The document discusses Marxist and Hegelian interpretations of property and self-actualization. It argues that Marx erred in believing property itself allows self-actualization, when in fact it is liberty that enables it. A liberty-based ethical system recognizes one should not violate another's liberty. While property demonstrates self-actualization, liberty is the fundamental ingredient by allowing choices and their consequences without hindrance.
This document outlines Karl Marx's theory of historical materialism, which proposes that history progresses through a dialectical process of contradicting forces. According to Marx, feudalism gave way to capitalism as merchants and traders rose up against the old feudal order. Capitalism in turn creates its own opposing force in the workers and proletariat that will lead inevitably to socialism and eventually communism through this ongoing dialectical process.
Dialectical Materialism Explains the History of Human SocietyBior Elliott
Karl Marx developed the theory of dialectical materialism to explain transformations in human history and society. He argued that economic conditions and the development of technology (means of production) determine the structure of society. Critics argue that Marx's theory is not scientific or has been disproven by events like the fall of communist regimes. However, the document defends Marx's theory by arguing that changes in technology still drive social change according to historical materialism. It claims critics misunderstand aspects like Marx analyzing specific time periods and the immaturity of capitalism in places like early 20th century Russia.
Dialectical Materialism: An Introduction to Marx's Political PhilosophyCraig Collins, Ph.D.
Marx's political philosophy was based on dialectical and historical materialism, which were informed by Hegel's dialectics and Feuerbach's materialism. Marx rejected Hegel's idealism and saw dialectics operating in material history and class struggle, not just ideas. For Marx, human consciousness is shaped by material conditions and the mode of production, not the other way around. He applied a materialist dialectic to understand how contradictions within societies and between classes drive historical change and the evolution of social systems.
This document discusses the role of dualism and materialism in the women's rights movement from the 17th to 18th centuries. It explains that early feminists adopted dualism's view of the mind having no gender to argue for women's intellect. However, dualism was later seen as furthering women's subjugation. Philosophers like Mary Wollstonecraft and Margaret Cavendish supported materialism's view of the unified mind and body, allowing women to claim rights over their physical selves. As materialism gained acceptance, it provided academic justification for women having equal control over their bodies and minds.
Marx thesis IX Explained by Rauno HuttunenRauno Huttunen
In this thesis, Marx expresses dissatisfaction with Feuerbach's conception of sensuousness and practice. Feuerbach views sensuous perception as merely the object of contemplation, failing to see it as socially conditioned human activity. He also focuses only on theoretical attitudes as genuinely human, neglecting practical-critical action. Marx argues true human sensuousness can only be understood through revolutionary practice that changes existing social conditions.
Mediations, critical theories of consciousness and praxis in lukacs, horkheim...Rick Weil
This document summarizes a paper by Frederick D. Weil analyzing the theories of consciousness and praxis in Georg Lukacs, Max Horkheimer, and Jürgen Habermas. It discusses how Lukacs focused on the concept of "totality" and saw class consciousness as key to revolution. It then summarizes how Lukacs analyzed reification under capitalism and saw the proletariat's conditions as containing the potential to develop revolutionary class consciousness. The summary concludes by noting the document will further examine the theories of Horkheimer and Habermas and compare their similarities and differences.
This document provides an overview of sociological theories and theorists. It discusses classical theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber and how they helped establish sociology as a science. It also outlines modern schools of thought including structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Finally, it briefly introduces some new theoretical approaches such as feminist theory, queer theory, and postmodernism.
Karl Marx was a German philosopher who developed the socio-political theory of Marxism. He was educated in Germany and studied Hegelian philosophy. Marx was influenced by thinkers like Feuerbach, Hess, and Saint-Simon, and formulated his own dialectical materialism. He believed that class struggle and conflict between the proletariat and bourgeoisie would lead to social change and revolution. Marx spent many years in Paris and London writing about communism and capitalism. He predicted that the working class would revolt against the exploiting capitalist class to control the means of production. Marx's theories focused on social and economic forces rather than education, but they had implications for establishing schools to educate the proletariat and implement socialist policies.
This document outlines Karl Marx's theory of historical materialism, which proposes that history progresses through a dialectical process of contradicting forces. According to Marx, feudalism gave way to capitalism as merchants and traders rose up against the old feudal order. Capitalism in turn creates its own opposing force in the workers and proletariat that will lead inevitably to socialism and eventually communism through this ongoing dialectical process.
Dialectical Materialism Explains the History of Human SocietyBior Elliott
Karl Marx developed the theory of dialectical materialism to explain transformations in human history and society. He argued that economic conditions and the development of technology (means of production) determine the structure of society. Critics argue that Marx's theory is not scientific or has been disproven by events like the fall of communist regimes. However, the document defends Marx's theory by arguing that changes in technology still drive social change according to historical materialism. It claims critics misunderstand aspects like Marx analyzing specific time periods and the immaturity of capitalism in places like early 20th century Russia.
Dialectical Materialism: An Introduction to Marx's Political PhilosophyCraig Collins, Ph.D.
Marx's political philosophy was based on dialectical and historical materialism, which were informed by Hegel's dialectics and Feuerbach's materialism. Marx rejected Hegel's idealism and saw dialectics operating in material history and class struggle, not just ideas. For Marx, human consciousness is shaped by material conditions and the mode of production, not the other way around. He applied a materialist dialectic to understand how contradictions within societies and between classes drive historical change and the evolution of social systems.
This document discusses the role of dualism and materialism in the women's rights movement from the 17th to 18th centuries. It explains that early feminists adopted dualism's view of the mind having no gender to argue for women's intellect. However, dualism was later seen as furthering women's subjugation. Philosophers like Mary Wollstonecraft and Margaret Cavendish supported materialism's view of the unified mind and body, allowing women to claim rights over their physical selves. As materialism gained acceptance, it provided academic justification for women having equal control over their bodies and minds.
Marx thesis IX Explained by Rauno HuttunenRauno Huttunen
In this thesis, Marx expresses dissatisfaction with Feuerbach's conception of sensuousness and practice. Feuerbach views sensuous perception as merely the object of contemplation, failing to see it as socially conditioned human activity. He also focuses only on theoretical attitudes as genuinely human, neglecting practical-critical action. Marx argues true human sensuousness can only be understood through revolutionary practice that changes existing social conditions.
Mediations, critical theories of consciousness and praxis in lukacs, horkheim...Rick Weil
This document summarizes a paper by Frederick D. Weil analyzing the theories of consciousness and praxis in Georg Lukacs, Max Horkheimer, and Jürgen Habermas. It discusses how Lukacs focused on the concept of "totality" and saw class consciousness as key to revolution. It then summarizes how Lukacs analyzed reification under capitalism and saw the proletariat's conditions as containing the potential to develop revolutionary class consciousness. The summary concludes by noting the document will further examine the theories of Horkheimer and Habermas and compare their similarities and differences.
This document provides an overview of sociological theories and theorists. It discusses classical theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber and how they helped establish sociology as a science. It also outlines modern schools of thought including structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Finally, it briefly introduces some new theoretical approaches such as feminist theory, queer theory, and postmodernism.
Karl Marx was a German philosopher who developed the socio-political theory of Marxism. He was educated in Germany and studied Hegelian philosophy. Marx was influenced by thinkers like Feuerbach, Hess, and Saint-Simon, and formulated his own dialectical materialism. He believed that class struggle and conflict between the proletariat and bourgeoisie would lead to social change and revolution. Marx spent many years in Paris and London writing about communism and capitalism. He predicted that the working class would revolt against the exploiting capitalist class to control the means of production. Marx's theories focused on social and economic forces rather than education, but they had implications for establishing schools to educate the proletariat and implement socialist policies.
The document discusses the works and collaborations of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. It provides brief biographies of each thinker and outlines some of their key philosophical concepts, including rhizomes, deterritorialization, lines of flight, machinic assemblages, body without organs, and plateaus. It also notes their collaborative works including Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus, which applied psychoanalytic and Marxist concepts to develop a philosophy of schizoanalysis and critique of capitalism.
Georg Hegel viewed history as being driven by an interconnected "Universal Spirit" or God. He believed history progressed through a dialectic process of "Thesis", "Antithesis", and "Synthesis", where the prevailing ideas of a time period would be challenged by a conflicting idea and a new idea would emerge from their clash to become the new prevailing viewpoint driving further progress. This dialectic process showed for Hegel that all periods and cultures in history played an equally important role in furthering ideas and values over time.
Marxism offers workers a clear understanding of society and their place within it. It provides a new world outlook and a future. The theories of Marxism give workers a framework to understand the complexities of capitalist society and class struggle. Dialectical materialism developed from the ideas of Marx, Engels, Hegel and others to provide a scientific understanding of society and evolution based on the principles of dialectics. Trotsky's ABC of Dialectical Materialism provides a concise explanation of Marxist philosophy and dialectical materialism.
This document outlines the key concepts of dialectical materialism including dialectics, materialism, and Engels' three laws of dialectics. It defines dialectical materialism as the view that ideas and thoughts change due to the movement and existence of matter. Materialism holds that the world is material and phenomena consist of matter in motion according to natural laws. Engels' three laws of dialectics are described as the law of unity and conflict of opposes, the law of passage of quantitative to qualitative changes, and the law of negation of the negation. Examples are provided for each law.
The document discusses the origins of modern sociology through the ideas of Henri de Saint-Simon and Auguste Comte. Saint-Simon believed that industrialists would rule society and that scientific thought should prevail. He began applying Enlightenment principles to social science, influencing Comte. Comte coined the term "sociology" and theorized that societies progress through theological, metaphysical, and positive stages of understanding. He argued that sociology should study society scientifically and emphasized the interconnectedness of social institutions. Comte helped establish sociology as a legitimate science.
This document provides a critique of Karl Marx's 1848 published work "The Communist Manifesto". It first provides biographical details on Marx and an overview of some of his major theories. It then analyzes the contents and focus of "The Communist Manifesto", noting that Marx predicted capitalism would collapse and inequality would disappear, but this did not occur. When communist revolutions succeeded, new regimes experienced economic hardships and totalitarianism emerged. The document argues that Marx was unaware that theories are not permanent and only valid for the societies that create them. It also notes that from an Islamic perspective, this life is temporary and the permanent life is in the hereafter, contrary to Marxism's interests.
Classical Marxism analyzed how capitalism created contradictions between the productive forces like technology and labor, and the relations of production like private ownership. This led to class struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. Marx predicted capitalism would be overthrown through proletariat revolution, leading to a communist society without classes or the state. Neo-Marxism later expanded on these ideas, recognizing that contradictions could still exist under communism and permanent revolution may be needed.
The document provides an overview of the key ideas of philosophers René Descartes and Karl Marx. It discusses Descartes' view that the essence of being was thinking, and his belief in mind-body dualism. It also outlines Marx's views on capitalism, class struggle, exploitation and alienation under capitalism. The document summarizes Marx's theories of different types of Marxism, criticisms of his ideas, and contributions of Marxism to modern society.
Marx focused on alienation prior to 1846 and borrowed from Hegel and Feuerbach. He identified the proletariat as able to liberate society from capitalism. Under capitalism, human relations are estranged and commodity fetishism develops where commodities take on a life of their own. Marx saw the mode of production determining social and political processes, and believed revolutionary change was necessary when productive forces became fetters on society.
Marxist philosophy is based on the principles of dialectical materialism. It asserts that matter is the only reality and that everything, including thought and consciousness, emerges from and can be explained by matter and its evolution over time. According to Marxist philosophy, matter has always existed and life spontaneously emerged from non-living matter. Knowledge is obtained through empirical investigation of objective material reality, so anything supernatural cannot be known. Marxist philosophy thus denies the existence of God or anything beyond the natural material world. It provides Marxists with a worldview and method for analyzing all aspects of society, ethics, history and human evolution as processes governed by dialectical materialism.
1. Political theory aims to understand concepts like power, authority, and justice in order to establish order in society. It analyzes governing institutions, power structures, and questions of liberty.
2. Traditional political theory declined due to influences like positivism, behaviorism, and linguistic philosophy that emphasized empirical study over normative judgments. However, it saw a revival through scholars like Arendt, Oakeshott, Strauss, and the Frankfurt School who emphasized historical and interpretive approaches.
3. The classical political tradition remains important because classics address both local and universal issues, provide competing frameworks for analysis and choice, and were often written during times of crisis to comprehend events and ideals. A successful political theory must
The document discusses the author's criticisms of Marxist notions of revolution and their focus on thought over practice. It argues revolution implies too many assumptions and ignores everyday prefigurative activities, while Marxism offers a restricted view of temporality. The author advocates for an evolutionary approach focused on insurrection through everyday actions rather than waiting for revolution, and emphasizes combining theory with practice through open learning.
I. This lecture discussed the key ideas of Marx, Durkheim, Comte, and Weber including positivism, the three stages of society, and theories of capitalism, social class, and rationalization.
II. Marx argued that economic structures primarily determine social life and saw capitalism as creating conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat classes. Weber believed both economic and ideal factors shape change and saw rationalization and bureaucracy as defining modernity.
III. While Marx focused on economics, Weber emphasized shifts in social action and its consequences including increased rational calculation, efficiency, and the potential domination of individuals by rational-legal systems and bureaucracies.
The document discusses several pioneering sociologists and their contributions, including Auguste Comte who coined the term "sociology" and emphasized studying society scientifically, Emile Durkheim who established sociology as a distinct science and emphasized social facts, Herbert Spencer who viewed sociology through an evolutionary lens, and Max Weber who emphasized interpretive understanding of social actions. It also discusses Karl Marx's views on class struggle and contradictions leading to social change, and Talcott Parsons' concept of a social system consisting of interacting individuals organized by social norms.
Marx dobie, ann theory into practice - marxist criticismInvisible_Vision
The document analyzes Karl Marx's theory of historical materialism and Marxist literary criticism through examining Guy de Maupassant's short story "The Diamond Necklace". It discusses how the economic system depicted in the story divides society into bourgeoisie and proletariat classes based on ownership of property and means of production. Madame Loisel, as a member of the proletariat class, has no power or opportunity for social mobility. The story reveals how the internal contradictions of capitalism cause ongoing class struggle and psychological damage by commodifying possessions. A Marxist analysis seeks to uncover these dynamics to further the proletariat revolution against the bourgeoisie.
This document provides an overview of Henri Lefebvre's work on the dialectics of everyday life. It discusses key concepts in Lefebvre's work such as the colonization of everyday life by capitalism, the possibility of transforming everyday life through de-alienation, and his use of concepts like "festival" and "carnival" to envision an alternative to the capitalist everyday. The document also touches on criticisms of Lefebvre's work, such as how he treats the roles and experiences of women in his theorization of everyday life.
This document discusses theories of embodiment and how they can provide new perspectives on aging. It outlines key developments in the sociology of the body, including social construction perspectives and phenomenology, which challenged Cartesian dualism and the separation of mind and body. These theories have brought aging bodies and the lived experiences of aging into focus. The document examines how aging has been constructed primarily as a biological process and discusses theorists like Foucault and Katz who analyzed how medicine has shaped understandings of aging. Theories of embodiment allow rethinking assumptions about what growing old entails.
Vitorino Ramos: on the implicit and on the artificialArchiLab 7
This document discusses emergent behavior and artificial life. It argues that complex behavior can arise from simple interactions between many parts, without a global controller. An artificial system that exhibits this type of self-organization and emergent behavior could be viewed as an artificial superorganism. The document also discusses how traditional reductionist approaches in biology and sociology have given way to recognizing intrinsic complexity and emergent properties arising from decentralized interactions between autonomous components.
Truck accident attorney helps you to get the compensation you deserve. Hire an experienced attorney who will guide you and assist you in the entire legal process.
Plagiarism is defined as taking someone else's work or ideas and claiming them as your own. Examples include copying parts of an article without citing the original author, copying a friend's homework, or using someone else's research without references. To avoid plagiarism, students should do their own original work and properly cite sources to give credit where credit is due.
La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto significativo en la salud mental de las personas. El aislamiento social y la incertidumbre han aumentado los niveles de ansiedad, depresión y estrés. Es importante que las personas mantengan rutinas, se mantengan conectadas con otros de forma segura y busquen ayuda profesional si la sienten necesaria.
The document discusses the works and collaborations of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. It provides brief biographies of each thinker and outlines some of their key philosophical concepts, including rhizomes, deterritorialization, lines of flight, machinic assemblages, body without organs, and plateaus. It also notes their collaborative works including Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus, which applied psychoanalytic and Marxist concepts to develop a philosophy of schizoanalysis and critique of capitalism.
Georg Hegel viewed history as being driven by an interconnected "Universal Spirit" or God. He believed history progressed through a dialectic process of "Thesis", "Antithesis", and "Synthesis", where the prevailing ideas of a time period would be challenged by a conflicting idea and a new idea would emerge from their clash to become the new prevailing viewpoint driving further progress. This dialectic process showed for Hegel that all periods and cultures in history played an equally important role in furthering ideas and values over time.
Marxism offers workers a clear understanding of society and their place within it. It provides a new world outlook and a future. The theories of Marxism give workers a framework to understand the complexities of capitalist society and class struggle. Dialectical materialism developed from the ideas of Marx, Engels, Hegel and others to provide a scientific understanding of society and evolution based on the principles of dialectics. Trotsky's ABC of Dialectical Materialism provides a concise explanation of Marxist philosophy and dialectical materialism.
This document outlines the key concepts of dialectical materialism including dialectics, materialism, and Engels' three laws of dialectics. It defines dialectical materialism as the view that ideas and thoughts change due to the movement and existence of matter. Materialism holds that the world is material and phenomena consist of matter in motion according to natural laws. Engels' three laws of dialectics are described as the law of unity and conflict of opposes, the law of passage of quantitative to qualitative changes, and the law of negation of the negation. Examples are provided for each law.
The document discusses the origins of modern sociology through the ideas of Henri de Saint-Simon and Auguste Comte. Saint-Simon believed that industrialists would rule society and that scientific thought should prevail. He began applying Enlightenment principles to social science, influencing Comte. Comte coined the term "sociology" and theorized that societies progress through theological, metaphysical, and positive stages of understanding. He argued that sociology should study society scientifically and emphasized the interconnectedness of social institutions. Comte helped establish sociology as a legitimate science.
This document provides a critique of Karl Marx's 1848 published work "The Communist Manifesto". It first provides biographical details on Marx and an overview of some of his major theories. It then analyzes the contents and focus of "The Communist Manifesto", noting that Marx predicted capitalism would collapse and inequality would disappear, but this did not occur. When communist revolutions succeeded, new regimes experienced economic hardships and totalitarianism emerged. The document argues that Marx was unaware that theories are not permanent and only valid for the societies that create them. It also notes that from an Islamic perspective, this life is temporary and the permanent life is in the hereafter, contrary to Marxism's interests.
Classical Marxism analyzed how capitalism created contradictions between the productive forces like technology and labor, and the relations of production like private ownership. This led to class struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. Marx predicted capitalism would be overthrown through proletariat revolution, leading to a communist society without classes or the state. Neo-Marxism later expanded on these ideas, recognizing that contradictions could still exist under communism and permanent revolution may be needed.
The document provides an overview of the key ideas of philosophers René Descartes and Karl Marx. It discusses Descartes' view that the essence of being was thinking, and his belief in mind-body dualism. It also outlines Marx's views on capitalism, class struggle, exploitation and alienation under capitalism. The document summarizes Marx's theories of different types of Marxism, criticisms of his ideas, and contributions of Marxism to modern society.
Marx focused on alienation prior to 1846 and borrowed from Hegel and Feuerbach. He identified the proletariat as able to liberate society from capitalism. Under capitalism, human relations are estranged and commodity fetishism develops where commodities take on a life of their own. Marx saw the mode of production determining social and political processes, and believed revolutionary change was necessary when productive forces became fetters on society.
Marxist philosophy is based on the principles of dialectical materialism. It asserts that matter is the only reality and that everything, including thought and consciousness, emerges from and can be explained by matter and its evolution over time. According to Marxist philosophy, matter has always existed and life spontaneously emerged from non-living matter. Knowledge is obtained through empirical investigation of objective material reality, so anything supernatural cannot be known. Marxist philosophy thus denies the existence of God or anything beyond the natural material world. It provides Marxists with a worldview and method for analyzing all aspects of society, ethics, history and human evolution as processes governed by dialectical materialism.
1. Political theory aims to understand concepts like power, authority, and justice in order to establish order in society. It analyzes governing institutions, power structures, and questions of liberty.
2. Traditional political theory declined due to influences like positivism, behaviorism, and linguistic philosophy that emphasized empirical study over normative judgments. However, it saw a revival through scholars like Arendt, Oakeshott, Strauss, and the Frankfurt School who emphasized historical and interpretive approaches.
3. The classical political tradition remains important because classics address both local and universal issues, provide competing frameworks for analysis and choice, and were often written during times of crisis to comprehend events and ideals. A successful political theory must
The document discusses the author's criticisms of Marxist notions of revolution and their focus on thought over practice. It argues revolution implies too many assumptions and ignores everyday prefigurative activities, while Marxism offers a restricted view of temporality. The author advocates for an evolutionary approach focused on insurrection through everyday actions rather than waiting for revolution, and emphasizes combining theory with practice through open learning.
I. This lecture discussed the key ideas of Marx, Durkheim, Comte, and Weber including positivism, the three stages of society, and theories of capitalism, social class, and rationalization.
II. Marx argued that economic structures primarily determine social life and saw capitalism as creating conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat classes. Weber believed both economic and ideal factors shape change and saw rationalization and bureaucracy as defining modernity.
III. While Marx focused on economics, Weber emphasized shifts in social action and its consequences including increased rational calculation, efficiency, and the potential domination of individuals by rational-legal systems and bureaucracies.
The document discusses several pioneering sociologists and their contributions, including Auguste Comte who coined the term "sociology" and emphasized studying society scientifically, Emile Durkheim who established sociology as a distinct science and emphasized social facts, Herbert Spencer who viewed sociology through an evolutionary lens, and Max Weber who emphasized interpretive understanding of social actions. It also discusses Karl Marx's views on class struggle and contradictions leading to social change, and Talcott Parsons' concept of a social system consisting of interacting individuals organized by social norms.
Marx dobie, ann theory into practice - marxist criticismInvisible_Vision
The document analyzes Karl Marx's theory of historical materialism and Marxist literary criticism through examining Guy de Maupassant's short story "The Diamond Necklace". It discusses how the economic system depicted in the story divides society into bourgeoisie and proletariat classes based on ownership of property and means of production. Madame Loisel, as a member of the proletariat class, has no power or opportunity for social mobility. The story reveals how the internal contradictions of capitalism cause ongoing class struggle and psychological damage by commodifying possessions. A Marxist analysis seeks to uncover these dynamics to further the proletariat revolution against the bourgeoisie.
This document provides an overview of Henri Lefebvre's work on the dialectics of everyday life. It discusses key concepts in Lefebvre's work such as the colonization of everyday life by capitalism, the possibility of transforming everyday life through de-alienation, and his use of concepts like "festival" and "carnival" to envision an alternative to the capitalist everyday. The document also touches on criticisms of Lefebvre's work, such as how he treats the roles and experiences of women in his theorization of everyday life.
This document discusses theories of embodiment and how they can provide new perspectives on aging. It outlines key developments in the sociology of the body, including social construction perspectives and phenomenology, which challenged Cartesian dualism and the separation of mind and body. These theories have brought aging bodies and the lived experiences of aging into focus. The document examines how aging has been constructed primarily as a biological process and discusses theorists like Foucault and Katz who analyzed how medicine has shaped understandings of aging. Theories of embodiment allow rethinking assumptions about what growing old entails.
Vitorino Ramos: on the implicit and on the artificialArchiLab 7
This document discusses emergent behavior and artificial life. It argues that complex behavior can arise from simple interactions between many parts, without a global controller. An artificial system that exhibits this type of self-organization and emergent behavior could be viewed as an artificial superorganism. The document also discusses how traditional reductionist approaches in biology and sociology have given way to recognizing intrinsic complexity and emergent properties arising from decentralized interactions between autonomous components.
Truck accident attorney helps you to get the compensation you deserve. Hire an experienced attorney who will guide you and assist you in the entire legal process.
Plagiarism is defined as taking someone else's work or ideas and claiming them as your own. Examples include copying parts of an article without citing the original author, copying a friend's homework, or using someone else's research without references. To avoid plagiarism, students should do their own original work and properly cite sources to give credit where credit is due.
La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto significativo en la salud mental de las personas. El aislamiento social y la incertidumbre han aumentado los niveles de ansiedad, depresión y estrés. Es importante que las personas mantengan rutinas, se mantengan conectadas con otros de forma segura y busquen ayuda profesional si la sienten necesaria.
Este documento presenta el plan de vida de Henry Marcelo Suntaxi Tipan. Describe sus objetivos y valores personales como ser solidario, amable y respetuoso. Sus principales intereses desde temprana edad han sido las computadoras, el fútbol y sobresalir académicamente. Su misión es convertirse en un ingeniero en sistemas para que sus padres se sientan orgullosos. Sus metas incluyen apoyar a su familia y amigos, mantener sus creencias religiosas y respetar a los demás.
This short document promotes creating presentations on SlideShare using Haiku Deck. It features a stock photo and text suggesting the reader may be inspired to create their own Haiku Deck presentation. A call to action is included to get started making a presentation.
The document is an infographic summarizing the results of the Q4 2015 BCM Business Growth Index in Mongolia. Some key findings include:
- 44% of businesses said their situation worsened compared to last year, while 33% said it remained the same.
- Regarding the outlook for businesses over the next year, 41% expected improvement while 39% anticipated no change.
- When asked about investment plans for the next year, 36% expected to increase investments while 44% planned no change.
El documento presenta una serie de 11 ilustraciones con breves frases o preguntas que parecen criticar los medios de comunicación tradicionales y promover la libertad de pensamiento y expresión. Las ilustraciones abordan temas como la manipulación informativa, el control social, la censura y la superficialidad en los medios frente a la lectura y el pensamiento crítico.
The document outlines the procedures for a vigilance system to monitor medical device incidents. It states that both manufacturers and European authorized representatives are responsible for handling incidents. When incidents occur, manufacturers must notify national competent authorities and submit initial, follow up, and final reports. Representatives must coordinate with manufacturers to communicate field safety notices and submit periodic trend reports. Periodic summary reporting allows for consolidated reporting of similar incidents with known root causes or implemented safety corrective actions. The manufacturer must submit mandatory reports in specified formats to the notified body for vigilance system control.
El documento describe el área de soporte de servicios informáticos de la UPC. El objetivo es brindar el mejor soporte mediante la investigación continua y satisfacer los requerimientos de los clientes. El área provee servicios como redes, servidores, bases de datos, mantenimiento de cuentas, respaldos, seguridad y comunicaciones. Los atributos incluyen confiabilidad, calidad, comunicación clara y seguridad. Los clientes son tanto internos como externos a la UPC.
Program tahunan mata pelajaran IPA kelas VII mencakup kompetensi inti dan dasar seperti menghargai keteraturan ciptaan Tuhan, menunjukkan sikap ilmiah, memahami konsep pengukuran dan klasifikasi, serta mencoba dan menyajikan hasil pengamatan tentang benda hidup dan tak hidup. Materi yang diajarkan antara lain struktur sel, sistem organisme, energi dan transformasinya, serta konsep suhu dan kalor yang diaplikasikan
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This document provides an overview of Karl Marx and Marxism. It discusses Marx establishing the ideology of Marxism through works like The Communist Manifesto. It outlines some of Marx's key ideas like historical materialism, the concept of alienation under capitalism, and his critique of the capitalist class system. While many failed countries adopted Marxism, some believe his ideas are no longer applicable today due to developments like the welfare state. However, Marxism has still significantly impacted world events and political structures.
In this Presentation I talk about the Marxism
this the special reference of Chakrahvyuh movies song.
Definition of Marxism
The Communist Manifesto
Das Capital
Basic Principle
Dialectical Aspect in Marxism
Assumption
Ideology
Questions
Karl Marx was a 19th century philosopher, economist, and socialist revolutionary. He developed the theory of historical materialism which argues that economic and material forces drive historical change and development. Marx believed that capitalism would inevitably create contradictions and class conflict between the bourgeoisie and proletariat, leading to revolution and establishment of a communist, classless society. Neo-Marxism emerged in the 20th century and expanded on Marx's theories to include analysis of culture, ideology, and other social factors rather than just economics. Marxist ideas and concepts like alienation, exploitation, and historical materialism continue to influence the study of society, economics, history and conflict.
Marx argues that men distinguish themselves from animals by producing their means of subsistence through their physical labor. By producing their subsistence, men indirectly produce their material life and social relations, which Marx refers to as the "mode of production." The mode of production determines what is possible in society and shapes class struggles between social groups defined by their relationship to the means of production.
Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist who developed the theories of communism, class conflict, and surplus value. Some of his most influential works include The Communist Manifesto, co-authored with Friedrich Engels, and Das Kapital. Marx proposed that capitalism relies on the exploitation of labor and that the profits of employers come from the unpaid work of their employees. He believed this dynamic would inevitably lead to conflict between the proletariat and bourgeoisie classes.
Marxist world view and social revolution AschalewAbie
Marxist theory posits that all things develop through material contradictions according to historical materialism and dialectical materialism. Dialectical materialism argues that political and historical events are caused by conflicts between social forces resulting from material needs. Marx adapted Hegel's dialectic method but replaced idealism with materialism, believing material sources primarily drive modes of production. As contradictions between new and old productive/social relations intensify due to technological advances, social revolutions ultimately occur as the proletariat becomes conscious of their collective power to transform the economic system and relieve their misery.
Karl Marx was a 19th century philosopher who developed the theories of communism, socialism, and Marxism. Some of Marx's major ideas discussed in the document include dialectical materialism, historical materialism, the concept of base and superstructure in societies, modes of production, class consciousness, class struggle, surplus value, and alienation of workers. The document provides an overview of Marx's key theories and concepts.
University First Year level revision notes on Classical Sociological Theory. Contains notes on Karl Marx, Max Weber and Emile Durkheim among others. All notes come from university lecture notes and online research. Includes quotes from sociologists, a history of sociology, keywords and theories and ideas.
Critical Analysis of Marxist Politics: The Demise of Socialism.docxDarwinCiriaco1
Marx advocated for a classless society without private capital through a proletariat revolution. However, the paper argues Marxian politics is flawed because it fails to resolve the problem of power. While Marx sought to transfer power from the bourgeoisie to the proletariat, this merely shifts power to the state rather than eliminating it. History shows power corrupts whoever possesses it, as the French Revolution demonstrated. Additionally, incentivizing work is diminished when rewards are disconnected from individual effort. The nature of power will always corrupt and undermine Marx's vision of an egalitarian society.
western political thought by karl marxYash Agarwal
This document provides an overview of the life and major theories of Karl Marx. It discusses his upbringing and education in Germany, as well as his exile to France and England due to his radical socialist views. The document outlines Marx's most important contributions, including his theory of historical materialism which argues that the mode of production and class struggle are the driving forces of history. It also examines Marx's theories of alienation, dialectical materialism, the dictatorship of the proletariat, and his vision for a communist society without private property or social classes. The document aims to introduce readers to Marx's extensive body of work analyzing capitalism and his alternative vision for post-capitalist society.
Karl Marx was born in 1818 in Trier, Germany to a family of Jewish descent that had converted to Lutheranism. He married Jenny von Westphalen and established a friendship with Friedrich Engels who provided intellectual and financial support for Marx's work. Marx studied law and philosophy, becoming immersed in Hegelian philosophy and antagonizing Prussian authorities with his radical writings. He was expelled from Paris and settled in Brussels, where he collaborated with German communist exiles and wrote The Communist Manifesto in 1848. The Manifesto outlined Marx's theories of historical materialism, economic determinism, and the inevitable proletarian revolution that would overthrow the bourgeoisie and usher in a communist society without social classes or
Marxism is a sociopolitical theory and philosophy based on Karl Marx's analysis of history and capitalism, which viewed social change in terms of class struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. Marx argued that capitalism creates social inequality and conflict as the bourgeoisie exploit and oppress the proletariat for profit. The end goal of Marxism is the establishment of a communist society without social classes through a proletariat revolution and public ownership.
This document discusses various concepts related to ideology, subjectivity, and power in media and culture. It provides definitions and explanations of terms from theorists like Marx, Althusser, Foucault, Gramsci and others. Key concepts summarized include ideological domination, interpellation, subject positions, and Foucault's theories of power/knowledge and discourse. Examples are given of various artworks and how they relate to these conceptual frameworks.
1. The Marxist argument for the actualization of the self is directly related to the Marxist
interpretation of Hegel’s historical approach to epistemology, and the Marxist interpretation of
the role of property. It is from this interpretation that Marx concludes that the next logical step in
this historical process is the tearing down of the capitalist system, while the means of production
come under the ownership of the people. Although Marx believes this will happen naturally, he
aims to speed this process up. There is a call to action, specifically a revolt of the proletariat, a
belief and a movement based on how the world ought to be. These are the beginnings of Marx’s
ethics. This revolt, or socialism, would then be finished by the finality of communism, in which
there is no property (at least no property owned by the bourgeoisie, as there would be no
bourgeoisie) and all things are held in common by the people, respectively. Marx believed that
property in a capitalist system caused the working-class to become alienated from themselves.
Only a Marxist revolution would allow them to experience self-actualization, and only then
would people be free. This point will be the basis of my argument against the Marxist ethic –
that people should fight against the capitalist system and abolish the concept of private property.
That said, it is not property (or the lack thereof) that leads to self-actualization, but liberty,
which require the existence private property to be recognized. The following arguments are
designed to show how liberty allows one to self-actualize, the necessity of the existence private
2. property in recognizing one’s self-actualization, and how one ought to live in a liberty based
society, and dealing with any possible objections.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a German philosopher who experienced the French
revolution first hand and used that experience to formulate his ideas about epistemology.
Whereas philosophers before Hegel sought to understand and determine a final criterion for
knowledge, Hegel believed that one could not fully understand what all that knowledge was
when one lived in only one lifetime. When one dies, knowledge continues. Despite this belief,
Hegel wasn’t a complete subjectivist. He did believe that eventually we’d get to a point where
knowledge could truly be attained; however, it would not be on an individual basis, but on a
societal level. In other words, as society and people evolve, society inches closer and closer
towards truth. It is in this historical approach that Marx finds his base of operations.
Although Marx was Hegelian, there are some aspects of Hegelian philosophy he
disagreed with or did not care for. Specifically, according to Marx, Hegel was too abstract. If
Hegel’s philosophy had caused mankind to have their heads in the clouds, Marx sought to use it
to bring people back down to earth. And it is here that Marx’s ethics begins to come forward. In
a famous line, Marx writes, “The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways;
the point, however, is to change it.” (Marx, 1924) How does Marx see the world change, and
how does he seek to play a role in that? Using Hegel’s historical approach to philosophy, Marx
3. utilizes Hegel’s discovery of the role of opposition and antagonism throughout historical periods.
History can be categorized, according to Marx, as a struggle of those without power against
those with power. And every new epoch in human history is brought about through a revolution
(often violent) to change things as they are and enter a stage closer to that of the ideal. With the
end of the lawlessness came monarchies. With the end of monarchies came the democratic and
capitalist systems. What comes next and how is it brought about? Marx argues the very same
way as the previous new epochs before – violent revolution. But, it’s not enough to have a
revolution. There needs to be a goal, and for Marx, that is socialism followed by communism.
However, if people are content in their current place, there would be no revolution, so Marx
would need to bring the injustices of capitalism to light.
In order to do this, Marx again borrows from Hegel, but also from Locke, the connection
between property and self-actualization. Locke taught that in property, we can see ourselves.
(Locke, 1690) Hegel believed that when one made something with his own hands, a reflection of
himself is imparted into that object and self-actualization is realized.(Hegel, 1837) Marx agrees
with both of these philosophers and believes he has found the chink in the armor of capitalism.
In a capitalist system, there are those who own the means of production – they own the
resources to complete a job. And then there are those who work for the owners by actually
completing the job. The former are the bourgeoisie and the latter are the proletariat. Marx sees in
4. these two classes the very same historical struggle we’ve seen throughout history. And within
that struggle, and what has thus far kept the proletariat from rising up to claim what belongs to
it, is the fact that no self-actualization has taken place. In Locke’s philosophy, property is an
extension of oneself. (Locke, 1690) In Hegel’s philosophy, property that is created is a mirror
reflection of the self, allowing one to recognize his own existence. (Hegel, 1837) Marx sees the
proletariat working and building and creating…only to have the bourgeoisie take the product
from the worker, and sell it for profit, thereby keeping proletariat subservient and unself-
actualized. Marx is determined to change this cycle, not merely interpret it as it comes along.
Marx sees in this great injustice, and is going to do something about it.
From here, Marx’s ethics come into play. And there are two parts to this Marxist ethic.
1. What to do to bring about the revolution
2. How to live after the revolution
To bring about the revolution, the proletariat first needs to recognize their horrible
existence. This is why Marx spends his days traveling between Germany, England and other
places – He’s spreading this knowledge about the capitalist system. It’s designed to wake people
up to their awful condition. But it doesn’t stop there. There needs to be revolution. In the
Communist Manifesto, Marx writes “The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims.
They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing
social conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at the Communistic revolution. The proletarians
5. have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. WORKING MEN OF ALL
COUNTRIES, UNITE!” (Marx, 1847)
Without violent revolution, there can be no end to the capitalist system. And the ethics of
Marx teach that we ought to be currently living in such a way as to overthrow that system. But
once overthrown, what then?
In the Communist based society, private property has been abolished. In this way, man
becomes free. When property is done away with, there is no longer a distinction between the two
classes. These things fade away and people are left with the ideal that “the free development of
each is the condition of free development for all.” (Marx, 1847)
Liberty as the Means of Self-Actualization
Here, the author disagrees with Marx, Hegel, and to some extent, Locke on the supreme
importance of property. Property is important, but it is not what allows self-actualization to
happen. What does that is liberty, and one way that liberty manifests itself is in the ownership of
property. Liberty, here defined as the unhindered ability to live the life of one’s conscious
desires, according to one’s own wants and needs (so long as the liberty of another is not
infringed upon), is the fundamental ingredient in self-actualization. When one has liberty, one
can make choices and enjoy the fruits of those choices. And it is here (in liberty) that what is
applied to property shows itself first and foremost – self-actualization. When one uses their
6. liberty to make a choice and is able to witness the consequence of that choice, our self is
reflected in that choice.” The mistake Hegel made is in thinking that the self need be reflected in
something tangible, or physical. This isn’t necessarily the case. After all, what does the thing
created represent? Power, freedom, choice, consequence – all of these things are represented in
that created property which gives us self-actualization. That said, the physical aspect is not
central to this fact and is unnecessary.
The physical property merely acts as a tangible manifestation of that concept. It isn’t
fundamental to it. What is fundamental to self-actualization is the liberty to create, not the thing
created. It is also here that Marx goes wrong. Marx applies Hegel’s concept of property and
elongates the negative effect when he describes the bourgeoisie taking that product and selling it
for profit. Although Marx believes the proletariat has not self-actualized because of this, it
would be wrong to assume that the physical had any direct connection to it. Even still, in-spite of
the physical being taken from the worker, he is compensated for his work through earnings. This
becomes an important point in Marx’s oversight – Although the physical product of our labor is
taken, something is given to the worker that he has agreed adequately compensates him for his
loss. And with this compensation, one is able to use it to give himself additional property – a
home, animals, kitchen supplies, food, clothes, etc…or any of the other things that might help
solidify his self-actualization. This is the importance of personal property. Marx’s error rests in
7. his not recognizing that workers are compensated for their work with something that they agree
is equal to the work (and the product) provided.
Personal property aids in our recognizing our self, not in self-actualizing. It results from
self-actualizations and guarantees to us that it has happened. Property becomes a tangible
manifestation that we have already self-actualized. It does this because, as we have the liberty to
use our earnings in any way we want, we then purchase things that reinforce the concept. As a
self-actualized being, I desire things that recognize this fact. As a self-actualized being, when I
am hungry, I eat or choose not to. The same goes for thirst, or shelter, or any other basic or
complex desire.
How does liberty give us an ethical code that we should live by? If one lives according to
his own desires, what’s to stop him from desiring, and then carrying out, the theft of another’s
property, and thus, his self-actualization? This comes from a natural understanding of liberty. If
liberty is defined as the unhindered ability to live the life one desires, according to one’s own
wants and needs, then it is understood that if I should try to limit that in any way, then I am
seeking to undermine this liberty. If this is the case, then the attacked will use any means at his
disposal to protect himself and his property from this external threat. The argument is very
similar to John Stuart Mill’s in his defense of Utilitarianism against the charge that it is not just.
8. When one has liberty, he has a “valid claim” to protection in regards to his own liberty. But not
only does liberty give us self-actualization, it is also the source of our security. (Mill, 1863)
Liberty acts as a deterrent in that, just as you are free to attempt to rob me of that which
is mine, liberty gives me the right to protect it, using any means necessary. Be that banding
together to fight off the would-be attacker, compensate another for my security etc…Liberty
allows for this. But more so than that, in a society that understands liberty and how property
relates to it, there would be no attacks in the first place, due to the very fact that if we were to
“acquiesce in the violation” of one’s liberty, this would “imperil” the liberty of us all. This is
something that a liberty based society would not allow. (Mill, 1863) From this, we can
determine that a liberty based society lives in such a way as to not violate the liberty of another.
If an act violates the liberty of another, then we can know that the act is wrong.
The objection may be raised however, if liberty means that I can live, unhindered,
according to my conscious wants and desires, “why should the liberty ethical code be based in
sustaining the liberty of others”? How could the act of, say, theft, or murder, or rape, be wrong
in such a society? Firstly, to suggest that it’s possible that a liberty based society would tolerate
such acts proves a lack of understanding on this principle. However, I can explain.
9. If I have lived my life in such a way as to have achieved my own self-actualization, have
provided my own property, either through creating it or providing the funds necessary for its
creation, and some burglar were to break into my home with the intent to steal, I could say that
he was wrong to do so. How so? Because he has now hindered my ability to live my life in such
a way (in this particular case) as to enjoy the fruits of my choices, or my consequences. If he
steals from me an object that I worked for, can I still enjoy unhindered access to that object? It
can rightly be said that I cannot. In this, the burglar has acted immorally.
What of a murderer? After all, a murderer doesn’t take my property that I have worked
for. How would murder be considered wrong in such a society? In a liberty based society, where
its people have become self-actualized, they recognize the importance of their physical person,
and live according to the needs and desires of that physical person. They seek to make it
comfortable, content, healthy, and so on. If a murderer were to take from me my life that I have
worked hard to self-actualize, the murderer is depriving me of my liberty to use that life as I
choose, unhindered by any outside influence. Because of this, we could say that the murderer
acted immorally, or outside of the ethics of liberty.
What of rape or molestation? No property is stolen. The body yet lives, for it has not
been murdered. How does a liberty based society call such an act immoral or against the ethics
of liberty? For the very same reason that theft and murder are immoral – namely, they take from
10. the person the ability to choose for themselves how their body will be utilized. My body does not
belong to another. On top of that, I have gone through a great deal to self-actualize with this
specific body, and it is mine to utilize as I see fit – not to be used as a means to an end by some
other person. It can be readily said then that such an act would indeed violate the ethics of
liberty.
In the end, the Marxist ideas of property and self-actualization are directly related to
Hegel’s and Locke’s concept of property. Marx takes these concepts and uses them to make
known that the taking of property or a product by the capitalist stifles growth in other classes.
Because of this, according to Marx, the working class is to rise up, seize the means of
production and abolish the concept of property altogether. This philosophy errs in that it
believes, like Locke and Hegel, that property, the physical thing, is what allows for self-
actualization. Liberty is what does this, and property is what helps solidify and cement our self-
actualization. From here, a liberty based society, and similarly to the ideas presented by Mill, in
addition to being the source of our self-actualization, actually defends against most all of the
heinous crimes and provides for us an ethical life, a life in which one ought to live – a life lived
in such a way as to not disturb the liberty of another.
11. Bibliography
1. Hegel, G.W.F., (1837). ‘Reason Governs the World’. In: Charles Hegel. (ed), Reason In
History. 1st ed. : Institute of Marxism-Leninism. pp..
2. Locke John, (1690). ‘On Property’. In: C.B. Macpherson (ed), Second Treatise of
Government. 3rd ed. England: Hackett Publishing Company. pp.18-30.
3. Marx Karl, (1924). ‘Theses On Feuerbach’. 1st ed. Moscow: Institute of Marxism-
Leninism.
4. Marx, Karl and Friedrich Engels, (1847). ‘The Communist Manifesto’. 1st ed. London,
England: The Communist League.
5. Mill, John Stuart. (2002). ‘The Basic Writings of John Stuart Mill’. New York City:
Random House.