Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, historian, and socialist revolutionary in the 19th century. He is best known for his theories about capitalism and communism. Some of Marx's most influential written works include The Communist Manifesto, Capital, and A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. In these works, Marx critiques capitalism and private property, and lays out his materialist conception of history and ideas about societal development through class conflict and struggle.

1. Karl Marx
Presenter: Mohammad Zaman Sirat

2. Karl Marx
Karl Heinrich Marx (German: 5 May 1818 – 14
March 1883) was a German philosopher,
economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist,
journalist, critic of political economy, and socialist
revolutionary.
Marx's critical theories about society, economics,
and politics, collectively understood as Marxism,
hold that human societies develop through class
conflict.

3. Books of Karl Marx
1. The Communist Manifesto
2. Capital (German: Das Kapital)
3. Economic & Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
4. Grundrisse
5. Selected Writings
6. The German Ideology
7. Wage Labour and Capital
8. A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy
9. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
10. The Poverty of Philosophy

4. Book Review:
The book, as the title suggests, is the manifesto of the communist party, which Karl Marx and
Friedrich Engels compiled. Marx criticizes communism and challenges the communist party to
express their ideologies; he said: “It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of
the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of
the Specter of Communism with a Manifesto of the party itself.”
Key Takeaways:
1. When relationships between government and citizens are no longer well-suited, a revolution
happens, and a new ruling class takes power.
2. The primary beneficiaries of the movement from feudalism to capitalism were the urban
middle-class and wealthy peasants.
3. The laborers were the significant sufferers.
4. The laborers were the major sufferers.
5. Learn about the progression from capitalism to socialism and from socialism to communism.
1. The Communist Manifesto

5. 2. Capital (German: Das Kapital)
Book Review:
The book is another acclaimed work by Karl Marx in which he closely
analyzes the capitalist mode of production in England. England was the
most advanced industrial society of his times, and he highly criticized
the capitalist methods.
Key Takeaways:
1. Marx elaborates on the relationship between a commodity’s value and
social dimension.
2. Marx reveals the economic patterns underpinning the capital model of
production.
3. Wage labor system in the capitalist model.

6. 3. Economic & Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
Book Review:
The book is a series of notes and essays written by Karl Marx in 1844.
These notes are an expression of Marx’s analysis of economics. The book
covers a wide range of topics like communism, capitalism, private
property, alienation, and much more, as Marx sees them, but it could not be
published during his lifetime.
Key Takeaways:
1. Marx argues that modern industrial societies isolated wage workers.
2. Observe Marx’s analysis of economics.
3. Marx says workers rely on labor work to gain money to live, but
actually, they are not living but just surviving.

7. 4. Grundrisse
(Foundations of Critique of Political Economy)
Book Review:
The book is a wide-ranged subjective manuscript covering all six of
Marx’s economics sections. It is a lengthy and unfinished collection of
documents, also described as a rough draft of Das Kapital. (English:
Capital)
Key Takeaways:
1. The book’s subject matter includes concepts like production,
distribution, etc.
2. Observe these methodologies from Marx’s point of view.
3. Please get to know the reason behind his criticism of the capitalist
model.

8. 5. Selected Writings
Book Review:
The book is a reflection of Marx’s life in chronological order. It includes
nearly all of Marx’s works and contains strategically assembled extracts from
Marx’s political, philosophical, and economic thoughts. However, the book
was written by someone other than Karl Marx himself, but Professor David
McClellan made the greatest works of Marx’s into a single book.
Key Takeaways:
1. It is extracted from some of Marx’s well-known works.
2. The reader gets the feeling of an unparalleled overview of Marx’s thoughts.
3. It includes selected works from ‘The Communist Manifesto’ and ‘Capital.’

9. 6. The German Ideology
Book Review:
The book is a collection of manuscripts written by Karl Marx and
Freindrich Engels. However, their work belongs to the period of 1846,
but since they could not find any publisher. Hence, this work of theirs
was first published in 1932.
Key Takeaways:
1. Marx and Engels clear their position on materialism, labor,
production, alienation, etc.
2. They visualize the course of true socialism based on the dialects of
Hengel.
3. Marx criticized the views of various economic ideologists of his
period, like Bruno Bauer and Max Stirner.

10. 7. Wage Labour and Capital
Book Review:
The book is an outstanding essay that is based on
fundamental economic concepts but has deep Karl Marx’s ideology.
Therefore, the book is considered a precursor to his masterpiece Das
Kapital (Eng: Capital).
Key Takeaways:
1. Marx put aside his materialistic conceptions of history and started
showing the scientific rationale for his ideas of alienated labor.
2. Capitalism would eventually lead to the proletarian revolution.
3. A proletarian is a member of the wage-earner class in a capitalist
society. Their only material possession is just their labor power.

11. 8. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
Book Review:
The book is an essay that discusses the French coup of 1851 in
which Louis Napoleon Bonaparte assumed dictatorial powers.
In addition, the book shows Karl Marx as a social and political
historian.
Key Takeaways:
1. Marx treated actual historical events from his materialist
conception of history.
2. Experience the dictatorship of Napoleon.
3.It is about the struggle of French people during the revolution
period.

12. 9. The Poverty of Philosophy
Book Review
Karl Marx answers the economic and philosophical arguments
made by French anarchist Pierre Joseph Proudhon in his books
‘The System of Economic Contradictions’ and ‘The Philosophy
of Poverty.’
Key Takeaways:
1. Marx rejects the ideas of Proudhon on consumption, tax, and
denial of strike actions.
2. He also criticizes the philosophical arguments of Proudhon.
3. The book deals with the concepts of Economics.

13. 10. A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy
Book Review:
The book analyzes the economic model of capitalism and the
quantity theory of money. Through this book, Karl Marx criticizes
the writings of the leading theoretical exponents of capitalism.
Key Takeaways:
1. Marx exposed the inherent contradictions of capitalism.
2. He tries to attack free-market capitalism.
3. Marx needed to be working within the tradition of the great
classical economists.

14. A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy
First published in 1859, the Critique is the precursor for the
systematic theoretical analysis of political economy
expounded in Capital. In this work Marx examines the
problem of commodities and commodity production, as
well as the question of money as a universal measure of
value and medium of exchange.
Forced to abandon this evolutionary scenario of capitalist
development, Marx developed his Critique of Political
Economy, wherein his prime objective was not to construct
a theory of history, but to discover the path of man to
communism.

15. Marx condemned capitalism as a system that alienates the masses.
His reasoning was as follows: although workers produce things for
the market, market forces, not workers, control things. People are
required to work for capitalists who have full control over the
means of production and maintain power in the workplace.
Totality of the mode of production – economic structure constitute
political and legal superstructures and social consciousness;
Labour theory of value: the value of goods is derived from the
amount of labour that it took to produce them (Smith, Ricardo);
Two classes: those who own means of production (bourgeoisie) and
those who sell their labour for the wage (workers).
According to Marx, legal relations and the forms of the state are
routed in the material conditions of life. His conception of the
state is therefore related to the productive base of the society
through various stages of history.

16. I. PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION, DISTRIBUTION, EXCHANGE
(CIRCULATION)
 Production
1. The conditions without which production cannot be carried on.
2. The conditions which promote production to a larger or smaller degree, as in the
case of Adam Smith's progressive and stagnant state of society.
3. all receive a portion of the social product which is determined by laws different
from those that determine the portion of the slave, and so on. The two principal
factors which all economists include in this section are: 1) property and 2) its
protection by the judiciary, police, etc.
Only a very brief reply is needed:
 Regarding 1: production is always appropriation of nature by an individual within
and with the help of a definite social organization.
 Regarding 2: safeguarding of what has been acquired, etc. If these trivialities are
reduced to their real content, they say more than their authors realise, namely that
each mode of production produces its specific legal relations, political forms, etc.

17. 2. THE GENERAL RELATIONS OF PRODUCTION OF
DISTRIBUTION, EXCHANGE AND CONSUMPTION
 In the process of production members of society appropriate (produce,
fashion) natural products in accordance with human requirements;
distribution determines the share the individual receives of these
products; exchange supplies him with the particular products into
which he wants to convert the portion accorded to him as a result of
distribution; finally, in consumption the products become objects of
use, i.e. they are appropriated by individuals.
Production, distribution, exchange and consumption thus form a proper
syllogism; production represents the general, distribution and exchange
the particular, and consumption the individual case which sums up the
whole.

18. 3. THE METHOD OF POLITICAL ECONOMY
 When examining a given country from the standpoint of political economy, we
begin with its population, the division of the population into classes, town and
country, the sea, the different branches of production, export and import, annual
production and consumption, prices, etc.
 One, the disposition of material has evidently to be made in such a way that
(section) one comprises general abstract definitions, which therefore appertain in
some measure to all social formations, but in the sense set forth earlier. Two, the
categories which constitute the internal structure of bourgeois society and on
which the principal classes are based. Capital, wage-labour, landed property and
their relations to one another. Town and country. The three large social classes;
exchange between them. Circulation. The (private) credit system. Three, the State
as the epitome of bourgeois society. Analysis of its relations to itself. The 44
unproductive” classes. Taxes. National debt. Public credit. Population. Colonies.
Emigration. Four, international conditions of production. International division of
labour. International exchange. Export and import. Rate of exchange. Five, world
market and crises.

19. The disposition of material has evidently to be made in such
a way that (section) one comprises general abstract
definitions, which therefore appertain in some measure to all
social formations, but in the sense set forth earlier. Two, the
categories which constitute the internal structure of
bourgeois society and on which the principal classes are
based. Capital, wage-labour, landed property and their
relations to one another. Town and country. The three large
social classes; exchange between them. Circulation. The
(private) credit system. Three, the State as the epitome of
bourgeois society.

20. 4. PRODUCTION
 Means of Production and Conditions of Production. Conditions of Production and
Communication. Political Forms and Forms of Cognition in Relation to the Conditions
of Production and Communication. Legal Relations. Family Relations:
1. War develops [certain features] earlier than peace; the way in which as a result of war,
and in the armies, etc., certain economic conditions, e.g., wage-labour, machinery, etc.
2. The relation of the hitherto existing idealistic historiography to realistic
historiography.
3. Secondary and tertiary phenomena, in general derived and transmitted, i.e., non-
primary, conditions of production. The influence of international relations.
4. Reproaches about the materialism of this conception; relation to naturalistic
materialism.
5. Dialectics of the concepts productive power (means of production) and relations of
production, the limits of this dialectical connection, which does not abolish the real
differences, have to be defined.

21. 6. The unequal development of material production and, e.g., that of art. The concept
of progress is on the whole not to be understood in the usual abstract form. Modern
art, etc. This disproportion is not as important and difficult to grasp as within
concrete social relations, e.g., in education. Relations of the United States to Europe.

22. Conclusion
 Four Major Sociological Theories. The four main
theoretical perspectives are symbolic interactionism
theory, social conflict theory, structural-functional
theory, and feminist theory.
 “The philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the
world in various ways,” he famously said. “The point,
however, is to change it.”

23. References
1. Evans, Michael (2013). Karl Marx. London: Routledge.
First published 1975, London: Allen and Unwin.
2. Ruhle, Otto (1943). Karl Marx: His Life and Works. New
York, 1943. First published, New York, 1929.
3. "Marx's Critique of Classical
Economics". www.marxists.org.
4. Karl Marx (1971)A Contribution to the Critique of
Political Economy.Moscow:Progress Publishers.

24. Thank You!