The document outlines the history of the internet from 1969 to 2020, highlighting key developments such as the early computer networking, commercialization, and the rise of the smartphone. It discusses significant milestones, including the creation of protocols like TCP/IP, the advent of the World Wide Web, and shifts towards applications and mobile devices. The text concludes by projecting future trends including AI, IoT, and blockchain technologies as central to the evolving internet landscape.

1. LECTURE L16
A WORLD WIDE NETWORK

2. A Brief History of the Internet
1969-1995 Computer Networking
Simple net run by pioneers
1995-2000 Commercialisation and Growth
Enter the ISPs and the public
2000-2005 Stretching the Limit
New applications and digital media
2005-2010 Reinventing the Network
The New Internet emerges
2010-2015 The App Internet
Smartphone takes over the Internet
2015-2020 ?
Then what?

3. “The Internet works because a lot of people
cooperate to do things together”
- Jon Postel
1969-1995 Computer Networking

4. Computer Networking
Defense
Strategic reasons during the
Cold War
Any computer could be
reached, and if one goes down,
the others still work
Efforts on connecting computers started early
Two principal groups: Defense and Academia
Academia
Economic reasons
Mainframes are expensive and could
be justified only by the collective
needs of many departments

6. ARPANET
▪ Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
– Founded in 1958
– Attributed by the Russian
Sputnik satellite
– Renamed to DARPA
▪ Two main objectives
– Computers had to talk to each
other to share information
– Links had to be robust
The Soviet Union
lunched Sputnik 1 on
October 4th 1954

7. J.C.R. Licklighter
Pioneered decentralised networks and
human-computer interfaces
Founding director of the military office
that funded ARPANET
Published paper in 1960: “Man-
Computer Symbiosis”
“The hope is that in not too many years,
human brains and computing machines
will be coupled together very tightly”

8. Arpanet
Packet switching
Open Architecture

9. TCP/IP
Communication protocol
Written by Bob Kahn & Vint Cerf

10. Internet
Simple, no security
Base on kindness and trust

11. 1979
46military sites
16academic campus sites

12. Network Layers
Application Layer is for specific application
Transport Layer is for reliable communication
Network Layer is for routing packages

13. Packet Switched
Source: What is a packet?

14. Example: Email message
The e-mail is about 3,500 bits (3.5 kilobits) in size
The network you send it over uses fixed-length packets of 1,024
bits (1 kilobit)
The header of each packet is 96 bits long and the trailer is 32 bits
long, leaving 896 bits for the payload
To break the 3,500 bits of message into packets, you will need four
packets divide 3,500 by 896)
Three packets will contain 896 bits of payload and the fourth will
have 812 bits
Source: What is a packet?

15. WHAT WAS THE
KILLER APP OF
THE EARLY
INTERNET?
Q1

16. FTP - File Transfer Protocol
Telnet
Email
Usenet
Source: Internet protocol suite

17. HOW DO YOU
WIRE
ALL THESE
MACHINES
TOGETHER?
Q2

18. Connecting Computers
Source: Modem
The phone system was already there
However it was analog but the network was digital
Modem - modulate and demodulate
A device that modulates an
analog carrier signal to encode
digital information, and also
demodulates such a carrier
signal to decode the
transmitted information

19. The Early Internet Community
The Internet is a simple peer to peer network
Designed to be simple rather than secure
The Internet became a community
Most users where highly educated scientists
Respect for others – spam nearly nonexistent
Antisocial behaviour was rare
Netiquette
How to behave on the net
Violators are removed from the network

20. “On the Internet,
nobody knows you're a dog.”
- Peter Steiner cartoon in
The New Yorker
1995-2000 Commercialisation and growth

23. The value of a network equals
approximately the square of
the number of users of the system (n2)
Metcalfe’s Law

24. Everything will be connected
There is only one network
Metcalfe’s Law

25. Internet Growth

26. WHO HELPED
THE INTERNET
BECOME
WIDESPREAD?
Q3

28. Maybe these gentlemen had something to do with it… inadvertently

29. Enter WinSock
In the early 1990 the most popular operating systems were Windows and DOS
Designed for Personal Computers
Network support was later added LANs – NetBIOS
WinSock – Windows Sockets
Microsoft had completely ignored TCP/IP
Due to demand from IT companies, efforts started in 1991
WinSock 1.0 became available in 1992

30. World Wide Web
Tim Berners-Lee started his efforts on
information sharing in the 1980s
Working for CERN, he proposed
the creation of non-hierarchical
hypertext based system
The system was to be based on
the established TCP/IP protocols

31. World Wide Web
Due to lack of support he started work on his ideas
himself
Using a NeXT computer he
set out to create a program
for building, browsing and
editing hypertext pages

33. Hypertext
To move from one document to another
Resource identifiers – URL
To locate a particular resource (computer, document or other
resource) on the network
Client-server model of computing – HTTP
Client software requests of server software resources such
as data or files
Markup language – HTML
Tags embedded in text indicate to a computer how to print or
display the text, e.g. as in italics or bold type
The Basic Idea of WWW

34. The WWW has not the only idea for a distributed
hyperlink system
Gopher
Created at the University of Minnesota
A distributed document
search and retrieval system
Hierarchical menu structure
Released in 1991
Became popular until the
UoM decided to license it
Gopher

35. The WWW has not the only idea for a distributed
hyperlink system
Gopher
Created at the University of Minnesota
A distributed document
search and retrieval system
Hierarchical menu structure
Released in 1991
Became very popular
Gopher

36. WHY DID THE
WWW WIN?
Q5

37. Lesson: Why did the WWW succeed?
▪ This design was simple
– Simple syntax
– Uniform URL to any resource using any protocols
– No security, not authentication, no tracking
▪ HTTP
– Simple protocol – GET, POST
▪ HTML
– Not an advanced markup – enough to display text in different
sizes
▪ Did not try to solve the problem of back-links
– Avoided a huge problem
– And created an huge opportunity for others to solve it (Google)

38. Lesson: Why did the WWW succeed?
▪ WWW was FREE
▪ Gopher failed
– More rigid system
– Tree structure – not free format
– Initially free, then UoM decided to licence it

39. Without browsers, the Web would not take off
And without content, no one would create browsers
Mosaic
NCSA developed Mosaic Web Browser
Developed by Marc Andreesen and Eric Bina
The Internet became synonymous
with “mosaic”
First Browsers

40. First Browsers

41. First Browsers

45. Trumpet WinSock
Created by Peter Tattam in Tasmania, Austalia

46. Internet Service Providers – ISP
The business of connecting the public to the Internet
Many new companies entered this market
AOL became a giant
New services
Domain name registration and hosting
Dial-up access, Leased line access
Web Design, Email services
Laying the Tracks
Companies like Cisco Systems
New Business Emerges

47. Marc Andreesen and Jim Clark formed
Mosaic Communication Corporation 1994
Few months later renamed to Netscape
Netscape became the Internet leader
IPO in 1995 raised $140 million
The decline came just as fast
Did not establish sound business models
nor build an infrastructure
Went head-on into competition with Microsoft
Later bought by AOL
Netscape

49. PHONE COMPANIES
COMPLETELY IGNORED THE INTERNET
LEFT THE SPACE
OPEN FOR NEW COMPANIES

50. PHONE COMPANIES
COMPLETELY IGNORED THE INTERNET
Have we seen this before?
Mainframe companies ignore the minicomputers
Minicomputers ignore the PC
8 inch floppy drive companies ignored the 5,25 inch which
ignored the 3,5 inch
Western Union ignored the telephone
The American car companies ignored the cheap Toyota Corolla
Kodak ignored the digital camera
“But none of our customers is asking for this low end cheap…”

51. “... an Internet browser is a very trivial piece of software.
There are at least 30 companies that have written very
credible Internet browsers, so that’s nothing...”
- Bill Gates
The Arrogance of the Present

52. The telephone business and software giants initially
ignored the Internet
Their focus was on voice or software
Internet traffic was using the phone lines
Classic example of the RPV theory
Left the field open for new companies
Seeing the success they entered the market
Today most ISPs are phone companies
Enter the Giants

53. Microsoft
Came late to the Internet
Bill Gates wrote The Road Ahead
Were trying to establish a proprietary
“Information Superhighway”
Microsoft Network
MSN was released
in 1995 with Windows 95
Enter the Giants

54. INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
Winner takes all market
One network will rule them all
Metcalfe told us so

55. Internet

56. TCP/IP

57. WHY DID
THE
INTERNET
WIN?
Q6

60. Personal
Computer

64. The PC is generative
It can run any code - from anybody
No one controls it, no permission

65. Jonathan Zittrain
The Future of the Internet and how to stop it

67. The Generative Pattern

68. Innovation happens at the edges

70. Permissionless Innovation

71. Lessons: Internet
▪ The Internet works because of the simplicity
– Dumb routing
– No security
– Anonymity
▪ The core of the network is always the same
– Innovation is at the edges
– No need to upgrade the core when new protocols are
invented

72. Lessons: Internet
▪ Network infrastructure companies like the
telecoms ignored the internet
– Did not see any business in consumer connections
– RVP theory explains this: their customer were
companies
▪ Software vendors like Microsoft ignored the
Internet
– Saw no revenue model
▪ Left the field open for the Yahoos, Googles etc.

73. David Bowie in 1999

74. “Doing research on the Web is like using a library assembled piecemeal by
pack rats and vandalized nightly”
- Roger Ebert (attributed)
2000-2005 Stretching the Limit

75. Rise of P2P
Peer-to-peer Networks
Relies on the computing power and bandwidth of the
participants in the network
Peers act as both clients and servers
No central server
Legal controversy

76. Digitalization of Content
Netflix represents 32.7% of North America´s
peak Web traffic

77. Stretching the Limits
The Internet has scaled up to 2+ billion users
Tweaked over the years
Designed to be simple
Innovation only happens at the edges
The end-to-end principle
Has prevented innovations at its core

78. Testing the Limits
Visionaries only partially saw the future
The net was designed to be simple peer
to peer network
Things like security and social
responsibility were not a main concern

79. Problems with the Internet
Limited IP numbers
Dumb routing – content unaware
Spam, Viruses and DoS attacks
Illegal distribution of content
Antisocial behaviour
Lack of security
Not possible to update the
Internet protocols

80. “If a planet-wide network were built on Mars,
what would it look like?”
- Reinventing the Internet (Economist)
2005-2010 Reinventing the Network

81. The Internet Infrastructure
Several efforts for reinventing the Internet
GENI – Global Environment for Networking Innovations
FIND – Future Internet Design
Internet2
PlanetLab
Challenge
How can we replace the current Internet infrastructure?
How can we run multiple protocols at the same time?

82. Content Delivery Network
Source: Akamai

84. “Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the computer
industry caused by the move to the Internet as platform,
and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that
new platform.”
- Tim O'Reilly
Web 2.0

86. ....for seizing the reins of the global media, for
founding and framing the new digital
democracy, for working for nothing and
beating the pros at their own game, TIME's
Person of the Year for 2006 is you
Read more: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/
0,9171,1569514,00.html#ixzz1FjqlB9yO

87. Two Waves of Products Development
In the first wave the product
is restricted by the
prevailing technology, but in
the second, there is
something new

88. Web 2.0
New web developments
Popularized by O’Reilly
and others
Refers to a new phase in
architecture and application
development of web
applications
Buzzword that is not easy to define
Trend
Desktop Application and Web Application will become the same

90. The Community
The smartest people in the room is everybody

91. The Hype Cycle
“Web 2.0”

92. The Brief History of the Internet
▪ 1969-1995 Computer Networking
– Simple net run by pioneers
▪ 1995-2000 Commercialization and Growth
– Enter the ISPs and the public
▪ 2000-2005 Stretching the Limit
– New applications and digital media
▪ 2005-2010 Reinventing the Network
– New business models
▪ 2010-2015 The App Internet
– The Smartphone Takes over

93. “Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the computer
industry caused by the move to the Internet as platform,
and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that
new platform.”
- Tim O'Reilly
The App Internet

94. Source: Mary Meeker’s Internet Trend Presentation (http://www.slideshare.net/AndreBastos3/internet-trends-mary-meeker?qid=4a887629-047d-4084-abec-bafd0c1a7a63&v=default&b=&from_search=2)

95. Applications are small and pieced together

96. The App Internet
The smartphone app
takes over the internet
More Internet traffic from
smartphones than PCs

98. Data is in the cloud

99. Run on any device

100. Local

107. The Brief History of the Internet
▪ 1969-1995 Computer Networking
– Simple net run by pioneers
▪ 1995-2000 Commercialization and Growth
– Enter the ISPs and the public
▪ 2000-2005 Stretching the Limit
– New applications and digital media
▪ 2005-2010 Reinventing the Network
– New business models
▪ 2010-2015 The App Internet
– The Smartphone Takes over
▪ 2015-2020 ?

108. A Brief History of the Internet
2015-2020 The Smart Internet
AI, IoT and Blockchain

109. 2015-2020 The Smart Internet

110. INTERNET
OF
THINGS

111. Trends
Mobile phones are connecting to the Internet
Sensors will be connected – Internet of Things
New media content is emerging
All content will be digital
Internet of things is estimated to be worth $309 billion by 2020
We are just starting this revolution…
Visions of the Future

113. Next
L17 The Mobile Revolution