The internet began in the 1950s as a US government network called ARPANET to enable communication in case of nuclear war. In the 1960s, scientists developed packet switching and email, allowing computers to communicate. In the 1970s, protocols like TCP/IP were developed to connect different networks, and the term "internet" was coined. The 1980s saw widespread adoption among researchers, and domains and browsers launched in the 1990s, making the internet publicly accessible. The web, e-commerce, social media, and mobile use transformed the internet in the 2000s into a global communication platform.

1. L.G.N.S.Gamage

2. What is the “internet”?
• The Internet is a global information network that connects
millions of computers It is growing exponentially and provides
a unique information resource that is global, diverse and
current.

3. What do we use the internet for?
1. Browsing information
2. Social media and creating awareness
3. For entertainment (music, videos, movies)
4. Communicating with people all over the world.
5. Sharing information
6. E-commerce and banking

4. Internet in the 1950’s
• The Internet has no single “inventor.” Instead, it has evolved
over time.
• The Internet got its start in the United States more than 50
years ago as a government weapon in the Cold War.

5. Contd.
• Scientists and researchers used it to communicate and share
data with one another through what was known as DARPNET
(Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency Network).
• This was in response to the Soviet Union bombings and a need
to create a communication network which was free from
interference and disruption.

6. Internet in the 1960’s
• In 1962, a scientist from M.I.T. and DARPA named J.C.R.
Licklider proposed : a “galactic network” of computers that
could talk to one another. Such a network would enable
government leaders to communicate even if the Soviets
destroyed the telephone system.
• In 1965, another M.I.T. scientist developed a way of sending
information from one computer to another that he called
“packet switching.” Packet switching breaks data down into
blocks, or packets, before sending it to its destination.

7. Contd.
• Without packet switching, the government’s computer
network—now known as the ARPANET—would have been just
as vulnerable to enemy attacks as the phone system.
• In 1969, ARPANET delivered its first message: a “node-to-
node” communication from one computer to another but it
crashed the full network. The internet was yet to be born

8. Internet in the 1970’s
• By the end of 1969, just four computers were connected to
the ARPANET, but the network grew steadily during the 1970s.
• As packet-switched computer networks multiplied, however, it
became more difficult for them to integrate into a single
worldwide “Internet.”
• 1972: BBN’s Ray Tomlinson introduces network email. The
Internetworking Working Group (INWG) forms to address
need for establishing standard protocols.
• 1973: Global networking becomes a reality as the University
College of London (England) and Royal Radar Establishment
(Norway) connect to ARPANET. The term Internet is born.

9. Contd.
• By the end of the 1970s, a computer scientist named Vinton
Cerf had begun to solve this problem by developing a way for
all of the computers on all of the world’s mini-networks to
communicate with one another.
• He called his invention “Transmission Control Protocol,” or
TCP. (Later, he added an additional protocol, known as
“Internet Protocol.” The acronym we use to refer to these
today is TCP/IP.)
• TCP/IP was described to be the “handshake” between
computers all over the world. It enabled each computer to
have its own identity.

10. Contd.
• 1974: The first Internet Service Provider (ISP) is born with the
introduction of a commercial version of ARPANET, known as
Telenet.
• 1974: Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn (the duo said by many to be
the Fathers of the Internet) publish "A Protocol for Packet
Network Interconnection," which details the design of TCP.
• 1976: Queen Elizabeth II hits the “send button” on her first
email.
• 1979: USENET forms to host news and discussion groups.

11. Internet in the 1980’s
• Cerf’s protocol transformed the Internet into a worldwide
network. Throughout the 1980s, researchers and scientists
used it to send files and data from one computer to another.
• However, this network was still between scientists and
researchers from different universities and labs.
• 1981: The National Science Foundation (NSF) provided a grant
to establish the Computer Science Network (CSNET) to
provide networking services to university computer scientists.
• 1982: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet
Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as
TCP/IP, emerge as the protocol for ARPANET. This results in the
fledgling definition of the Internet as connected TCP/IP
internets. TCP/IP remains the standard protocol for the
Internet.

12. Contd.
• 1983: The Domain Name System (DNS) establishes the familiar
.edu, .gov, .com, .mil, .org, .net, and .int system for naming
websites. This is easier to remember than the previous
designation for websites, such as 123.456.789.10.
• 1984: William Gibson, author of "Neuromancer," is the first to
use the term "cyberspace.“
• 1985: Symbolics.com, the website for Symbolics Computer
Corp. in Massachusetts, becomes the first registered domain.

13. Contd.
• 1986: The National Science Foundation’s NSFNET goes online
to connected supercomputer centers at 56,000 bits per
second — the speed of a typical dial-up computer modem.
Over time the network speeds up and regional research and
education networks, supported in part by NSF, are connected
to the NSFNET backbone — effectively expanding the Internet
throughout the United States. The NSFNET was essentially a
network of networks that connected academic users along
with the ARPANET.
• 1987: The number of hosts on the Internet exceeds 20,000.
Cisco ships its first router.
• 1989: World.std.com becomes the first commercial provider
of dial-up access to the Internet.

14. Internet in the 1990’s
• 1990: Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at CERN, the European
Organization for Nuclear Research, develops HyperText
Markup Language (HTML). This technology continues to have
a large impact on how we navigate and view the Internet
today.
• However, in 1991 the Internet changed again.
• Tim Berners-Lee introduced the World Wide Web: an Internet
that was not simply a way to send files from one place to
another but was itself a “web” of information that anyone on
the Internet could retrieve.
• Berners-Lee created the first browser and the Internet that we
know today.

15. Contd.
• 1991: CERN introduces the World Wide Web to the public.
• 1992: The first audio and video are distributed over the
Internet. The phrase "surfing the Internet" is popularized.
• In 1992, a group of students and researchers at the University
of Illinois developed a sophisticated browser that they called
Mosaic. (It later became Netscape.)
• Mosaic offered a user-friendly way to search the Web: It
allowed users to see words and pictures on the same page for
the first time and to navigate using scrollbars and clickable

16. Contd.
• 1993: The number of websites reaches 600 and the White
House and United Nations go online. Marc Andreesen
develops the Mosaic Web browser at the University of Illinois,
Champaign-Urbana. The number of computers connected to
NSFNET grows from 2,000 in 1985 to more than 2 million in
1993. The National Science Foundation leads an effort to
outline a new Internet architecture that would support the
burgeoning commercial use of the network.
• 1994: Netscape Communications is born. Microsoft creates a
Web browser for Windows 95.

17. Contd.
• 1994: Yahoo! is created by Jerry Yang and David Filo, two electrical
engineering graduate students at Stanford University. The site was
originally called "Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide Web."
The company was later incorporated in March 1995.
• 1995: Compuserve, America Online and Prodigy begin to provide
Internet access. Amazon.com, Craigslist and eBay go live. The
original NSFNET backbone is decommissioned as the Internet’s
transformation to a commercial enterprise is largely completed.
• 1995: The first online dating site, Match.com, launches.
• 1996: The browser war, primarily between the two major players
Microsoft and Netscape, heats up. CNET buys tv.com for $15,000.

18. Contd.
• 1996: A 3D animation dubbed "The Dancing Baby" becomes
one of the first viral videos.
• 1997: Netflix is founded by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph
as a company that sends users DVDs by mail.
• 1997: PC makers can remove or hide Microsoft’s Internet
software on new versions of Windows 95, thanks to a
settlement with the Justice Department. Netscape announces
that its browser will be free.
• 1998: The Google search engine is born, changing the way
users engage with the Internet.

19. Contd.
• 1998: The Internet Protocol version 6 introduced, to allow for
future growth of Internet Addresses. The current most widely
used protocol is version 4. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses allowing
for 4.3 billion unique addresses; IPv6, with 128-bit addresses,
will allow 3.4 x 1038 unique addresses, or 340 trillion trillion
trillion.
• 1999: AOL buys Netscape. Peer-to-peer file sharing becomes a
reality as Napster arrives on the Internet, much to the
displeasure of the music industry.

20. Contd.
• That same year, Congress decided that the Web could be used
for commercial purposes. As a result, companies of all kinds
hurried to set up websites of their own, and e-commerce
entrepreneurs began to use the Internet to sell goods directly
to customers.
• More recently, social networking sites like Facebook have
become a popular way for people of all ages to stay
connected.

21. Internet in the 2000’s
• 2000: The dot-com bubble bursts. Web sites such as Yahoo!
and eBay are hit by a large-scale denial of service attack,
highlighting the vulnerability of the Internet. AOL merges with
Time Warner
• 2001: A federal judge shuts down Napster, ruling that it must
find a way to stop users from sharing copyrighted material
before it can go back online.
• 2003: The SQL Slammer worm spread worldwide in just 10
minutes. MySpace, Skype and the Safari Web browser debut.

22. Contd.
• 2003: The blog publishing platform WordPress is launched.
• 2004: Facebook goes online and the era of social networking
begins. Mozilla unveils the Mozilla Firefox browser.
• 2005: YouTube.com launches. The social news site Reddit is
also founded.

24. Thank you!