This document discusses the contributions of several foundational sociologists, including Auguste Comte, Max Weber, and Émile Durkheim. It also discusses the development of sociology in India and the contributions of Indian sociologists G.S. Ghurye and Radhakamal Mukherjee. Auguste Comte is identified as the founder of sociology and developed ideas like positivism and the three stages of social development. Max Weber's ideas influenced social theory and research areas like bureaucracy and authority. Émile Durkheim formally established sociology as an academic discipline and studied social integration and society's coherence. Sociology emerged as a discipline in Indian universities in the 1930s and Indian scholars made original contributions

1. M R . A L L E N A N I L . M O H I T E
C L I N I C A L I N S T R U C T O R
P B B S C ( N )
C O L L E G E O F N U R S I N G W A N L E S S H O S P I T A L
M I R A J
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Contribution Of Sociologist In The Discipline

2. Auguste Comte

3. Auguste Comte
(1798-1857)

4.  Born-Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte 19
January 1798 Montpellier, France
 Died-5 September 1857 (aged 59) Paris, France
 Nationality-French
 Alma mater-University of Montpellier École
Polytechnique
 Spouse(s)-Caroline Massin (m. 1825–1842)
 Era-19th-century philosophy
 Region-Western philosophy
 Notable ideas-Sociological positivism,law of three
stages, encyclopedic law, altruism

5. Founding Father of Sociology
 He was the first thinker of the modern world clearly
to set the fact that all the aspects of social life are
bound in a unity and to show that this unity has an
evolutionary character.
 According to him, man goes progressively through
three stages of social development – theological,
metaphysical (relationship between mind and
matter) and scientific or empirical or positive.
 Man has now reached the scientific or positive stage.

6. Law of three stages
 He claimed the history of society could be divided
into three different stages: theological, metaphysical,
and positive. The Law of three Stages, an
evolutionary theory, describes how history of
societies is split into three sections due to new
thoughts on philosophy. Comte believed that
evolution was the growth of the human mind,
splitting into stages and evolving through these
stages. Comte concluded that society acts similarly to
the mind.

7.  The law is this: that each of our leading
conceptions – each branch of our knowledge –
passes successively through three different
theoretical conditions: the Theological, or fictitious;
the Metaphysical, or abstract; and the Scientific, or
positive.
— A. Comte

8. Theological Stage
 The first stage, the theological stage, relies on
supernatural or religious explanations of the
phenomena of human behavior because "the human
mind, in its search for the primary and final causes
of phenomena, explains the apparent anomalies in
the universe as interventions of supernatural
agents".[21] The Theological Stage is the "necessary
starting point of human intelligence", when humans
turn to supernatural agents as the cause of all
phenomena.[

9. The Theological Stage is broken into three
sections, Fetishism, Polytheism, and
Monotheism.

10. Fetishism
 Fetishism is the philosophy in which mankind puts
the power of a god into an inanimate object. Every
object could hold this power of a god, so it started to
confuse those who believed in Fetishism and created
multiple gods and formed Polytheism.

11. Polytheism
 The basic meaning of polytheism is the belief in an
order of multiple gods who rule over the universe.
Within polytheism, each god is assigned a specific
thing in which they are the god

12. Monotheism
 Monotheism is the belief in one, all powerful god
who rules over every aspect of the universe.

13. Metaphysical or Abstract Stage
 The second stage, the metaphysical stage, is merely a
modification of the first because a supernatural
cause is replaced by an "abstract entity"; it is meant
to be a transitional stage, where there is the belief
that abstract forces control the behavior of human
beings.

14. Positive stage

The last stage – the positive stage – is when the mind
stops searching for the cause of phenomena and realizes
that laws exist to govern human behavior, and that this
stage can be explained rationally with the use of reason
and observation, both of which are used to study the
social world.[ This stage relies on science, rational
thought, and empirical laws. Comte believed that this
study of sociology he created was "the science that
[came] after all the others; and as the final science, it
must assume the task of coordinating the development of
the whole of knowledge"because it organized all of
human behavior

15. Max Weber

16.  Born-Maximilian Karl Emil Weber 21 April 1864
Erfurt, Saxony, Prussia
 Died-14 June 1920 (aged 56) Munich, Bavaria, Germany
 Nationality-Prussia (1864–1871) German Empire (1871–
1918)
Weimar Republic (1918–1920)
 Alma mater-Friedrich Wilhelm University Heidelberg
University Discipline-Economics, sociology , history , law
 Sub-discipline-Political economics, political science
political philosophy

17. Notable ideas
 Weberian bureaucracy
 instrumental and value-rational action
 instrumental and value rationality
 instrumental and intrinsic value
 charismatic, traditional, and rational-legal authority
 ideal type
 iron cage
 life chances
 methodological individualism
 monopoly on violence
 Protestant work ethic
 rationalisation, secularisation, and disenchantment
 social action
 three-component stratification
 tripartite classification of authority
 Verstehen

18.  was a German sociologist, philosopher, jurist,
and political economist, who is regarded today as
one of the most important theorists on the
development of modern Western society.[7] His ideas
would profoundly influence social theory and social
research.

19.  Weber is best known for his thesis of
combining economic sociology and the sociology of
religion, emphasising the importance of cultural
influences embedded in religion as a means for
understanding the genesis of capitalism

20. Émile Durkheim
15 April 1858 – 15 November 1917)

21.  Nationality-French
 Alma mater-École Normale Supérieure
Friedrich Wilhelms University, University of Leipzig
,University of Marburg

22.  was a French sociologist. He formally established the
academic discipline of sociology and—with Karl
Marx and Max Weber —is commonly cited as the
principal architect of modern social science.

23. Durkheim and theory
 Durkheim was concerned primarily with three goals.
First, to establish sociology as a new academic discipline.
 Second, to analyse how societies could maintain their
integrity and coherence in the modern era, when things
such as shared religious and ethnic background could no
longer be assumed. To that end he wrote much about the
effect of laws, religion, education and similar forces on
society and social integration.
 Lastly, Durkheim was concerned with the practical
implications of scientific knowledge.The importance of
social integration is expressed throughout Durkheim's
work.

24. Sociology In India
 The study of sociology in India started in 1919 at the
university of Bombay, but it was in 1930 that its
study as a separate discipline
 Some indian writers like G.S.Ghurey,
R.K.Mukherjee, H.T.Mazumdar have also made
original contribution to sociological studies.
 These studies pertain to Indian villages, caste
system, marriage, kinship, family and social
disorganization

25. G. S. Ghurye
(12 December 1893 – 28 December 1983)

26.  Born-12 December 1893 Malvan, Bombay
Presidency, British India
 Died-28 December 1983 (aged 90)
Bombay, Maharashtra, India
 Nationality-Indian Citizenship Indian
 Alma mater-University of Cambridge
 Spouse(s)-Sajubai Ghurye.
 Scientific career-Fields Sociology, Anthropology
Institutions University of Bombay
 Doctoral advisor -W. H. R. Rivers & A. C. Haddon.

27.  was an Indian professor of sociology. In 1924, he
became the second person to head the Department of
Sociology at the University of Bombay.

28. Radhakamal Mukerjee
(1889-1968)

29.  Born: 7 December 1889, Murshidabad
 Died: 24 August 1968, Lucknow
 Education: Presidency College
 Siblings: Radha Kumud Mukherjee

30.  Radhakamal Mukerjee, a leading thinker and social
scientist of modern India, was Professor of
Economics and Sociology and Vice-Chancellor of the
University of Lucknow. Mukerjee played an
important and constructive role in the Indian
independence movement.

31. His contribution lay in the important
areas of:
 (1) developing interdisciplinary, rather, trans-
disciplinary approach in studying society,
 (2) social ecology and regional sociology, and
 (3) sociology of values or social structure of values.

32. Thank you