This document provides a critique of Karl Marx's 1848 published work "The Communist Manifesto". It first provides biographical details on Marx and an overview of some of his major theories. It then analyzes the contents and focus of "The Communist Manifesto", noting that Marx predicted capitalism would collapse and inequality would disappear, but this did not occur. When communist revolutions succeeded, new regimes experienced economic hardships and totalitarianism emerged. The document argues that Marx was unaware that theories are not permanent and only valid for the societies that create them. It also notes that from an Islamic perspective, this life is temporary and the permanent life is in the hereafter, contrary to Marxism's interests.
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Exposing Communist Strategy for One World, students beware, Christians read, Robert Powell
Exposing Communist Strategy by members who left the party. Showing political correctness to be a tool to implement attacks on religion, family, morality and more. Learn why what is happening, today comes from the past, not taught in most educational opportunities.
Exposing Communist Strategy for One World, students beware, Christians read, Robert Powell
Exposing Communist Strategy by members who left the party. Showing political correctness to be a tool to implement attacks on religion, family, morality and more. Learn why what is happening, today comes from the past, not taught in most educational opportunities.
Review and Performance Comparison of Distributed Wireless Reprogramming Proto...IOSR Journals
Abstract:A Reprogramming service should be efficient, reliable and secured in Wireless sensor network.
Wireless reprogramming for wireless sensor network emphasize over the process of changing or improving the
functionality of simulation or existing code. For challenging and on demand security purpose, secure and
distributed routing protocols such as SDRP and ISDRP were developed. This paper reviews and compares the
propagation delay for two reprogramming protocols, SDRP and ISDRP, which based on hierarchy of energies
in network. Both are based on identity-based cryptography. But in the improved protocol the keys are
distributed to the network as per the sorting and communication capabilities to improve the broadcast or
communication nature of the network. Moreover, ISDRP demonstrates the security concepts, which deals over
the key encryption properties using heap sort algorithm and the confidentiality parameter is enhanced by
changing the private key values after certain interval of time for cluster head in respect to different public keys.
The ISDRP shows high efficiency rate clearly with the throughput and propagation results by implementation in
practice over SRDP.
Keywords: identity-based cryptography,ISDRP, heapsort algorithm, Reprogramming, SDRP, Wireless sensor
network.
Physiological, Biochemical and Modern Biotechnological Approach to Improvemen...IOSR Journals
Rauwolfia serpentina also known as Sarpagandha (Apocynaceae) is an integral part of Ayurvedic medical system in India for over centuries for the treatment of various ailments. The leaves and roots ofRauwolfiaserpentina contain alkaloids which are secondary metabolites. Major alkaloids identified are Reserpine, Rauwolfine, Serpentine, Sarpagine, Ajmaline, Yohimbine and Ajmalicine.The present paper is an overview of the studies concerning with physiological, biochemical and modern biotechnological approach to improvement of Rauwolfiaserpentina.
Comparative Assessment of Two Thermodynamic Cycles of an aero-derivative Mari...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper explores the gas turbine potentials that are fully enhanced by the use of intercooling and
thermal recuperation as an engineering option available in the design of gas turbines and offered for marine
applications. It examines the off-design performance of two different cycle designs of a 25MW aero-derivative
engine by modelling and simulating each of them to operate under conditions other than those of their design
point. The simple cycle model consists of a single-spool dual shaft layout while the advanced model is
represented by an intercooled-recuperated cycle that runs on a dual-spool and is driven through a three shaft
configuration. In each case, the output shaft is coupled to a power turbine through which the propulsion power
may be transmitted to the propeller of the vessel to operate in a virtual marine environment. An off-design
performance simulation of both engines has been conducted in order to investigate and compare the effect of
ambient temperature variation during their part-load operation and particularly when subjected to a variety of
marine operating conditions. The study assesses the techno-economic impact of the complex design of the
advanced cycle over its simple cycle counterpart and demonstrates its potential for improved operating cost
through reduced fuel consumption as a significant step in the current drive for establishing the marine gas
turbine engine as a viable alternative to traditional prime movers in the ship propulsion industry.
Corchorusolitoriuswaste(mulukiya) as a potential sorbent for the removal of c...IOSR Journals
This work was conducted to determine the practicability of using a new adsorbent Corchorusolitorius(mulukiya)waste,for the removal of cadmium (Cd(II)), and thorium (Th(IV)) from wastewater. Corchorusolitoriuswereanalysis by Fourier transform infraredFTIR , scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDEX). Some parameters such as adsorbent dosage, solution pH’s, initial metal ion concentrations, and contact time, that influence adsorption phenomenon, were studied. The optimum pH for maximum adsorption of Cd(II) and Th(IV) was found to be 5.55 and 4.50, respectively. The contact time required for reaching equilibrium was 2 hr. The pseudo second-order kinetic model was the best fit to represent the kinetic data. Analysis of the equilibrium adsorption data using Langmuir and Freundlich models showed that theLangmuir model was well suitable to describe the metal ions adsorption.
A Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Food Flavoring Extracts Using Infr...IOSR Journals
Food is the basic necessity of life. One works hard and earns to satisfy our hunger .But at the end of the day, many of us are not sure of what we eat. We may be eating a dangerous flavors and dyes. Often, we invite diseases rather than good health. The purpose of this article is to detect the presence of food adulterants in some common foods and to create awareness about the artificial tests and dyes. A study of the IR spectra and the optical activitiy of two natural and artificial most common used flavor and colors (Vanilla and Strawberry) were detected. IR spectra of synthetic Vanilla were dominated by specific peaks that attributed to corresponding synthetic pigments (specific spectral band of stretching C=0 ester of aldehydic and ketonic groups in synthetic flavor at1744.87cm-1 with a weak shoulder at1700 cm-1 .And stretching CO of sucrose at (990.49 and 923,70) cm-1.The synthetic Strawberry characterized with specific spectral bands of (C=O stretching at 1634.96 cm-1 in ester and CO stretching of sucrose at 925 cm-1), while these functional groups disappeared in natural. Vanilla and Strawberry extracts. The natural Flavoring extracts posse's levorotatory property; they are optically active, while the synthetic extracts not rotates the plane of polarization of the light which passes through the material, they are said to be; not active optically. The obtained results indicated that, Infrared spectrum and Optical activity could be adapted to detect adulterants added products, and to differentiate between natural and artificial food flavoring extracts.
A detailed geological history of quartz and industrial minerals present in different localities of
Eritrea is given. Well-grown transparent quartz crystals reflecting the hexagonal crystallographic features and
isolated, irregular shaped small milky quartz stones are found in western suburb of Asmara and the area
between Molebso and Zara in central northern Eritrea. Mechanism of formation of growth features observed on
the habit faces of transparent quartz crystals is briefly explained. Micro-topographical studies carried out on
these crystals indicate that to begin with, they grow and develop under high supersaturating conditions.
Most of the milky quartz stones are observed to be generally randomly scattered and devoid of gold. However,
few such specimens having yellow colored dots on their surfaces contain gold particles. Energy dispersion of Xray
analysis (EDAX) indicates high content of gold to the tune of 48% present in such samples. Commercial
implications related to quartz bearing gold are discussed. It is proposed that gold exists in large quantity in
quartz veins deep beneath the surface of earth in this region.
Self Immunity To Reinforce The Vulnerability Factors on Soft Errors In 64 Bit...IOSR Journals
Abstract: VLSI technology reduces the size of the digital components, reduce the power consumption and
increase the speed of operation. In these criteria digital devices are more sensitively manufacturing. These type
of devices mostly effected by soft errors, then it reduces the life of the devices(microprocessor,
microcontrollers), it is nothing but vulnerability of microprocessors or microcontroller applications. The
register file is one of the essential architectural components where soft errors can be very mischievous because
errors may rapidly spread from there throughout the whole system. Thus, register files are recognized as one of
the major concerns when it comes to reliability. This paper introduces Self-Immunity, a technique that improves
the integrity of the register file with respect to soft errors. We show that our technique can reduce the
vulnerability of the register file considerably while exhibiting smaller overhead in terms of area and power
consumption compared to state-of-the-art in register file protection.
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Three samples of fish, Scomber japonica (titus), Sardinellaeba (sardine) and Merlucciuspolli (fresh stock fish) were collected from Ojo main market in Lagos. Two low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene and anthracene) were determined using high performance liquid chromatography, (HPLC), after extraction with n-hexane by ultrasonication and clean up using SPE cartridges. Heavy metals were determined in the samples using atomic absorption spectrometer, (Perkin Elmer, Analyst 200) after digestion with aqua regia. The fat content was determined gravimetrically. The unsmoked samples had naphthalene range from 0.0788±0.0078 μg/g in Merlucciuspolli to 0.3845±0.0199 μg/g in Scomber japonica. Anthracene levels ranged from 0.4798± 0.0072 μg/g in unsmoked samples of Merlucciuspolli to 1.2254±0.0071 μg/g in Scomber japonica. The low fat containing specie (Merlucciuspolli) accumulated PAHs over the smoking periods, while a decrease was observed in the high fat containing species (Scomber japonica and Sardinellaeba). The highest concentration of Pb (8.65 μg/g), Cu (9.53 μg/g), Fe (201.80 μg/g) and Zn (122.15 μg/g) in the unsmoked fishes were found in unsmoked Scomber japonica while the highest concentration of Cr (13.68 μg/g) and Ni (5.88 μg/g) in the fishes were found in the unsmoked Merlucciuspolli. Cadmium was not detected in all the samples. The low fat containing specie showed increase in heavy metals over the smoking periods, while the high fat containing species also accumulated these heavy metals at 1 hour smoking period, but a decrease was noted over the 2 hours and 3 hours smoking periods. Smoking has effect on the level of these toxicants, as PAHs and heavy metals tend to accumulate on smoking. Smoking appeared to influence toxicants levels the fishes. Levels of the PAHs were higher than the regulatory permissible limits of the World Health Organization. Levels of the toxic metals were within the WHO set permissible limits except for Pb (in unsmoked Scomber japonica), Fe (in Sardinellaeba smoked for 1 and 2 hours, and in Merlucciuspolli smoked for 2 and 3 hours) and Cr (in all the samples).
Old wine in new wineskins: Revisiting counselling in traditional Ndebele and ...IOSR Journals
The institution of counselling is present in all human communities as people share their sorrows,
mentor, empower and advise each other. The service of advising and grooming is all that counselling is. This
paper seeks to explore the institution of counselling in Shona and Ndebele traditional societies before the advent
of western formalised counselling institutions. The research sets to prove that counselling is not a new
phenomenon in these societies, that is a remnant of colonialism but rather it is an old institution that has been
window dressed with western strategies and formalisms. African traditional counselling strategies as seen in the
Shona and Ndebele examples emphasise more on the preventive forms of counselling than crisis counselling.
Advice and mentoring are prioritised in these societies as a way of helping people stay out of trouble that in
future will require therapeutic or crisis counselling. Modern day counselling has been professionalised and
commercialised and requires people to pay for it yet in Shona and Ndebele traditional societies it was part of
one’s responsibility to make sure others are well advised and counselled if they are emotionally troubled.
Professional counselling in marriage, carrier guidance, teenage grooming for example is not a new practice but
an old practice done differently like old wine in new wineskins.
Meditation for stress reduction in Indian Army- An Experimental StudyIOSR Journals
1.1 Stress is defined as “the non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it.” Hans Sely (1956). Lazarous (1966) maintains that stress occurs when demands on the person which tax or exceed his judgment resources. McGrath JE (1990) explains that there is a potential for stress when an environmental situation is perceived as presenting a demand which threatens to exceed the person‟s capabilities and resources for meeting it under conditions where he has expected a substantial differential in the rewards and cost for meeting the demands verses not meeting it.Stress can be the result of external situations such as an abusive relationship or poor working conditions. Stress can also be the result of internal situations or stressors such as worrying or having pessimistic thoughts about future. Work being the central theme to the life and a social reality provides a status to the individual and his bond to the society by way of quality of work or position he attains. This ultimately leads to raise the standard of living or we can call it desire to grow, so that we can get recognition and social status in the society. In the ambition to grow we begin to work more than our capabilities and thus strain ourselves and thus lead to stress. (Prestonjee DM &Muncherji (1991)). Duration in stress is another variable which acts as a factor causing stronger stress response. This is in consistence with uncertainty theory of occupational stress by Beer TA and Bhagat RS (1985).Each individual needs a moderate amount of stress to be alert and capable of functioning effectively in an organization. Hence stress is inherent in the concept of creativity. [Pestonjee(1991) Pareek(1993)].
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The fifth presentation in the series called Political Ideologies. It is suitable for History and International Relations from Year 9 to university level. It contains the following: Marx, The Capital, Communist Manifesto, dialectical materialism, socialism, forms of Marxism, classical Marxism, the utopians, Hegels, mode of production, Hegel's thesis, Hegelian dialectic, Marx theory of history, stages of Marxism, communism, classless society,
class conflict, exploitation, capitalism, proletariat, the proletarian revolution, orthodox communism, Marxism, Leninism, Stalinism, reification, Frankfurt School.
20th Century Cultural War,; The Frankfort School of Cultural Marxism and the ...Wayne Williams
Students will examine the history of the Frankfort School of Marxism and how it migrated to the U.S., and how this relates to social upheaval in today's America.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
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Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
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Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
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Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
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- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
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https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
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All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
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In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
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• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
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GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
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Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
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Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithy
L1802049397
1. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-0661,p-ISSN: 2278-8727, Volume 18, Issue 2, Ver. IV (Mar-Apr. 2016), PP 93-97
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0661-1802049397 www.iosrjournals.org 93 |Page
Communist Manifesto Marx’s Published Work (1818-1883):A
Critique
Dr. Kabir Mohammed
Department Of History And Diplomatic Studies,Faculty Of Humanities, Management And Social Sciences,
Federal University, Kashere P.M.B 0182,Gombe State, Nigeria.
Abstract:This study titled “Communist Manifesto; Marx’s Published Work (1818-1883): A critique has been
carried out to briefly examine the biography of Marx, his philosophical ideas and intellectual role, as the most
great and leading philosopher of his own particular age. The focus of the study is the examination of the
motives, successes and failures associated with the above mentioned book, published in 1848, in London. It was
consequent upon the understanding of the failure of Marx and communism to achieve their targeted goals and
objectives that made this constructive criticism possible and unavoidable. For one, in the book Marx had the
belief that capitalism will collapse. On contrary, capitalism did not collapse, inequality did not disappear,
police,oppressive and coercive government still exist. For two, when communist revolution succeeded in Russia,
the regime experienced a lot of economic hardships and as a result the economy had to be reconstructed. It was
such a regime that was found to be the most ruthless. The study holds that Marx’s theories such as the theory of
value surplus, existence of man and his society, economic and politics are best known as Marxism’s’ and Marx
himself has been ranked as one of the most influential figure in human history. Our study argues that human
and societal problems cannot be solved by mare theorization, and has further examined the question of survival
and worldly life from two Abrahamic religious perspective i.e Islam and Christianity. The study justifies that
Marx was unaware of the fact that theories, unnatural laws, philosophical ideas, political, economic and social
organization of life are not permanent but volatile, and only valid to the conditions and societies that create
them. Lastly, the study has suggested a way forward for the consumption of the general reading public.
Keywords:Communist, manifesto, Marx’s work, critique
I. Introduction
For a better understanding of the central direction of the study. It will be pertinent and convincing to
briefly examine the intellectual role, life and times of Karl Marx, who was born in 1818, in Germany and died in
1883 in London, who was described as the most influential figure in human history and the leading philosopher
of his time. This study is an incisive criticisms against Marx’s published work titled Communist Manifesto
published in 1848, in London. The book has four chapter, each gives a specific and separate analysis as regards
to life, governance, economy and society in general. The book as dwells much on topics such as class struggles
between two opposing camps i.e the bourgeoisie and proletariat and how human society should be governed in
accordance with the doctrine of communism . In a nutshell, it also contains Marx’s belief of the end of history.
To him the end of history will be the triumph of the proletariat as a result of the demise of capitalism. Marx and
Communism failure to achieve already targeted goals is what motivated us to make a critique.
II. Marx’s Autobiography
Karl Marx the German philosopher, social scientist historian and revolutionary. Karl Marx without any
contradiction or hesitation has been regarded as the most influential social thinker that emerged in the 19th
Century. Although, Marx was ignored largely by scholars of his own age, Marx’s social, economic, political and
philosophical ideas gained recognition after his death in 1883. Studies have shown that until quite recently
nearly half of the population of the world survive under regimes that claim to be Marxists. This signified that his
original works are usually been modified and his meanings adapted to a great variety of political circumstances,
and it should be noted that until this moment many students and scholars of different disciplines appreciate
Marx’s intellectual stature.
Karl Henrich Marx (1818-1883) was born into a comfortable middle –class home in Trier, in Germany
on may 5th
, 1818. He came from a long line of rabbis on both sides of his family and his father, a man who knew
Voltaire and Lessing by heart had accepted baptism as a protestant in order not to loose his job as one of the
most recognized lawyers in Trier. Marx studied at the University of Bonn and the University of Berlin, where he
became too interested in the philosophies of the young Hegelians. Marx’s work in economics laid the
foundation for the current understanding of labour and its relation to capital, and has influenced many
subsequent economic thought. Among his publications include; The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das
Kapital (1867-1894). The first mentioned one titled Communist Manifesto which is our subject of writing
2. Communist Manifesto Marx’s Published Work (1818-1883):A Critique
DOI: 10.9790/0661-1802049397 www.iosrjournals.org 94 |Page
purely for constructive criticism. Marx had in 1843 left for Paris, where he began writing for other radical
newspapers and met Friedrich Engels, who became his lifelong friend and collaborator.. In 1849, he also left
Paris for London on the basis of exile together with his wife and children where he continued writing and
formulating theories about social and economic activities. While in London, Marx also campaigned for
socialism and became a significant figure in the International Workingmen’s Association.
Furthermore, it is interesting to note that Marx’s theories as regards to society, economics and
politics are best known as Marxism. He has been regarded as one of the most influential figures in human
history. Revolutionary Socialist Governments espousing Marxist concepts took power in a variety of countries
in the 20th
Century, this resulted in the formation of such Socialist States as the Soviet Union in 1922 and the
People Republic of China in 1949. Many Labour Unions and Workers Parties universally are influenced by
Marxism’s, while various theoretical variants, such as Leninism, Stalinism, Trotskyism and Deninism were as a
result created from Marxism. Marx died on 14th
march, 1883 and buried in London.
Marx’s Published Work Of 1848: Communist Manifesto; Contents, Focus And Failures:-
Communism a concept under which the major resources, and means of production are owned by the
community. It in theory provides equality according to ability and needs. Some conceptions of communist
society assume that there will be a situation when society will need rulers. Before witnessing such stage there
shall be process and stage i.e the evolution of private property through a revolutionary movement/protest. The
final stage is the responsibility of meeting public needs which is vested on the shoulders of the state.
Communism it is not a 19th
Century phenomenon , its history can be traced from classical sources which is
attributed to Plato Republic. Another source is the early Christian Commune of the early middle-ages. The third
source is connected to the early 19th
Century poor dislocated people, at the beginning of the modern form of
capitalism. At that time communism became the yardstick for a number of Ethiopians’ settlements and
experiments of communist, most of those settlements, were small scale experiments. The communism known
today is a term reserved by a philosophy of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in the scholarly work tiled
Communist Manifesto which is a subject matter of this write-ups purely for positive criticism as regards to the
limitation associated with it. Communism had in the 1917, also gained acceptance from those who regarded
Russian Revolution as a model for the communist state. it was consequent upon that the centre of gravity of
Global communism moved away from the Central Europe since Russian Revolution to the Third world Nations
notably China, Africa and Asia to change their society for emancipation from the bondage of colonialism. This
can be exemplified with the activities of Nyarere, Mau-mau and Cuba.
In Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels argue that there are differences between idle and the reality.
This is because right is given to every one part of the idle, the reality is that there is no justice, existence of
constitution, democracy and management of resource. Science provides enough scientific knowledge, advances
in technology and medicine. They further described all human history as an attempt by man and women to
develop his/her potentials for the sake of survival. In this attempt, man has been remarkably successful and
history became progressive. Yet in developing productivity various social institutions have been created to
promote domination and exploitations of human and material resources. They further shown in the past all social
institutions were advised and trained to exploit the great majority of the poor people. Therefore, it should be
understood that each system was invested with the conflict between realities and idle and each method of
exploitation also has shortcomings that often destroy such institutions either by a gradual integration or under
the pretext of revolution. Marx and Engels also believed that capitalism has a lot of weaknesses and is bound to
destroy itself. They further highlighted that the more productive, the more goods it accumulates, the less, the
people to buy the goods.
Marx and Engels opine that the collapse of the capitalistic economy will result in a political revolution
that liberates the masses, the poor, and the working class. It is this proletariat revolution that does away with all
private ownership of the means of production. This means of production will in a short period be controlled by
people of sound, critical and philosophical minds, against the oppressors or dictators. The economy will not be
for the purpose of profit rather than for the satisfaction of the people. “ Everyone will be provided according
tohis need” a period of abundance, inequality will disappear, police will disappear and all these will occur in the
highly industrialized states down to the rest of the world and there shall be no oppressive government, no
corrupt authority and no oppressive police.
Certainly, it is interesting to be borne in our intellectual minds that none of the aforementioned happened to be a
reality even on the surface. For one, capitalism did not collapse. for two, inequality did not disappear, coercive
government and police continue and even after the Soviet and Russian Revolution of 1917 none of them
stopped, and old regime disintegrated.
Furthermore, the study found that when the communist Revolution succeeded in Russia, the communist
regime had experienced another problem. In the first instance, the economy must be reconstructed and the new
regime must be ruthless for success and there must also be moral discipline. It had as a result led to the
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DOI: 10.9790/0661-1802049397 www.iosrjournals.org 95 |Page
emergence of Totalitarianism and a new system of controlling the state and Joseph starling ruled Russia for
three decades, still was ruled under the same, i.e ruled by command not concept. The most important areas to
locate the contribution of communism include: the provision of proper education and social organization, and
the question of human right was completely ignored. The Communist Manifesto is a declaration of principles
and objectives of the communist state scholarly prepared and published in 1848 in London in order to bring
people together ideologically. It is a work divided into four chapters written by Karl Marx in collaboration with
Engels.
Chapter one portrays Marx theory of History and the end of exploitation, Marx opines that his world
was an arena of struggles between the two camps i.e the bourgeoisie and the proletariat and the end of history
will be the end of exploitation. Marx further argues that the logic of capitalism is to make profit, more profit,
greater profit all the times, to set aside more and more capital, to acquire profit and had further shown that the
revolution of the bourgeoisie is in the economic production. In doing so, Marx states that forces cannot control
and the proletariat increases in number, and the political awareness and class antagonism also increase between
the two opposing classes i.e the haves and the haves not”
Chapter two examines Marx’s understanding and explanation of communism as the logical attempt to
defend the interests of the working class. Marx holds that with the ablution of the private property there must be
a change in the entire social existence. The bourgeoisie will be exposed and after the revolution the economic
production will be in the hands of the state not private individual. The proletariat will also organize themselves
as the new ruling class. Because to Marx ownership will as a result going to be common to each, and that will be
the end of antagonism.
Chapter three highlights Marx and Engels criticisms against all other programmes. To them
communist and revolution are the only ways forward, all other political, economic and social programmes of
non-Marxist could not in any way proffer solution to the problems of human society. It further offers a details of
all communist revolutionaries, and chapter four which is the last but not the least consists of Marx and Engels
criticisms of socialism against capitalism. It has been obviously found that one of the negative developments
generated by 1917 Russian Revolution was the economic backwardness of Russia and other related problems.
Karl Marx the Chief of communism and who had so much worked on communists and spearheaded it, most of
its followers did not believe in the existence of God, to communism there is nothing like revelation from the
Heaven i.e Divine Message from God to Prophet Muhammad as a Messenger. To communism whatever rises,
rises from the death of the Moses, all the rest including Prophet Abraham (Ibrahim) were frustrated. Therefore,
whatever rises it is not from the God rather than the human’s frustration. Karl Marx in particular did not agree
with the existence of Supernatural Being (God), communism strongly agrees that human beings are like
elements, they interact with each other under socio-economic laws which govern them. It is socio-economic
regulations that govern communist members, not God or any Divine Book. In view of this, it can clearly be
understood that Karl Marx himself puts matter first before idea, because ideas can be linked to God, and matter
to human needs. Ideas are permanent and matter changes in accordance with circumstances, time and space.
Therefore, to Marx dialectical struggle begins with the matter which is governs by autonomous natural laws, this
means that dialectical materialism must reach its logical conclusion with or without the assistance of God or an
idea. This drowns into hight how God has been completely withdrawn from the control of human ideas by
communist people.
However, it is interesting to note that conventional thought puts matter first before idea throughout
history. Religious leaders, philosophers and scholars, wealthy people and free thinkers present matter before
idea. The place of mind in the determination of the destiny of man i.e (mind), soul, (psyche) i.e mind. The mind
itself is not material, mind is the seat of the ideas and the brain is material, the mind has a distinct identity from
the brain, it is mind that operates the brain. Both human scientific, social, political and economic progresses take
right shape under the control of the mind, for example, it is quite convincing to state that the bourgeoisie are
small in number but they control most of the resource of the world. This has become possible because of the
resources of the mind, (more powerful and accumulated mind).
Therefore, from the foregoing one may believe that it is a mistake to agree that the accumulated wealth
of the capitalist societies is the sum total of the labour which the capitalists exploited. The labour in itself cannot
accumulate wealth without the assistance of the superior mind i.e the progressive scientific inventions in the
developing economy are essentially the work of the mind. Labour in the Third world Nations does not attract
the same value. Capitalism also acquires wealth but invests more and more through the development of the
mind, a mind can be sound or unsound, which as a result indicates the weather a society will positively achieve
or not. In view of the above, it is safe to state that our study strongly argues that it is the mind that governs the
worlds entirely not the dielectical materialism as Marx and Engels firmly believed. Communism had produced
the totalitarian regime which was found too evil and outrageous in nature. Under communist regime, the
proletariat were emancipated and later happened to become the most disloyalists, evils and ruthless.
The Question Of Survival From Abrahamic Religious Perspective
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DOI: 10.9790/0661-1802049397 www.iosrjournals.org 96 |Page
Islam belong to the Abrahamic tradition of thought, Abraham as the starting point of this ideology used
by both Muslims and Christians as the father of faith. The two religions are Abrahamic ones, the God is known
as Jehovah or Allah which means (He) in Arabic means (Allah). Jehovah cannot be seen or touched. Islamic
religion is programmatic, for it teaches, prepares and shows how one should live on earth. Unlike a material
ideology, in the first instance, Islam believes in the life after death, because universal life is temporary. The
permanent life is in the hereafter, this is contrary to the interest of Marxism. In Islam there is no dialectic, the
truth is absolute not subject to change, only time/circumstance is relative. The only struggle recognized by Islam
is the one that occurs within self/heart or soul. In communism or materialism, there is always a struggle within
two opposing camps/classes. Islam recognizes the fact that man is essentially weak and subject to temptation
and easily misguided.
Furthermore, man should accept his weaknesses and should believe that he is subject to mistake-
making for example, when Prophet Noah (Nuhu) brought an ideology to his people they rejected and were as a
result divinely punished by annihilation. The story of Abraham’s dream over the slaughtering of his son as a ram
for obligation ( in Islam) but such his son, Prophet Isma’il was liberated by God, this shows high level of
sacrifice. The history of prophet Musa (Moses) indicates the validity of justice to humanity, for he fought
against slavery, to establish equality within humanity even between the slave and his master, wife and her
husband. Both mercy and confession are religious teachings that can be exemplified with the work and worship
of Jesus. Mercy is humanity aimed at alleviating the hardships/sufferings. Jesus attempted to re-build the
religious law not to destroy it, unlike a category of the 19th
century philosophers.
Conclusion.
This study examined Marx’s autobiography, a brief of his long term intellectual commitments,
ideologies and constant struggles against political oppression. The study has also examined the positive and
negative developments associated with Marx’s published work titled Communist Manifesto published in 1848,
in London which is the subject of this write-ups. It was consequent upon the understanding of the author’s
failure to achieve most of his targeted goals prior to his death in 1883 and after, that necessitated and made it
unavoidable to have encountered criticism in respect of its central theme and message disseminated to the
general reading public. This criticism is purely fundamental, academic and constructive for it goes with two
major points i.e. Marx’s areas of success and failures. The interest of the study is to show that Marx was
unaware of the fact that theories, laws, philosophies. Ideas, political, economic, and social organizations of any
given age/ period are not permanent and only valid to the society that created them. But Marx in his criticism
and approach to research attempted to generalize as a result of his failure to admit that what was fashionable a
century back cannot be found fashionable today.
III. Recommendations
The study recommends the following key points as solution proffered for the betterment and academic
progress of our scholarly activities.
- Student and scholars should accept and apply multi-disciplinary approach of research in their scholarly
works especially in humanities and social sciences, as learnt from Marx whose approach to research is
always multifaceted, convincing, holistic, and methodological.
- Academics should not be conducting research or presenting papers for the sake of promotion rather than
intellectual contribution to the knowledge of the field.
- In-depth research beyond the surface should be accepted as good academic culture for the furtherance of
knowledge.
- Scholars should not be too judgmental because academic life changes in accordance with time, space,
circumstances and age.
- Scholars should not be arrogant or feel that their scholarly works will be the final stage of knowledge. It is
an ocean, that does not dry.
- Too much intervention/involvement in a non area of specialization by a scholar, should be done if necessary
with precaution, concrete reasons and facts. for Marx in his criticism of material and human exploitation
debunked religious ideas because to him religion is an opium of the messes.
- Contemporary students and scholars regardless of academic area of interest should be versatile, punctual,
formative, intellectually creative and logical in reasoning. This will greatly help in satisfying our long term
intellectual commitments.
- Moral and financial supports should have a proper place in every academic community for the purpose of
promoting human endeavors, especially in an economically hard –pressed time such as ours, whereby
survival is difficult and this has as a result become difficult for those that are keen in scholarship to have
their demand achieved.
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