packets in a burst.
- 14. Previous Work • T-MAC –Improves S-MAC’s energy usage by using a very short listening window at the beginning of each active period. – After SYNC, the short window allows send/receive RTS and CTS packets. If no activity, the node simply returns to sleep. – This adaptive duty cycle saves power at the cost of reduced throughput and additional latency.
- 15. Discussion • What isa major difference between S-MAC and B-MAC mentioned in the paper?
- 16. B-MAC Implementation • CSMAProtocol for low power wireless sensor networks. • Flexible protocol for: target tracking, localization, triggered event reporting, and multihop routing. • Classical MAC protocols perform channel access arbitration and tuned for a specific workload, such as S-MAC. B-MAC contains a small core of media access functionality – clear channel assessment (CCA). • B-MAC is only a link protocol with network services (e.g., organization, synchronization, and routing built above it).
- 17. B-MAC Implementation • ClearChannel Assessment and packet backoffs are used for channel arbitration, link layer acknowledgements for reliability, and low power listening (LPL) for low power communication. – For effective collision avoidance, determine if the channel is clear with CCA. – Ambient noise dependent upon the physical environment. Thus, signal strength is sampled when the channel is clear (a noise floor is computed).
- 18. B-MAC Implementation • HandlingAmbient Noise. – Times when channel is clear: Right after sending a packet. – Samples are entered into a queue. Median of queue is computed and added to an exponentially weighted moving average with some decay (glossing over details on purpose). This is used as a low pass filter. • B-MAC searches for outliers in the received signal such that the channel energy is significantly below the noise floor. If an outlier exists, B-MAC declares the channel is clear since a valid packet could never have an outlier significantly below the noise floor.
- 19.
- 20. Discussion • Can youturnoff CCA? • How are channel backoff times defined? • What about channel congestion backoffs?
- 21. B-MAC Implementation • B-MACprovides an optional link-layer ACK support. – If ACK enabled, B-MAC immediately transfers an ACK code after receiving a unicast packet. – If transmitting node receives ACK, ACK bit is set in the sender’s transmission message buffer. • B-MAC duty cycles the radio through periodic channel sampling called low power listening (LPL). – Similar to sampling in Aloha. – Each time a node wakes up, it turns on radio and checks for activity. If activity: stays awake for time to receive. After reception, back to sleep. If no activity: forced back to sleep based on timeout.
- 22. B-MAC Implementation • Reliablyreceive data, preamble length is matched to the interval that the channel is checked for activity. • If channel checked every 100ms, then preamble must be 100ms long for node to wake up, detect activity, receive preamble, and then receive message.
- 23. Discussion • Who cantell me what this figure is all about?
- 24. B-MAC Implementation • ModelingLifetime – I admit it, I am lazy. Rather than regurgitate formulas here… there is only one important one: NRG_Consumed = NRG(rx) + NRG(tx) + NRG(listen/idle) + NRG(sleep)
- 25. Discussion • Who cantell me what’s going on in these two graphs?
- 26. Discussion • What didyou think of the experimental method section? – Was it necessary? • What were some of the variables of the experimental setup?
- 27. Experimental Method • Graphs,tables, and figures! Oh my!
- 28.
- 29.
- 30.
- 31.
- 32.
- 33. Discussion • What wereyour thoughts of this paper? • Prior to this paper, had anyone considered the duty-cycle and how important the physical environment is with respect to adhoc networks of WSNs? • Security Question: From an attackers perspective, how might you thwart a vital WSN?
Editor's Notes
- #3 LLC logical link control. Interface between LLC and physical layer.
- #5 Attribution: www.purelink.ca
- #6 Attribution: buffy.eecs.berkeley.edu.
- #12 http://pdos.csail.mit.edu/decouto/papers/jubin87.pdf
- #13 Preamble: signal used in network communication to synchronize transmission timing between two more more systems. Synonymous with introduction. Define a specific series of transmission criteria that says, hey I’m going to transmit.
- #14 Authors claim: Although S-MAC achieves low power operation, it does not meet our goals of simple implementation, scalability, and tolerance to changing network conditions. As size of network increases, S-MAC must maintain an increasing number of schedules of surrounding nodes or incur additional overhead through repeated rounds of resync.
- #15 Suffers from the same complexity and scaling problems of S-MAC.
- #16 S-MAC is a not only a link protocol but also a network and organization protocol. It does channel arbitration with RTS-CTS, hidden terminal avoidance, synchronization with its neighbors, and message fragmentation for efficiently transferring bulk data.Applications must rely on S-MAC policy to adjust nodes and network changes.
- #17 Berkley Media Access Control. Neither provides multi-packet mechanisms like hidden terminal support or message fragmentation nor enforces low power policy, it provides interfaces for tuning. Make local policy decisions to optimize power consumption, latency, throughput, fairness or reliability.
- #18 A filter that passes low-frequency signals and attenuates (reduces the amplitude of) signals with freqencies higher than the cuttoff frequency.
- #19 A filter that passes low-frequency signals and attenuates (reduces the amplitude of) signals with freqencies higher than the cuttoff frequency.Traditional threshold model takes one sample and compares to the noise floor. This leads to false negatives that lower the effective channel bandwidth.
- #20 Top one, packet. Middle, busy when low. Outlier detection algorithm.
- #21 Yes. MacControl interface. Can do this above B-MAC implementation. If CCA is enabled, B-MAC uses an intial channel backoff when sending a packet. That is, B-MAC does not set the backoff time, rather it uses an event to define the backoff. If none sent, random values will be used. After initial backoff, the outlier algorithm is ran to see if the channel is clear. If not clear, a cogestionbackoff event can be specified. Else Random.
- #22 Use noise floor estimation not only for finding a clear channel on transmission but also for determining if the channel is active during LPL.
- #23 You’re basically synchronizing all nodes on when to check for activity and thus reliably see activity when there is indeed activity.Idle listening is when sampling but no activity.Check interval can be adjusted per application and is supported via another B-MAC interface whereas S-MAC is not.
- #24 These devices have limited ROM/RAM code size support. Plus you’re running TinyOS on there already. So to have B-MAC with additional protocol support, you’re going to use more space. However, this space is smaller than that of S-MAC.
- #26 For the left one: Activity Check Interval and Node Size can be adjusted to increase node lifetime.For the right one both network density and LPL check interval affect duty cycle.
- #27 The authors wanted to illustrate the effectiveness of B-MAC compared to other MACs. Mostly S-MAC. I didn’t feel much like regurgitating their context – so instead, lets just have a look at the pictorial data representations otherwise known as graphs.
- #28 First table – different protocol overheads. B-MAC smaller in bytes of stuff sent. However, this isn’t fair.
- #29 Duty cycle isn’t considered here at all. Throughput is basically a function of nodes contending for the channel. Because B-MAC has a smaller overhead, higher throughput is achievable than S-MAC.
- #30 10-node network. Power consumption of maintaining a given throughput (average # of bytes sent in 10sec). As throughput increases overhead of S-MAC’s SYNC causes power consumption to increase linearly.
- #31 Small period data packets are most common… but can arise where large transfers are needed. S-MAC supports large fragmentation using RTS/CTS for channel reservation. Transmit from A and B to D and E through C routing.Interested in energy consumption per byte at C.
- #32 Latency is directly affected by the overhead of the protocol.
- #33 As latency increases, energy consumed decreases.
- #34 Introduce noise, a bad node to generate congestion.