More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (20)
Similar to L2
Similar to L2 (20)
L2
- 1. 1 PRODUCTION PLANNING AND CONTROL CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Several different terms are used such as: • operations management, production and operation management, production planning and control, manufacturing system and management, etc. Originally applied primarily in manufacturing companies – focus on production management. These approaches and tool later applied to service organisations – focus on managing an organisation’s operation. Operations management: • the management of an organisation’s productive resources or its production system, which converts inputs into the organisation’s products and services. A production system: Figure 1 Conversion Process (operation & production) Operations Create products or services Marketing Create demand Finance Manage financial issues Managers Raw materials, Personnel, machines, buildings, cash, info, Other resources Products and services Inputs Outputs
- 2. 2 The Evolution of POM Historical developments of POM evolution • The industrial revolution • Post-civil war period (US) • Scientific management Division of Labour Interchangeable parts Systematic approach to improve worker efficiency: • Identify ability and skill to assign job • Stopwatch studies • Standardised work methods and work flow • Improve supervision with careful selection & training • Incentive pay system Tomorrow Today’s Development Computer Revolution Service Revolution Operations Research Scientific Management Industrial Revolution Human Relations & Post-Civil War Period P O M
- 3. 3 Contributor Contribution F.W Taylor 1856-1915 Scientific management principles, time study, method analysis, standards, etc F.B. Gilbreth 1868-1934 Motion study, therbligs, consulting, etc L.M. Gilbreth 1878-1973 Fatigue studies, human factor in work, employee selection and training Henry L. Gantt 1861-1919 Gantt charts, incentive pay systems, humanistic approach to labour, training C.G. Barth 1860-1939 Mathematical analysis, slide rule, feeds and speed studies, etc Harrington Emerson 1885-1931 Principles of efficiency, methods of control, etc Morris L. Cooke 1872-1960 Scientific management application to education and government • Human relations and behaviouralism • Operations research Hawthrone Studies Operation research – seeks to replace intuitive decision making for large complex problems with an approach that identitifies the optimal, or best, alternative through analysis. Uses total system approach and of interdisciplinary teams and the utilisation of complex mathermatical techniques…
- 4. 4 • Service revolution - e.g. Airlines, Entertaiment, Telecommunication, Food services, Banks, etc. • Computer revolution - the usage of computers and software, Internet, e-mail, e-business, etc. Factors affecting operations management • Reality of global competition • Quality, customer service, and cost challenges • Rapid expansion of advanced technologies • Continued growth of the service sector • Scarcity of operations resources • Social-resplonsibility issues Operations as a System A system is a whole that cannot be taken apart without loss of its essential characteristics, and hence it must be studied as a whole… Direct Outputs Products, services Indirect Outputs Taxes, wages, environmental impact, etc… External Legal, social, etc.. Market Competition, customer, etc Primary Resources MatL, people Physical Mfg, mining Locational Sve Transport Exch Sve Retail Sotrage Sve Warehouse Other Insurance, etc. Government Inputs Outputs Conversion subsystem
- 5. 5 Decision making in POM Assignment 1 Find at least three (3) entry-level jobs (in Malaysia) at three (3) different companies which are related to the production and operations management function. Describe the jobs and how they are related to the production and operation management. Describe the companies, mentioning what type of prodcution system they are, primary inputs, conversion subsystem and outputs. You could search for the jobs at Jobstreet (www.jobstreet.com) or JobsDB (www.jobsdb.com). [][][] Strategic Decision Operating Decision Control Decision Decisions about products, processes, and facilities. These decisions are of strategic importance and have long-term significance for the organisation Decisions about planning production to meet demand. These decisions are necessary if the ongoing production of goods and services is to satisfy the demands of the market and provide profit for the company Decisions about planning and controlling operations. These decisions concern with the day-to-day activities of workers, quality of products and service, production and overhead costs, and maintenance of equipment.
- 6. 6 Operations management in e-Business • Trade that occurs over the Internet • Types of B2B transactions Globalisation • Two third of today’s business operate globally. • Why global? – Favorable cost – Access to international markets – More responsive to demand – Building reliable supply sources – Keeping up with latest trends and technologies BBuussiinneessss CCoonnssuummeerr BBuussiinneessss CCoonnssuummeerr B2B Commerceone.com B2C Amazon.com C2B Priceline.com C2C eBay.com
- 7. 7 Competitiveness • the degree to which a nation can produce goods and services that meet the test of international market. • Industry competitiveness can be measured by the number of major players in an industry and the market share of the industry leader. | | | | | | 11997755 11998800 11998855 11999900 11999955 22000000 $$ 3355 – $$ 3300 – $$ 2255 – $$ 2200 – $$ 1155 – $$ 1100 – $$ 55 – $$ 00 – GGeerrmmaannyy JJaappaann UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess EEUU AAssiiaann NNIIEEss MMeexxiiccoo Competing on quality - Please the customer - Understand customer attitudes toward and expectations of quality Competing on speed - Fast moves - Fast adaptations - Tight linkages Competing on flexibility - Produce wide variety of products - Introduce new products - Modify existing products quickly - Respond to customer needs Competing on cost - Eliminate all waste Invest in - Updated facilities & equipment - Streamlining operations - Training & development
- 8. 8 Strategic decision in operations Example in operations technology: Wal-Mart Products Processes and Technology Capacity Human Resources Quality Facilities Sourcing Services Operating Systems Provide value for our customers Low prices, everyday Low inventory levels Linked communications between stores Short flow times Fast transportation system Cross-docking Focused locations EDI/satellites WWaall--MMaarrtt MMiissssiioonn CCoommppeettiittiivvee PPrriioorriittyy OOppeerraattiioonnss SSttrraatteeggyy OOppeerraattiioonnss SSttrruuccttuurree EEnnaabblliinngg PPrroocceessss aanndd TTeecchhnnoollooggiieess
- 9. 9 Product and services Make-to-order Made to customer specifications after order received Make-to-stock Made in anticipation of demand Assemble-to-order Add options according to customer specification Processes and technology Project One-time production of product to customer order Batch production Process many jobs at same time in batch Mass production Produce large volumes of standard product for mass market Continuous production Very high volume commodity product Product-Process matrix Service-Process matrix Issues and Trends Global markets, sourcing, operations Virtual companies Greater choice Emphasis on service Speed and flexibility Supply chains C-commerce Technological advances Knowledge Environment and social responsibilities