The document summarizes counselling in traditional Ndebele and Shona societies in Zimbabwe before the advent of western formal counselling. It discusses how counselling was an integral part of communities with various roles providing advice, such as close family friends, aunts, uncles, grandparents, traditional healers, and elders. Folklore and proverbs were also important means of imparting guidance. Counselling emphasized prevention and was provided informally and freely within a holistic community approach, rather than a professionalized, crisis-focused model as seen today. The document argues counselling is not new but an old practice now in a modernized form, representing "old wine in new wineskins."
Global Eyes Magazine - Black History Month Edition March 2019Beatrice Watson
Cultural publication chockful of ideas, recipes, health tip - Caribbean & Black focussed. Promotes cultural acceptance, , diversity unity, diversity, photographs relating to Black History Month, Folklorama,, human interest stories. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
A publication that features news and views from the African Caribbean communities in Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada. Lots of information and tidbits to keep you interested.
Global Eyes Magazine - Black History Month Edition March 2019Beatrice Watson
Cultural publication chockful of ideas, recipes, health tip - Caribbean & Black focussed. Promotes cultural acceptance, , diversity unity, diversity, photographs relating to Black History Month, Folklorama,, human interest stories. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
A publication that features news and views from the African Caribbean communities in Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada. Lots of information and tidbits to keep you interested.
Determining Tax Literacy of Salaried Individuals - An Empirical AnalysisIOSR Journals
In personal financial planning, tax management plays a very important role. An individual should have thorough knowledge of various aspects of taxes and tax policies, which would help him to understand how much he can save even after paying taxes. Those people who have not taken any formal course on taxation finds it difficult to understand and comprehend the issues related to determination of tax liability, tax filling and tax saving. An attempt has been made through this paper to determine tax literacy level of salaried individuals based on various demographic and socio-economic factors. Findings of the study suggest that overall tax literacy level of respondents is not very high. The results suggest that level of tax literacy varies significantly among respondents. Also tax literacy level gets affected by gender, age, education, income, nature of employment and place of work whereas it does not get affected by geographic region. Findings of this paper suggest that government should adopt more aggressive approaches to educate taxpayers, thereby raising the level of tax literacy among them.
Measurement of Efficiency Level in Nigerian Seaport after Reform Policy Imple...IOSR Journals
This paper focuses on the impact of reforms on port performance using Onne and Rivers ports as a reference point. It analyses the pre and post reform eras of the ports in terms of their performance. The reforms took effect from 1996 after the Federal Government of Nigeria concessioned the ports to private investors. Parameters such as Ship traffic, Cargo throughput, Ship turn round time, Berth Occupancy and personnel were used as variables for the assessment. Secondary Data were collected from the Nigerian Ports Authority and Integrated Logistic Services Nigeria (Intels) for the period 2001 to 2010 and analyzed using Data Envelopment Analysis to assess the efficiency of the port. Analysis revealed a continuous improvement in the overall efficiency of both Ports Since 2006 when the new measure was introduced. Average Ship turn-around time improved in the ports due to modern and fast cargo handling equipment and more cargo handling space which were provided. There is an increase in Ship traffic calling at the ports, resulting in increased cargo throughput and berth occupancy rate at ports of Onne and Rivers. The reform also led to more private investment in the ports’ existing and new facilities and the introduction of a World Class service in port operation. This study concludes that the Ports of Onne and Rivers are performing better under the reform programme of the Federal Government of Nigeria. It finally recommends the urgent need for a regulator to appraise the performance of the reform programme from time to time as provided by the agreement and for the full adoption and utilization of management information system (MIS) to aid performance efficiency.
Role of Educational Qualification of Consumers on Need Recognition: A Study w...IOSR Journals
Demographic variables are the most popular bases for segmenting the customer groups. One reason is that consumer needs, wants, preferences and usage rates often highly associated with demographic variables. Another is that demographic variables are easier to measure than the most of other type variables. Marketers are keenly interested in the size and growth rate of population in different cities, regions, nations; age distribution; educational levels; household patterns; and regional characteristics and movements. Because, on the basis of these measures only, marketers have to formulate their marketing strategies in order to fulfil the needs, wants and preferences of consumers. Moreover, demographic variables make known the ongoing trends, such as shifts in age, sex and income distribution that signal new business opportunities to the marketers. Demographic trends are highly reliable for the short and intermediate run. This paper, with a strong backing of literature, explains the role of educational qualification of consumers on recognizing a need for car.
Chemical Investigations of Some Commercial Samples of Calcium Based Ayurvedic...IOSR Journals
Kapardika bhasma is an important Ayurvedic drug of marine origin. Even though it is composed of mainly of calcium carbonate it exhibits excellent medicinal properties which are not associated with standard calcium carbonate. In the present study four commercial samples are characterized using techniques like EDX, SEM, IR, UV,XRD and TG analysis to throw light on their chemical composition and chemical properties .Such comparative study may help to standardise and to interpret the biological and medicinal properties of such traditional drug.
Levels of PAHs and Potentially Toxic Metals in Three Species of Fresh and Smo...IOSR Journals
Three samples of fish, Scomber japonica (titus), Sardinellaeba (sardine) and Merlucciuspolli (fresh stock fish) were collected from Ojo main market in Lagos. Two low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene and anthracene) were determined using high performance liquid chromatography, (HPLC), after extraction with n-hexane by ultrasonication and clean up using SPE cartridges. Heavy metals were determined in the samples using atomic absorption spectrometer, (Perkin Elmer, Analyst 200) after digestion with aqua regia. The fat content was determined gravimetrically. The unsmoked samples had naphthalene range from 0.0788±0.0078 μg/g in Merlucciuspolli to 0.3845±0.0199 μg/g in Scomber japonica. Anthracene levels ranged from 0.4798± 0.0072 μg/g in unsmoked samples of Merlucciuspolli to 1.2254±0.0071 μg/g in Scomber japonica. The low fat containing specie (Merlucciuspolli) accumulated PAHs over the smoking periods, while a decrease was observed in the high fat containing species (Scomber japonica and Sardinellaeba). The highest concentration of Pb (8.65 μg/g), Cu (9.53 μg/g), Fe (201.80 μg/g) and Zn (122.15 μg/g) in the unsmoked fishes were found in unsmoked Scomber japonica while the highest concentration of Cr (13.68 μg/g) and Ni (5.88 μg/g) in the fishes were found in the unsmoked Merlucciuspolli. Cadmium was not detected in all the samples. The low fat containing specie showed increase in heavy metals over the smoking periods, while the high fat containing species also accumulated these heavy metals at 1 hour smoking period, but a decrease was noted over the 2 hours and 3 hours smoking periods. Smoking has effect on the level of these toxicants, as PAHs and heavy metals tend to accumulate on smoking. Smoking appeared to influence toxicants levels the fishes. Levels of the PAHs were higher than the regulatory permissible limits of the World Health Organization. Levels of the toxic metals were within the WHO set permissible limits except for Pb (in unsmoked Scomber japonica), Fe (in Sardinellaeba smoked for 1 and 2 hours, and in Merlucciuspolli smoked for 2 and 3 hours) and Cr (in all the samples).
Spectrophotometric determination of a few commercial drugs using NBS and Rhod...IOSR Journals
Simple, sensitive and selective methods are developed for the spectrophotometric determination of drugs, viz., Montelukast sodium, Prasugrel, Ondensetron, Rosuvastatin calcium, Amlodepine besylate based on their reactivity towards N- bromosuccinimide (NBS). The method involves the addition of excess NBS of known concentration in the presence of 1M HCl, reactants are allowed to react and the unreacted NBS is estimated by the measurement in the decrease in the absorbance of the Rhodamine-B dye (λmax 557nm). This method has been applied for the determination of drugs in their pure form as well as in tablet formulations
Self Immunity To Reinforce The Vulnerability Factors on Soft Errors In 64 Bit...IOSR Journals
Abstract: VLSI technology reduces the size of the digital components, reduce the power consumption and
increase the speed of operation. In these criteria digital devices are more sensitively manufacturing. These type
of devices mostly effected by soft errors, then it reduces the life of the devices(microprocessor,
microcontrollers), it is nothing but vulnerability of microprocessors or microcontroller applications. The
register file is one of the essential architectural components where soft errors can be very mischievous because
errors may rapidly spread from there throughout the whole system. Thus, register files are recognized as one of
the major concerns when it comes to reliability. This paper introduces Self-Immunity, a technique that improves
the integrity of the register file with respect to soft errors. We show that our technique can reduce the
vulnerability of the register file considerably while exhibiting smaller overhead in terms of area and power
consumption compared to state-of-the-art in register file protection.
Ethnobotanical Euphorbian plants of North Maharashtra RegionIOSR Journals
Euphorbiaceae is among the large flowering plant families consisting of a wide variety of vegetative
forms. Some of which plants are of great importance, It is need to explore traditional medicinal knowledge of
plant materials belonging to various genera of Euphorbiaceae available in North Maharashtra State. Plants
have always been the source of food, medicine and other necessities of life since the origin of human being.
Plant containing ethnomedicinal properties have been known and used in some forms or other tribal
communities of Satpuda region. These tribal have their own system of Ethnomedicine for the treatment of
different ailments. In the course of survey useful Euphorbian plants of Satpuda, 34 medicinal plants belonging
to 18 genus is documented. This article reports their botanical identity, family name, local language name part
used preparations and doses, if any. It is observed that tribes of this region uses various Euphorbian plant in
the form of decoction, infusion, extract, paste, powder etc. Thus the knowledge area of this region with respect
to ethnomedicine would be useful for botanist, pharmacologist and phytochemist for further explorations. It is
concluded that the family is a good starting point for the search for plant-based medicines.
Survey of Fungal Diseases of Some Vegetables and Fruits in Aswan, EGYPTIOSR Journals
Fifteen species belonging to 9 terrestrial fungal genera were isolated from diseased fruits and vegetables on PDA media during this investigation. Aspergillus came in high incidence genera and represented by three species namely; A. flavus var colamnaris, A. niger and A. ochraceus. Another four fungal genera were came in the second position after Aspergillus and represented by two identified species these were; Acremonium, Alternaria, Fusarium and Penicillium. The remaining four fungal genera which isolated were representative by only one species were; Botryotrichum sp., Gilmaniela humicola, Mucor hiemalis and Torula sp. Solanum lycopersicum was yielded the highest number of genera and species (7 and 11, respectively). Psidium guava was yield the lowest number of fungal genera and species (1 and 1). All fungal which isolated in this investigation were screened for their ability to cellulose production on CMC agar plates within 3 days, among all tested isolates Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium proliferatum were the highest fungal isolates produced clear zone (3.65 mm) and (3.15 mm) respectively.
Corporate Governance, Firm Size, and Earning Management: Evidence in Indonesi...IOSR Journals
Purpose –Thepurpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of the corporate governance regulationsimplementation and firm size onthe earning management for food and beverages companies in Indonesian Stock Exchange. Design/methodology/approach –The multiple regression is utilized to test this relationship at 95% confidence.Corporate governance was proxied by board of director, audit quality, and board independence. Firm size was represented by natural logarithm of total assets. Earning management was measured by Jones model withdiscretionary accruals. Findings – Using data from the year 2005 annual reports of 51 food and beverages listed companies,including the composite index, the results showed that twoof the corporate governance variables, namely board of director and audit quality, as well as firm size are statistically significant in explaining earning management measured bydiscretionary accruals. Research limitations/implications – The regulations on corporate governance were implementedin 2005, but not all of food and beverages listed companies implemented the regulations in 2005. Practical implications – An implication of this finding is that regulatory efforts initiated after the1997 financial crisis to enhance corporate transparency and accountability did not appear to result on better corporate performance. Originality/value – This is one of the few studies which investigates the impact of regulatory actionson corporate governance on earning management immediately after its implementation.
A Novel Approach of Area-Efficient FIR Filter Design Using Distributed Arithm...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In this paper, a highly area-efficient multiplier-less FIR filter is presented. Distributed Arithmetic (DA) has been used to implement a bit-serial scheme of a general asymmetric version of an FIR filter, taking optimal advantage of the 3-input LUT-based structure of FPGAs. The implementation of FIR filters on FPGA based on traditional arithmetic method costs considerable hardware resources, which goes against the decrease of circuit scale and the increase of system speed. This paper presents the realization of area efficient architectures using Distributed Arithmetic (DA) for implementation of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter. The performance of the bit-serial and bit parallel DA along with pipelining architecture with different quantized versions are analyzed for FIR filter Design. Distributed Arithmetic structure is used to increase the resource usage while pipeline structure is also used to increase the system speed. In addition, the divided LUT method is also used to decrease the required memory units. However, according to Distributed Arithmetic, we can make a Look-Up-Table (LUT) to conserve the MAC values and callout the values according to the input data if necessary. Therefore, LUT can be created to take the place of MAC units so as to save the hardware resources. The simulation results indicate that FIR filters using Distributed Arithmetic can work stable with high speed and can save almost 50 percent hardware resources to decrease the circuit scale, and can be applied to a variety of areas for its great flexibility and high reliability. This method not only reduces the LUT size, but also modifies the structure of the filter to achieve high speed performance. Keywords: DSP, Digital Filters, FIR , FPGA, MAC, Distributed Arithmetic(DA),Divided LUT, pipeline
“Relationship of Kinematic Variables with the Performance of Standing Broad J...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of investigation was to study the relationship of kinematics variables with the
performance of standing broad jump. Subjects were randomly selected from J.N.V. University, Jodhpur and
M.D.S. University, Ajmer. The criterion measure used for this study was the performance in standing broad
jump and selected kinematics variables. To analyze the raw data coefficient of correlation (r) were calculated
and results were compared with the help of Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique where level of significance
was set at .05.
Determining Tax Literacy of Salaried Individuals - An Empirical AnalysisIOSR Journals
In personal financial planning, tax management plays a very important role. An individual should have thorough knowledge of various aspects of taxes and tax policies, which would help him to understand how much he can save even after paying taxes. Those people who have not taken any formal course on taxation finds it difficult to understand and comprehend the issues related to determination of tax liability, tax filling and tax saving. An attempt has been made through this paper to determine tax literacy level of salaried individuals based on various demographic and socio-economic factors. Findings of the study suggest that overall tax literacy level of respondents is not very high. The results suggest that level of tax literacy varies significantly among respondents. Also tax literacy level gets affected by gender, age, education, income, nature of employment and place of work whereas it does not get affected by geographic region. Findings of this paper suggest that government should adopt more aggressive approaches to educate taxpayers, thereby raising the level of tax literacy among them.
Measurement of Efficiency Level in Nigerian Seaport after Reform Policy Imple...IOSR Journals
This paper focuses on the impact of reforms on port performance using Onne and Rivers ports as a reference point. It analyses the pre and post reform eras of the ports in terms of their performance. The reforms took effect from 1996 after the Federal Government of Nigeria concessioned the ports to private investors. Parameters such as Ship traffic, Cargo throughput, Ship turn round time, Berth Occupancy and personnel were used as variables for the assessment. Secondary Data were collected from the Nigerian Ports Authority and Integrated Logistic Services Nigeria (Intels) for the period 2001 to 2010 and analyzed using Data Envelopment Analysis to assess the efficiency of the port. Analysis revealed a continuous improvement in the overall efficiency of both Ports Since 2006 when the new measure was introduced. Average Ship turn-around time improved in the ports due to modern and fast cargo handling equipment and more cargo handling space which were provided. There is an increase in Ship traffic calling at the ports, resulting in increased cargo throughput and berth occupancy rate at ports of Onne and Rivers. The reform also led to more private investment in the ports’ existing and new facilities and the introduction of a World Class service in port operation. This study concludes that the Ports of Onne and Rivers are performing better under the reform programme of the Federal Government of Nigeria. It finally recommends the urgent need for a regulator to appraise the performance of the reform programme from time to time as provided by the agreement and for the full adoption and utilization of management information system (MIS) to aid performance efficiency.
Role of Educational Qualification of Consumers on Need Recognition: A Study w...IOSR Journals
Demographic variables are the most popular bases for segmenting the customer groups. One reason is that consumer needs, wants, preferences and usage rates often highly associated with demographic variables. Another is that demographic variables are easier to measure than the most of other type variables. Marketers are keenly interested in the size and growth rate of population in different cities, regions, nations; age distribution; educational levels; household patterns; and regional characteristics and movements. Because, on the basis of these measures only, marketers have to formulate their marketing strategies in order to fulfil the needs, wants and preferences of consumers. Moreover, demographic variables make known the ongoing trends, such as shifts in age, sex and income distribution that signal new business opportunities to the marketers. Demographic trends are highly reliable for the short and intermediate run. This paper, with a strong backing of literature, explains the role of educational qualification of consumers on recognizing a need for car.
Chemical Investigations of Some Commercial Samples of Calcium Based Ayurvedic...IOSR Journals
Kapardika bhasma is an important Ayurvedic drug of marine origin. Even though it is composed of mainly of calcium carbonate it exhibits excellent medicinal properties which are not associated with standard calcium carbonate. In the present study four commercial samples are characterized using techniques like EDX, SEM, IR, UV,XRD and TG analysis to throw light on their chemical composition and chemical properties .Such comparative study may help to standardise and to interpret the biological and medicinal properties of such traditional drug.
Levels of PAHs and Potentially Toxic Metals in Three Species of Fresh and Smo...IOSR Journals
Three samples of fish, Scomber japonica (titus), Sardinellaeba (sardine) and Merlucciuspolli (fresh stock fish) were collected from Ojo main market in Lagos. Two low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene and anthracene) were determined using high performance liquid chromatography, (HPLC), after extraction with n-hexane by ultrasonication and clean up using SPE cartridges. Heavy metals were determined in the samples using atomic absorption spectrometer, (Perkin Elmer, Analyst 200) after digestion with aqua regia. The fat content was determined gravimetrically. The unsmoked samples had naphthalene range from 0.0788±0.0078 μg/g in Merlucciuspolli to 0.3845±0.0199 μg/g in Scomber japonica. Anthracene levels ranged from 0.4798± 0.0072 μg/g in unsmoked samples of Merlucciuspolli to 1.2254±0.0071 μg/g in Scomber japonica. The low fat containing specie (Merlucciuspolli) accumulated PAHs over the smoking periods, while a decrease was observed in the high fat containing species (Scomber japonica and Sardinellaeba). The highest concentration of Pb (8.65 μg/g), Cu (9.53 μg/g), Fe (201.80 μg/g) and Zn (122.15 μg/g) in the unsmoked fishes were found in unsmoked Scomber japonica while the highest concentration of Cr (13.68 μg/g) and Ni (5.88 μg/g) in the fishes were found in the unsmoked Merlucciuspolli. Cadmium was not detected in all the samples. The low fat containing specie showed increase in heavy metals over the smoking periods, while the high fat containing species also accumulated these heavy metals at 1 hour smoking period, but a decrease was noted over the 2 hours and 3 hours smoking periods. Smoking has effect on the level of these toxicants, as PAHs and heavy metals tend to accumulate on smoking. Smoking appeared to influence toxicants levels the fishes. Levels of the PAHs were higher than the regulatory permissible limits of the World Health Organization. Levels of the toxic metals were within the WHO set permissible limits except for Pb (in unsmoked Scomber japonica), Fe (in Sardinellaeba smoked for 1 and 2 hours, and in Merlucciuspolli smoked for 2 and 3 hours) and Cr (in all the samples).
Spectrophotometric determination of a few commercial drugs using NBS and Rhod...IOSR Journals
Simple, sensitive and selective methods are developed for the spectrophotometric determination of drugs, viz., Montelukast sodium, Prasugrel, Ondensetron, Rosuvastatin calcium, Amlodepine besylate based on their reactivity towards N- bromosuccinimide (NBS). The method involves the addition of excess NBS of known concentration in the presence of 1M HCl, reactants are allowed to react and the unreacted NBS is estimated by the measurement in the decrease in the absorbance of the Rhodamine-B dye (λmax 557nm). This method has been applied for the determination of drugs in their pure form as well as in tablet formulations
Self Immunity To Reinforce The Vulnerability Factors on Soft Errors In 64 Bit...IOSR Journals
Abstract: VLSI technology reduces the size of the digital components, reduce the power consumption and
increase the speed of operation. In these criteria digital devices are more sensitively manufacturing. These type
of devices mostly effected by soft errors, then it reduces the life of the devices(microprocessor,
microcontrollers), it is nothing but vulnerability of microprocessors or microcontroller applications. The
register file is one of the essential architectural components where soft errors can be very mischievous because
errors may rapidly spread from there throughout the whole system. Thus, register files are recognized as one of
the major concerns when it comes to reliability. This paper introduces Self-Immunity, a technique that improves
the integrity of the register file with respect to soft errors. We show that our technique can reduce the
vulnerability of the register file considerably while exhibiting smaller overhead in terms of area and power
consumption compared to state-of-the-art in register file protection.
Ethnobotanical Euphorbian plants of North Maharashtra RegionIOSR Journals
Euphorbiaceae is among the large flowering plant families consisting of a wide variety of vegetative
forms. Some of which plants are of great importance, It is need to explore traditional medicinal knowledge of
plant materials belonging to various genera of Euphorbiaceae available in North Maharashtra State. Plants
have always been the source of food, medicine and other necessities of life since the origin of human being.
Plant containing ethnomedicinal properties have been known and used in some forms or other tribal
communities of Satpuda region. These tribal have their own system of Ethnomedicine for the treatment of
different ailments. In the course of survey useful Euphorbian plants of Satpuda, 34 medicinal plants belonging
to 18 genus is documented. This article reports their botanical identity, family name, local language name part
used preparations and doses, if any. It is observed that tribes of this region uses various Euphorbian plant in
the form of decoction, infusion, extract, paste, powder etc. Thus the knowledge area of this region with respect
to ethnomedicine would be useful for botanist, pharmacologist and phytochemist for further explorations. It is
concluded that the family is a good starting point for the search for plant-based medicines.
Survey of Fungal Diseases of Some Vegetables and Fruits in Aswan, EGYPTIOSR Journals
Fifteen species belonging to 9 terrestrial fungal genera were isolated from diseased fruits and vegetables on PDA media during this investigation. Aspergillus came in high incidence genera and represented by three species namely; A. flavus var colamnaris, A. niger and A. ochraceus. Another four fungal genera were came in the second position after Aspergillus and represented by two identified species these were; Acremonium, Alternaria, Fusarium and Penicillium. The remaining four fungal genera which isolated were representative by only one species were; Botryotrichum sp., Gilmaniela humicola, Mucor hiemalis and Torula sp. Solanum lycopersicum was yielded the highest number of genera and species (7 and 11, respectively). Psidium guava was yield the lowest number of fungal genera and species (1 and 1). All fungal which isolated in this investigation were screened for their ability to cellulose production on CMC agar plates within 3 days, among all tested isolates Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium proliferatum were the highest fungal isolates produced clear zone (3.65 mm) and (3.15 mm) respectively.
Corporate Governance, Firm Size, and Earning Management: Evidence in Indonesi...IOSR Journals
Purpose –Thepurpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of the corporate governance regulationsimplementation and firm size onthe earning management for food and beverages companies in Indonesian Stock Exchange. Design/methodology/approach –The multiple regression is utilized to test this relationship at 95% confidence.Corporate governance was proxied by board of director, audit quality, and board independence. Firm size was represented by natural logarithm of total assets. Earning management was measured by Jones model withdiscretionary accruals. Findings – Using data from the year 2005 annual reports of 51 food and beverages listed companies,including the composite index, the results showed that twoof the corporate governance variables, namely board of director and audit quality, as well as firm size are statistically significant in explaining earning management measured bydiscretionary accruals. Research limitations/implications – The regulations on corporate governance were implementedin 2005, but not all of food and beverages listed companies implemented the regulations in 2005. Practical implications – An implication of this finding is that regulatory efforts initiated after the1997 financial crisis to enhance corporate transparency and accountability did not appear to result on better corporate performance. Originality/value – This is one of the few studies which investigates the impact of regulatory actionson corporate governance on earning management immediately after its implementation.
A Novel Approach of Area-Efficient FIR Filter Design Using Distributed Arithm...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In this paper, a highly area-efficient multiplier-less FIR filter is presented. Distributed Arithmetic (DA) has been used to implement a bit-serial scheme of a general asymmetric version of an FIR filter, taking optimal advantage of the 3-input LUT-based structure of FPGAs. The implementation of FIR filters on FPGA based on traditional arithmetic method costs considerable hardware resources, which goes against the decrease of circuit scale and the increase of system speed. This paper presents the realization of area efficient architectures using Distributed Arithmetic (DA) for implementation of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter. The performance of the bit-serial and bit parallel DA along with pipelining architecture with different quantized versions are analyzed for FIR filter Design. Distributed Arithmetic structure is used to increase the resource usage while pipeline structure is also used to increase the system speed. In addition, the divided LUT method is also used to decrease the required memory units. However, according to Distributed Arithmetic, we can make a Look-Up-Table (LUT) to conserve the MAC values and callout the values according to the input data if necessary. Therefore, LUT can be created to take the place of MAC units so as to save the hardware resources. The simulation results indicate that FIR filters using Distributed Arithmetic can work stable with high speed and can save almost 50 percent hardware resources to decrease the circuit scale, and can be applied to a variety of areas for its great flexibility and high reliability. This method not only reduces the LUT size, but also modifies the structure of the filter to achieve high speed performance. Keywords: DSP, Digital Filters, FIR , FPGA, MAC, Distributed Arithmetic(DA),Divided LUT, pipeline
“Relationship of Kinematic Variables with the Performance of Standing Broad J...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of investigation was to study the relationship of kinematics variables with the
performance of standing broad jump. Subjects were randomly selected from J.N.V. University, Jodhpur and
M.D.S. University, Ajmer. The criterion measure used for this study was the performance in standing broad
jump and selected kinematics variables. To analyze the raw data coefficient of correlation (r) were calculated
and results were compared with the help of Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique where level of significance
was set at .05.
The Global VillageThinking of the world close up, as if it w.docxrtodd194
The Global Village
Thinking of the world close up, as if it were a village of one hundred people, forces us to confront what we mean we say “we”.
…How often does our we come to include people of other faiths, other nations, other races? How often does our we link rather than divide? Our relations with the “other” may move through a number of phases. First we talk about them—an objective “other.” Then perhaps we talk to them, or more personally, we talk to you. And finally, we all talk with one another about us, all of us. This is the critical stage to which our…dialogue must take us if we are to be up to the task of creating communication adequate for an interdependent world.
If the world was a village of 100 people,
In the village would be:
57 Asians
14 Africans
12 Europeans
6 North Americans
7 Latino Americans (Central and South Americans)
3 Australians/Oceanians
1 Caribbean Islander
There would be:
33 Christians
22 Muslims
15 Hindus
4 Chinese Folk Religionists
6 Buddhists
6 Other Religions
14 Atheists or Nonreligious
If the world were a global village of 100 people, one third of them would be rich or of moderate income, two thirds would be poor.
Of the 100 people, 5 of them would be U.S. Americans. These 5 would have over a third of the village’s entire income, and the other 95 would subsist on the other two thirds.
Of the 100 residents, 47 would be unable to read, and only one would have a college education.
About 35 would be suffering from hunger and malnutrition, at least half would be homeless or living in substandard housing.
How could the wealthy live in peace with their neighbors? Surely they would be driven to arm themselves against the other 95, perhaps even spend as U.S. Americans do, about twice as much per person on military defense as the total income of two thirds of the villagers.
The casual we for most of us does not include the 50 percent hungry, the 60 percent in shantytowns, and the 70 percent illiterate. Most of us construct our we without including them. Thinking of the world close up, as if it were a village of one hundred people, forces us to confront what “we” really means.
-Diana L. Eck
-Encountering God: A Spiritual Journey from Bozeman to Banares (Boston: Beacon Press, 1993), 202-
203.
The Deaf Culture: Is it Really a Culture at All
Carol Padden has defined Culture as a set of learned behaviors of a group of people who have their own language, values, rules of behavior, and traditions. (1988)
Culture results from a group of people coming together to form a community around shared experience, common interests, shared norms of behavior, and shared survival techniques. Such groups as the deaf seek each other out for social interaction and emotional support.
The essential link to Deaf Culture among the American deaf community is American Sign Language. This community shares a common sense of pride in their Culture and language. There exists a rich heritage and pride in the ability t.
Feedback ResponsesWhat is the cultural diversity of the staff atChereCheek752
Feedback Responses
What is the cultural diversity of the staff at your site? Is it heterogeneous or homogeneous? Is there an overall culture of the site? Explain your answer.
The staff at my practicum site is very cultural diverse on every level. I would say that there is an equal balance between males and females. The easiest way to break it down is as follows:
· Executive Director- Caucasian male in mid 50s
· Director- male (Asian decent) in mid 50s
· Psychiatrists- Male and female Caucasians in mid 50s
· Clinical Supervisor- Female (Latina decent) in mid 50s
· Marriage and Family Therapists- African American and Caucasian (both male and female) in mid-late 40s
· Substance Abuse counselors- African American and Caucasian (males) in mid 40s
· Interns- African, Caucasian, Latina decent, Haitian (ranging from late 20s to mid-late 40s)
· Secretaries and other office staff are all females of Latina decent
The overall culture of the site is that of a family environment in which we all understand and try to help one another out (whether its sharing techniques that may work with a particular client or doing an intake for someone cause they are busy) in order to implement the programs vision and mission of helping residents of inner cities improve the quality of their lives to reflect individual God-given dignity and personal achievement. I see the diversity of the staff as a reflection of the population we provide a service to. As one of 2 African American substance abuse counselors at the site, clients have told me, that it was refreshing to see someone that looks like them, trying to help them in their recovery. In addition, the counselors that are of Latina decent are able to provide bilingual counseling for those with English as their second language. Regardless of our different backgrounds and ages, we are all reminded when we walk into the office to “Do not work harder than the client.” When I started, I thought it was a joke but as the weeks have passed and I see how an individual or group can have its ups and downs I understand more clearly why those words are written on the wall in the break room.
My response:
Good afternoon Michael,
What is the cultural diversity of the staff at your site? Is it heterogeneous or homogeneous? Is there an overall culture of the site? Explain your answer.
I am located at two sites and I will have to say one site is homogeneous and the other site is heterogeneous. At the Avondale office majority of all the counselors are Hispanic and at my Avondale location their is more heterogeneous we have African American, Hispanics, Caucasians and counselors that are mixed races.
regarding gender the Avondale location only had females there and the Glendale office has 8 females and 2 males. I find this interesting how there are so manhy females in this field compared to males.
I actually feel more comfortable working at the Avondale office because of the variety of culture that is there and they are much more friendly ...
Nigeria is the most populous nation in Africa and seventh-most on Earth. She is wealthy in abundant natural resources and creative intelligence, bringing great affluence to some while disregarding and leaving the majority in hopeless poverty. Nigerians' desperation is often expressed violently, even brutally, pathetically seeking order, fairness, and dignity. Neither government nor its constituency is distinctive about rejecting violent means. Various citizens will diversely attribute root causes to tribal competition, economic poverty and greed, corruption, revenge, manipulation of fear, misuse of power, famine of relationships, indigene-settler rivalry, and religion. Since the default setting of most humans is to take sides, faith communities and institutions -- Islam, Christianity, and African Traditional Religion – have been variously targets of blame and, attacks, organizing centers of defensiveness and hostility, and sacred refuges of sanity, wisdom, and creative initiatives to reunite and heal Nigerians and Nigeria as one.
In Anatomy of Religious Violence, our dear friend and author, Emmanuel Ande Ivorgba, uncovers a rich history of Nigeria, usefully clarifying religions' conditioning of Nigerian people and habits over centuries. His narrative of religions begins 5,000 years ago (3,000 BCE) in the Near East and brings us to this 2012 year in his beloved Nigeria. Reading Ivorgba and Nigerian context is a paradox. We are awed by the diversity, beauty, meaning, and evolution of the religions. And we are challenged by the different perceptions and practices, yet exemplary lives-lived of women and men inspired by each faith tradition. Like rivers lead to oceans, Ivorgba helps us see universal principles where the religions and their faithfuls converge. He gives concrete hope that Nigerians and humankind -- from their root teachings and face-to-face engagement -- will experience that the soul's oldest memory is of union, and the soul's deepest longing is for reunion: Ivorgba's own vision of a world of "peace and love." In brilliant versatility, he uncovers from each faith the aim to dignify the "other" and thus oneself, known around Earth as The Golden Rule.
In this issue we hear from a number of our readers on the focus topic of bein present. We also hear from Daaji on Pratyahara, in his series on Ashtanga Yoga, Vasco Gaspar is interviewed about Human Flourishing, and Theophile IÁncien explores near death experiences. Ravi Venkatesan guides us through the emotional aspects of heartful negotiation in the business world, and Filiz Emma Soyak inspires us to meditate through her exquisite One Breath"art series and there is ,uch more. Please enjoy!
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
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11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
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Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
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Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
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Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
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Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
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Old wine in new wineskins: Revisiting counselling in traditional Ndebele and Shona societies.
1. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
Volume 20, Issue 1, Ver. 1 (Jan. 2015), PP 101-105
e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845.
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2011101105 www.iosrjournals.org 101 | Page
Old wine in new wineskins: Revisiting counselling in traditional
Ndebele and Shona societies.
1
Sambulo Ndlovu, 2
Elizabeth F. Hove
Great Zimbabwe University. Faculty of Arts, Department of African Languages and Literature
Great Zimbabwe University. Faculty of Arts, Department of English and Performing Arts
Abstract: The institution of counselling is present in all human communities as people share their sorrows,
mentor, empower and advise each other. The service of advising and grooming is all that counselling is. This
paper seeks to explore the institution of counselling in Shona and Ndebele traditional societies before the advent
of western formalised counselling institutions. The research sets to prove that counselling is not a new
phenomenon in these societies, that is a remnant of colonialism but rather it is an old institution that has been
window dressed with western strategies and formalisms. African traditional counselling strategies as seen in the
Shona and Ndebele examples emphasise more on the preventive forms of counselling than crisis counselling.
Advice and mentoring are prioritised in these societies as a way of helping people stay out of trouble that in
future will require therapeutic or crisis counselling. Modern day counselling has been professionalised and
commercialised and requires people to pay for it yet in Shona and Ndebele traditional societies it was part of
one’s responsibility to make sure others are well advised and counselled if they are emotionally troubled.
Professional counselling in marriage, carrier guidance, teenage grooming for example is not a new practice but
an old practice done differently like old wine in new wineskins.
I. Introduction
“I am, because we are and since we are, therefore I am”
Counselling is one aspect of life that has been a component of societies since time immemorial. The
Zimbabwean context is no exception since problems were there and were solved way before the advent of
professional counselling in the yesteryear Ndebele and Shona communities. Professional institutions and
professional counsellors are indeed a new phenomenon in the Zimbabwean context but counselling, as helping
is not new. The Shona and the Ndebele of yesteryear were functional in every aspect of life, counselling was
given to equip people even before they got into crisis therefore most of it was preventative counselling than
correctional counselling. Communication and experience were what a counsellor needed to counsel someone.
Furthermore counselling was done within the family and the community for little or no cost at all. Religion or
spirituality was part of the day to day life and helped to solve the psychological problems of the victims.
Modernity resulted in disintegration of the close family unit and the community hence the rise of
professional counselling. The traditional system fell apart and victims could not refer to the traditional
counsellors in the family and thus professional counselling became an option. In both Shona and Ndebele
cultures there remains a remnant of this practice which makes it worth revisiting in light of new counselling
practices. In the olden day it was a process and a way of life, incorporated in culture and celebrated together
with the culture of the Ndebele and the Shona. Problems were shared then and are still shared today, although in
this age the sharing is done professionally and usually to get the help you need to part with some money, all this
points to the fact that counselling is not new phenomenon in the Zimbabwean context in relation to the Ndebele
and Shona people of the country.
Defining counselling
Counselling entails the sharing of a problem in confidence with someone you believe is better able to
understand and help you cope with the realities of your predicament. Newsroom and Keith (1993:468) define
counselling as: “discussion of a problem that usually has emotional content with an individual in order to help
the individual cope with it better”. The European Association for Counselling further defines counselling as:
An interactive learning process contracted between counsellor(s) and client(s), be they individuals,
families, groups, or institutions, which approaches in a holistic way, social, cultural, economic and/ or emotional
issues. Counselling may be concerned with addressing and resolving specific problems, making decisions,
coping with crisis, improving relationships, developmental issues, promoting and developing self awareness,
working with feelings, thoughts, perceptions and internal or external conflict. (EAC definition of counselling
adopted AGM 1995).
2. Old wine in new wineskins: Revisiting counselling in traditional Ndebele and Shona societies.
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2011101105 www.iosrjournals.org 102 | Page
From the above definitions it can be deduced that counselling involves the process of giving advice or
guidance. To seek counsel is to seek the advice, guidance or help of someone by talking about what is wrong
and getting assistance in finding solutions to problems.
The Traditional Shona/Ndebele counsellor
In traditional counselling there were and are people who did and do the task of counselling. To be a
counsellor one was schooled through experience in most cases to handle delicate situations that demanded
mental soothing and problem solving. Ndebele and Shona cultures have people tasked with the counselling in
different problem situations.
Sahwira ( Very Close Family Friend)
The Shona people of Zimbabwe had a way of making sure problems are discussed which helped during
the days when professional counselling was not there. This phenomena is the „sahwira culture‟, a sahwira1
is a
close friend of a family or someone, whom they tell their problems. A sahwira is and was in days gone by told
problems by a family or one of the spouses and was better equipped to solve their problems whether marital or
otherwise. A sahwira was a counsellor because he or she knew everything about the friend to the extent that
when the friend died he came handy in showing people what the dead friend used to like or do.
In times of marital problems the sahwira was the one both spouses went to for marital counselling. In
this way the marital problem which is of extensive emotional content is shared with the sahwira and the affected
party in the marriage is helped to cope better after and with the problem. Going by Newsroom‟s definition of
counselling it is not new to the Shona as a sahwira helped the affected party with discussing the emotional
problem and helping them cope better. In Ndebele culture friends “abangane” do counsel affected friends but the
umngane is not institutionalised into Ndebele counselling as it is in Shona.
Tete/ubabakazi (Aunt)
Modern day counsellors usually in the area of sex, relationships and marriage in the media (Facebook,
magazines, and newspapers) are usually referred to as Aunty be it Rhoda, Thandi, Rose2
to mean tete. These
modern day aunties provide advice on issues to do with sex, love, marriage. This figure in Shona tradition
played and still plays a pivotal role in counselling especially young ladies. She was usually the Father‟s sister
and in some cases is referred as baba vechikadzi (as in female father) as is also in Ndebele, ubabakazi. The aunt
would constantly give advice to her brothers children from a very young age through marriage. She played a
pivotal role of guidance in her bothers family and would be constantly called upon. Gelfand (1996:27) aver:
Girls are similarly taught by their aunts, vanatete, and grandmothers, vanambuya to be chaste until they
get married. Girls would be taught some of the following; to sit in a modest way, when to keep aloof from
males, what to say and what not to say and what to say in the presence of the opposite sex, how to react to
courting proposals, how to behave towards a boyfriend, how to behave when married, to avoid annoying her
husband and to control her temper in general, and to avoid sexual intercourse until married and to avoid
adultery.
She not only played an advisory role to the brother‟s children but also to the brother‟s marriage. She
would often be called upon to solve disputes between her brother and his wife. To help the aunt was the
maternal uncle who would also be called upon in matters that needed a male figure.
Sekuru3
/umalume (maternal uncle)
Usually counselling the boys or young men was and still is sekuru/umalume or uncle. The Uncle was
usually the mother‟s brother or cousin thus he was the maternal uncle. He would be there to guide the young
men from an early age. He would be called upon to counsel the young men as they reached puberty and
eventually married. The maternal uncle served as a teenage counsellor who took the boys through their usually
trouble filled teen years. The uncle‟s counselling duties as partially prescribed by tradition continue even when
the boy gets married, the uncle tries by all means to get as much training in counselling from friends and elders
so as to be there for his nephew when he needs counselling.
Grandparents
Wisdom comes with age. The elderly in the family usually ambuya/ugogo(grandmother) and
sekuru/ubabamkhulu (grandfather) were always custodians of good family values. Gelfand (1996:55) notes;
1
The sahwira culture is used by Nyaradzo funeral group in Zimbabwe as their motto is ‘sahwira mukuru’. This
is taken from the duties expected of a sahwira in Shona grief counselling.
2
These are names of media aunties that help people who write to the press for counselling.
3
While sekuru in Shona would include the grand father a cousins here it refers to the mother’s brother.
3. Old wine in new wineskins: Revisiting counselling in traditional Ndebele and Shona societies.
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2011101105 www.iosrjournals.org 103 | Page
“The grandfather (maternal or paternal) was responsible for the sex education of his grandsons and for warning
them, to keep their purity until they marry.” This applied in both Ndebele and Shona communities. The
grandparents worked closely with the aunt to guide the young in the family. Girls were counselled by their
grandmothers and aunts when they reached puberty as in the words of Ndlovu (et al):
Kwabanye kwakusithi inkazana ingathomba , unina ayitshele ukuthi iyelalla konina khulu… (1995:81)
(When a girl reached puberty her mother told her to go and sleep at her grandmother‟s place…).
In this way the grandmother gave her teenage granddaughter counselling and performed some initiation
rites and the counselling prepared the girl ready for life‟s eventualities. However, in both traditional Shona and
Ndebele societies the whole community participated in guiding and advising the child because a child is
everyone‟s.
N’anga/Inyanga (Traditional healer/ medicine man)
The medicine men were a very important part of the Ndebele and Shona societies; they were the
wisdom tank through supernatural powers and their experience. A medicine man never took to a patient without
any conversation and suggestions to the cause of the problem, much that Mbiti says:
On the whole, the medicine man gives much time and attention to the patient, which enables him to
penetrate deep into the psychological state of the patient. (1969:169).
In taking time with the patient the medicine men got to understand the mental condition of the patient
and gave counsel to help the patient cope psychologically. This duty of the N‟angas and Nyangas shows that
they were crisis counsellors who helped people in their time of psychological need. The traditional healers are
responsible for healing and soothing tormented souls among other ailments.
As seen above the aunt, uncle, grandparents, and even the traditional healers all played a pivotal role in
the development of the moral fibre of the youth and the family at large. „It takes a village to raise a child‟, is a
common saying in African traditional societies and this is the reason counselling took place at all levels in the
society. What happened to the whole village or community affected everyone within that particular community
or village and in reverse everything that affected the whole affected the individual (Mbiti: 1969).
The role of folklore and religion
Ndebele and Shona folklore are rich in proverbs and folktales that give guidance to people in their lives
and problems. The proverbs are said to be a cultural assert that helps in matters of counselling and guidance,
they are a powerful linguistic force used in counselling discourse. Vambe (2004:10) avers:
The oral stories themselves functioned to warn, caution, advise, praise, denounce and urge people to
the extent that these oral artists „ruled‟ the lives of their patrons. The stories provided the cultural rules that
underpinned the community‟s way of life, or the sum-total of their philosophical outlook.
Folklore expresses the fact that the elderly were also counsellors in history, since there were no
counsellors and professional counselling institutions. Those in the spiritual realm were believed to be watching
over the community Gelfand (1996:67) notes; “When they said „Vakuru vakati […]‟ (the elders said) they were
not referring to the living elders only but also to those who died in the past. These elders include the ancestors of
the living and in Shona/Ndebele worldview they have joined the spirit world which controls the day to day
activities.” The fear of being rebuked by the ancestors kept the youth and the people in general checked. This
did not apply to the youth only but to the rest of the community.
Elders were counsellors since they had gone through life‟s experiences. The Ndebele and Shona
proverb; isalakutshelwa sibona ngomopho/ ramba kuudzwa akawonekwa nembonje pahuma (one who refuses
counsel is seen by scars), proves that there was counselling and that those who did not listen to counselling fall
into problems such as suicide and other cases of mental disorders. The young were told to turn to the elderly for
counsel using folklore, the Shona proverb kuziva mbuya huudzwa/inyathi ibuzwa kwabaphambili; (seek counsel
from the elderly) shows that the elderly were counsellors unto the young and growing. The elderly were
counsellors; it shows that counselling is indeed not a new phenomenon in the Zimbabwean context. The
Ndebele say; indlela ibuzwa kwabaphambili; (the way is asked from those in front) this means that elders played
a role in the counselling process. Proverbs were also part of a wider range of counsel which, Ndlovu (et al) say
their purpose was:
Injongo yezixwayiso yayingeyokuthi abantwana besabe ukwenza izinto lezo okuthiwa bengazenzi
ngesikhati besesebancane. (1995:193). (The purpose of counsel was to hinder the young from doing things that
were dangerous to them).
Proverbs were thus a source of instruction in traditional African societies and were meant to deter both
the young and old.
In the holistic African culture everything was functional including religion, it served as counsel to
many people who were psychologically cured by the traditional doctors. It was part of religion and life that the
young had to listen to counsel from the elders or even friends, when the problem was persistent the person could
4. Old wine in new wineskins: Revisiting counselling in traditional Ndebele and Shona societies.
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2011101105 www.iosrjournals.org 104 | Page
consult the n‟angas/inyanga and medicine –men. People lived as a community some problems were shared by
many people as a community problem in this way sharing the problems made them half as heavy as a Shona
proverb says; rume rimwe harikombi churu or chara chimwe hachitswanyi inda or zano ndega akapisa jira (one
man cannot do it all alone or face challenges by himself).
The Ndebele also have a proverb that emphasises on sharing problems as a way of solving it; injobo
ithungelwa ebandla (a problem shared is half solved). In today‟s world clergymen are part of the counselling
profession as they are consulted by people in problems. Religion itself is a source of strength for someone with a
psychological problem, believing in some religion can help one find a way of coping with problems. The Shona
and the Ndebele traditional religions emphasise on the practicality of religion in problem solving.
In problems like diseases, barrenness and economic problems n‟anga/izinyanga, could help the affected
by the traditional rite of ukuthethela/kupira; (appeasing the spirits) when this was done the affected were settled
in mind as it was believed that the spirits would help. Bozongwana (1983) says “because they are able to call
upon the spirits to assist in the fight against pestilence izinyanga helped in strengthening the morale of the
nation”. Counselling in most cases involves boosting someone‟s morale in life, Bozongwana (1983) rightfully
states; “before the advent of the whites in Zimbabwe counselling was already there”.
Communalism made it easy for people to have a healthy state of mind; they lived and worked as a
community. They sang songs as a community that had a counselling effect especially at weddings and funerals,
wise men and women of the village were consulted as “the wisdom of the grey heads”. The coming of
colonialism came with urbanisation which in turn came with many problems and it also saw the
institutionalisation of counselling.
Old wine in new wineskins
Professional counselling today borrows heavily from traditional ways of counselling and counselling is
not new to the Zimbabwean context. Counselling was not only preventive but crisis counselling was also there
in traditional customs. There were people who were better able to deal with crisis situations for certain
individuals. Counselling is a remedy to mental sickness, which is why Newstrom (1993:468) points out that
“counselling seeks to improve the individual‟s mental health”. Today people are trained professionally as
counsellors and these are the people who are new in the Zimbabwean context. They take counselling as a
fulltime job on a salary, these people are trained in human psychology but traditional counsellors took
everything from experience. Taylor and Stewart (1991:90) refer to these people as “some people, such as social
workers and psychologists, are professional counsellors.”
The traditional counsellor has equivalent roles in today‟s society and these include psychiatrists,
pastors, prophets, psychotherapists, doctors, peer educators, teachers, social workers, sociologists, marriage
counsellors, financial advisors and among others. Counselling today is usually done in the following categories;
Marriage/ family counselling, mental health, rehabilitation, addiction, school and career guidance and
counselling. Professional counselling was not there but what the professional counsellors do today was done by
the traditional counsellors who were in most cases the aunts and other elderly people.
Problems that needed crisis counselling were also prevalent in the olden days and they never went
unattended to. There were counsellors that dealt with crisis situations. Taylor and Stewart argue:
Are you tete or sekuru to some young person who needs guidance? Every time you have comforted him
and helped him decide made you gain experience in counselling (1991:90).
This shows that elders like aunts and uncles to some people were very experienced counsellors who
helped people out of their problems in those days and continue to do so proving that counselling was there
before westernisation.
The institution of counselling is very broad and it is difficult to train a holistic counsellor. The
categorisation of counsellors in professional counselling serves a capitalist model of creating many jobs. What
was done by one traditional counsellor has now been categorised into several counselling jobs. What was done
effectively by one traditional counsellor is done by many professional counsellors, only this time (in most cases)
with little contact and impact. Kottler and Sherpard (2010:25) aver:
As you may already be aware, there are tremendous disagreements regarding professional identity and
who has the superior education and training to provide the best possible help. Psychiatrists, social workers,
psychiatric nurses, psychologist, marriage and family therapists, counsellors, pastoral care workers, and human
service specialists all claim that their particular approach to psychological concerns is the one and only way to
relieve emotional distress.
Colonialism and modernity affected traditional counselling; the roles of the aunts, uncles, izinyanga
and sahwiras are compromised in modernity. However they have been replaced by professional aunts and
izinyanga in the form of psychologists and clergymen. Even the media has become a platform for these modern
day professional counsellors. Columns like the once popular Aunty Rhoda in the now defunct magazine Parade,
Facebook pages like, Kuzeya nyaya dzerudo,dzebonde natete Rose nasekuru Joe (Reflecting on love and sex
5. Old wine in new wineskins: Revisiting counselling in traditional Ndebele and Shona societies.
DOI: 10.9790/0837-2011101105 www.iosrjournals.org 105 | Page
issues with Aunt Rose and Uncle Joe) and many other counselling columnists and bloggers all claim to have the
answers to the crisis society faces today. To further authenticate their roles they have taken on the titles of aunt
and uncle. This fulfils the assertion that all forms of counselling were there, whether preventative, correctional
or crisis, none of them is a new phenomenon in the Zimbabwean context.
Shona and Ndebele counselling is holistic and depended on virtues of trust, honesty and communal
trust. The community was structured to minimize problem situations. Revisiting these old traditional ways of
counselling can help in alleviating current crisis situations such as HIV/AIDS.
II. Conclusion
The Shona and the Ndebele of Zimbabwe like all human aggregates had their challenging and crisis
situations before the coming of the whites through colonialism. All the problems had people who helped the
affected cope or overcome the situations. The communities depended on family relations, friends and especially
elder members of families to solve problems through counselling. Oral literature such as proverbs and folktales
were also used as forms of counselling and guidance. Traditional religion served as a counselling platform and
spiritual leaders in society offered counselling to those who needed it. Counselling as an institution and all its
classes and types was part of the Shona and Ndebele civilisations this is analogous to the old wine which is re-
packaged in modernity to create the professional counselling.
References
[1]. Kottler, JA. & Sherpard, DS. 2010. Counselling Theories and Practice. New Delhi: Brooks/Cole.
[2]. Niekerk, VE. & Prins, A, (eds) 2001. Counselling in Southern Africa: A Youth Perspective. Johannesburg: Heinmann.
[3]. Gelfand, M. 1973. The Genuine Shona, Survival Values of an African Culture. Gweru: Mambo Press.
[4]. Vambe, MT. 2004. African Oral Story- telling Tradition and the Zimbabwean Novel in English. Pretoria: UNISA Press.
[5]. Gelfand, M. 1996. Introduction to Shona Culture. Harare: Juta, Zimbabwe Ltd.
[6]. Bourdillon, MFC. 1993. Changing Culture in Zimbabwe. Harare: M.Z Publications.
[7]. Bozongwana, W. 1983. Ndebele Religion and Customs. Gweru: Mambo Press.
[8]. Mbiti, JS. 1969. African Religions and Philosophy. London: Heinmann Books Ltd.
[9]. Newstrom, JW. & Keith, D. 1993. Human Behaviour at Work. New York: McGraw- Hill.
[10]. Ndlovu, TM. (et.al) 1995. Imikhuba lamasiko AmaNdebele. Gweru: Mambo.
[11]. Taylor, J. & Stewart, S. 1991. Sexual and Domestic Violence Help, Recovery and Action in Zimbabwe. Harare: Women and Law in
Southern Africa.